Những xu hướng dân chủ hoá ở các nước Mỹ La Tinh ngày nay.

Thay che da'u tranh vii trang, sif dung cac hinh thiic bad liic gianh chinh quyen nhU trUdc kia la phUdng thiic van ddng, thuyet phuc quan chiing nhan dan; difa ra cifdng linh tranh[r]

CHINH TRi - LUAT

INHCINC XU Hl/dNC DAN CHU HOA CAC

Nu'dc MY LATINH NGAY NAY

^ ^ ^ i ^ r o n g nhUng nam gan day, nen £w\ chinh tri va ddi sd'ng xa hoi d ^ • J ^ c a c nUdc My Latinh da cd thay ddi cd ban Met trdng nhutng thay ddi ndi bat la tie'n trinh dan chu hca dien ra sau rdng va manh me, the hien qua cac xu hifdng chu yeu sau day:

1 Md r o n g q u y e n d a n c h u va svf t h a m gia ciia n h a n d a n v a o c o n g viec, h o a t d o n g ciia n h a nvfdc

Xu hifdng la phd bie'n nha't va dUdc thiic thi tren nhieu phUdng dien, trong nhieu linh viic, dd la:

1) Md rdng, bd sung nhutng quy dinh cua phap luat ve dan chu va thiic tien hoa nhiing quy dinh dd Hien phap va phap luat ciia hau he't cac nudc My Latinh hien deu trang hi cu the va rdng rai cho nhan dan cac loai quyen dan chu cd ban, quyen dan chu tiem nang, quyen dan chu thich ling Thay vi quy dinh "nhan dan chi dUdc lam nhiing gi ma luat phap chd phep" nhu trUdc kia, nhieu nu'dc My Latinh dang ap dung quy dinh nhu Khoan 24 Dieu Hien phap Peru: "Khdng hi budc phai lam nhUng viec ma phap luat khdng yeu cau, khdng hi cam nhutng gi ma phap luat khdng ca'm Khdng han che ve til ca nhan trii nhutng trifdng hop ma phap luat quy dinh"

2) Thiic hien binh dtmg moi mat giuta cac ca nhan, khdng phan biet gidi

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 23

3) T a n g cUdng vai trd cua qud'c hdi va n h a n d a n dUdc cif dai dien t h a m dii hop qud'c hoi, t h a m chi dUdc de xua't dii l u a t

4) H a mufc tudi va t h a n h p h a n dUdc quyen b a u cif TrUdc kia, m e t sd' nUdc My L a t i n h quy d i n h cdng d a n p h a i 21 tudi trd len mdi dUdc di be p h i e u va gidi h a n k h a t k h e t h a n h p h a n dUdc quyen b a u cif H i e n nay, t a t ca cac nUdc My L a t i n h deu chd p h e p cdng dan tii 18 tudi trd len dUdc di bd phieu va chi ca'm n h i i n g ngUdi dudi mifc tudi dd, hdac n h i i n g ngUdi hi b e n h t h a n kinh h a y bi tUdc q u y e n cdng d a n

5) N h a n d a n dUdc t n i c tie'p quye't dinh nhiing v a n de t r o n g dai cua qud'c gia H i n h thifc h i e u q u a nha't la trUng cau y d a n da dUdc ap d u n g t a i n h i e u nUdc My L a t i n h h i e n n a y C h a n g b a n , tai Peru, trUng c a u y d a n dien r a cc viec sifa ddi mot p h a n h a y t d a n bd Hien p h a p ; t h d n g q u a cac n g u y e n tac vdi quy che p h a p l u a t ; t h d n g qua cac quy dinh cua t h a n h phd'; va cac v a n de lien q u a n tdi tie'n t r i n h p h a n quyen TrUng cau y d a n ciing da ap d u n g tai Venezuela vdi va'n de t a i ifng cif tdng thd'ng, tai Bolivia vdi va'n de qud'c hUu hoa cac cdng ty n a n g lUdng

N h u vay, cd t h e ndi, day la xu hudng r d n g r a i va da d a n g nha't cua tie'n t r i n h d a n c h u h c a My L a t i n h , ddng thdi ciing la xu h u d n g quye't dinh hieu q u a , gia t r i va mifc dd cua tie'n t r i n h d a n chu Dii cd nhutng biit pha, tie'n be d a n g ke va chac c h a n se tie'p tuc p h a t t r i e n t r c n g tUdng lai, nhiing xu hUdng n a y ciing cdn h a n che k h d n g de k h a c p h u c la t a c n e n nguy cd ldn xdn, m a t dn d i n h xa hdi va l a m ye'u di q u y e n liic n h a nUdc Tieu bieu nha't la trUdng hdp A r g e n t i n a n h i i n g n a m 2000-2002: dd t i n h t r a n g k i n h te t a i c h i n h suy sup, l a m p h a t p h i m a va tha't n g h i e p t a n g

Vdt, n h i e u n h d m ngUdj ldi d u n g quyen d a n chu r d n g r a i da bai cdng, bieu t i n h rdi bie'n t h a n h bao loan, cUdp pha t r i e n mien k h a p da't nUdc; chinh quyen ba't liic, k h d n g giai quye't ndi dii 18 t h a n g da p h a i lan t h a y ddi Tdng thd'ng

2 C a c d a n g p h a i m d i h o a c n h o d e u CO s\i p h a t t r i e n viidt b a e , n a m giiJ dvtdc q u y e n liic c h i n h tri v a t a o d\idc v i t h e q u a n t r o n g t r o n g x a h o i

Xu hudng h i n h t h a n h va p h a t trien m a n h tif dau nhiing n a m 1990 Nguyen n h a n la cac dang phai ldn truyen thd'ng da m a t dan uy tin, nhudng vi t h e cho nhUng dang va phong trao mdi vd'n budc vao vii dai chinh tri vdi nhieu muc dich, ke hoach la, thiic te va r a t cud'n hiit sii thif nghiem thudng cd d cif tri Ddng thdi, cac dang nhd ciing thay ddi cd ban chie'n lUdc va phUdng thifc b e a t ddng, phii hdp va thich ifng n h a n h vdi thUc tien Ke't qua la, che dd ddc dang hcae ludng dang ky ciiu luan phien n a m giii quyen liic n h a nUdc da dan t a n ra, thay vac dd la cac d a n g mdi va vai trd cua cac dang nhd ciing dUdc n a n g cac Chang h a n , dang Lad ddng Brazil (PT) t h a n h lap n a m 1980, chi la mdt dang nhd, ye'u dt va chi gianh dUdc 3,5% sd' phieu trdng ky b a u cif tdng thd'ng n a m

N h i n chung, xu h u d n g n a y d a n g k h a phd bie'n, nhUng chUa cd sii d a m bao lau ben va vufng chac mot so' nguyen n h a n Thvt nhdt, cac d a n g mdi, d a n g nhd chifa cd n h i e u t h a n h tich va kinh nghiem n h u cac d a n g ldn, d a n g cam quyen t r u y e n thd'ng Thti hai, t a m ly va n h u can cif tri My L a t i n h hien r a t n h a n h bien ddi Thii ba, cac d a n g mdi h a u het chi nhif cac lien minh vdi cd can td chiic va boat ddng long leo thieu sii r a n g budc va ldng t r u n g t h a n h Vi vay, de giU vUng va p h a t trien vi t h e q u a n t r o n g ciia minh, cac dang mdi va nhd can tiep tuc cai td thd'ng nha't va thiic hien nhUng chien lifdc ddi phd c a n h t r a n h thich hdp vdi cac d a n g ldn truyen thd'ng

3 H i n h t h a n h d a d a n g , p h o n g p h i i n h i i n g t o c h i f c x a h o i , n h i i n g p h o n g t r a o d a i d i e n c h o ldi i c h c u a d a n c h i m g

Xu hudng d a n g p h a t t r i e n m a n h mdi nUdc My L a t i n h , ngoai cac dang phai chinh tri, hien cdn cd tdi h a n g t r a m , h a n g ngan td chifc, phong trao dai dien cho ldi ich ngifdi dan, tieu bieu n h a t la "cac td chifc khdng d a n g phai" Lcai h i n h "cac td chuc khdng d a n g phai" bao gdm nbUng td chiic h a n g xdm, nhiing nhdm dau bep cdng ddng, nhiing hdi k m h te binh dan, nhUng td chifc phi chinh phu Mdi ngudi d a n My L a t m h cd the cd hoac k h d n g t h a m gia mot d a n g phai chinh tri, nhUng thUdng ludn t h a m gia vai td chifc nhU vay bdi nhutng td, chiic dd dai dien hieu qua cho quyen ldi thiet thiic cua ho N h u n g td chiic ay chh yeu q u a n t a m den cudc sd'ng thifdng d mile VI md (nhu n h a n dUdc cac dich vu dien, nu'dc, h a n g hoa, giao due va y te ) va t h u d n g img ho cac d a n g p h a i

c h i n h tri theo each thich hdp de dat dUdc m u c dich cua m i n h , nhUng cung de n i t lai sii i m g h e dd k h i nd khdng tad r a ke't q u a ro r a n g Cac td chifc k h d n g d a n g p h a i a n h hUdng d a n g ke de'n n h i e u h o a t ddng c h i n h tri, nha't la viec b a u cif d ca'p dia phUdng, cd sd

4 Co SLf l i e n m i n h r o n g r a i giiJa c a c d a n g p h a i , t o chifc, p h o n g t r a o

Day ciing la m e t xu h u d n g phd bie'n t r d n g tie'n t r i n h d a n chu hca d cac nudc My L a t i n h h i e n Sii lien m i n h ra't r d n g r a i , t h e hien dudi ba h i n h thifc cd b a n :

1) Lien m i n h t r o n g cimg mot md h i n h , p h o n g t r a o , C h a n g b a n , dang Xa hoi Chile (PS) dUdc t h a n h lap tren cd sd lien m i n h va s a p n h a p dang p h a i c a n h ta: H e a t ddng Xa hdi chu n g h i a (ARS), Xa hdi chu nghia M a r x i s t (PSM), Xa hdi thd'ng n h a t (PSU), H a n h ddng cong chiing mdi (NAP) va M e n h l e n h Xa hdi chu nghia (OS) Tai V e n e z u e l a , d a n g Xa hdi Dan chil thd'ng nha't dUdc t h a n h lap 29/1/2007 t r e n cd sd lien m i n h va hdp nha't P h o n g t r a o N e n cdng boa thif n a m (MVR) cua Tong thd'ng Chavez vdi hdn 20 d a n g p h a i c a n h ta khac

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 25

3) Lien m i n h khac linh viic Chang b a n , d a n g chinh tri Gamble d Peru cd lien m i n h m a t thiet va dUdc hd trd dac lUc bdi cac td chifc k i n h te' q u a n d nudc n h u Td chute Cdng nghiep qud'c gia (SNI) va Lien minh qud'c gia c a c doanh nghiep t u n h a n (CONFIEP) Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t cua nhiing h i n h thifc lien m i n h r d n g r a i t r e n deu k h a long leo va k h d n g lau ben Lien minh thUdng chi c a n thie't k h i cimg hdp sifc giai q u y e t n h i i n g va'n de ldn hoac trUdc cac ky b a u cif q u a n Xong viec, lien m i n h t h u d n g t a n hdac t u giai t a n

5 K i m c h e h i e u q u a h o a t d o n g va a n h hifdfng c u a c a c liic lifdng p h i d a n c h i i t r u y e n t h o n g

Song h a n h cimg tien t r i n h d a n chu hoa d nhutng nUdc My L a t i n h thdi gian gan day la viec kim che hieu qua boat ddng va a n h hUdng cua cac Ilic lUdng phi d a n chu t r u y e n thd'ng -nha't la q u a n ddi va n h a thd Cdng giad

Q u a n ddi vd'n la cdng cu bad ve va tra'n ap dac liic cua cac n h a nUdc tai My L a t i n h Liic lUdng n a y t h u d n g til gia t a n g q u y e n lUc b a n t h a n , can thiep s a u rdng vao cac chinh sach va boat ddng cua n h a nUdc (dinh cao la lat che d a n sii, thie't lap che ddc tai q u a n sii), ddng thdi giam bdt, bai bd, n g a n ca'm n h i e u q u y e n d a n chu cua n h a n d a n Tuy n h i e n , tif cudi nhiing n a m 1980, h i e n p h a p n h i e u nUdc My L a t i n h da dUa r a va thiic hien sii gidi b a n d a n g ke vai trd cua q u a n ddi: q u a n ddi p h a i la liic lUdng t r u n g lap, k h d n g t h a m gia cac h e a t ddng c h i n h t r i , k h d n g sif d u n g cac bien p h a p p h a n d a n chu, ngUdi difng dau liic lUdng vii t r a n g (bd trUdng qud'c phdng, bd trUdng a n ninh ) p h a i la q u a n chifc d a n sii chii k h d n g phai la cac t u d n g linh q u a n sii v.v

Nhutng ke't q u a dem lai t h a t k h a q u a n , c h a n g h a n : sud't thdi ky 1930-1980, cd tdi 40% nhutng t h a y ddi n h a nUdc d My L a t i n h dien r a sau dad chinh q u a n sii; giai d e a n 1981-1990 giam mot nifa - chi chiing cdn 20%, va h o a n toan k e t thiic vao n a m 1991 (nam xay r a cudc dao chinh q u a n sii cudi cimg tai Haiti)

Latinh da ban hanh nhutng dao luat kim che anh hifdng cua Cdng giac: tach biet nha thd khdi nha nUdc, thiic hien binh dang giiia cac tdn giac, cac tin dd dUdc tii liia chon boat ddng chinh tri theo phap luat, gidi ban hoac bai bd han quy dinh ifng cif vien quan chifc nha nifdc phai la ngifdi theo Cdng giao v.v

6 Dang phai va phong trao canh ta - dai dien cho tif tifdng, hoat dong dan chu, tien bo va cho dong dao nhan dan - phat trien manh nie, nam giii phan ldn quyen liic nha nifdfc

Dang phai va phong trao canh ta tren the gidi hinh til cud! the ky XVIIL nhUng thiic sii phat trien sdi ddng vdi nhieu thang tram treng sud't the ky XX Neu nhif treng nhiing nam 1920-1990, dang phai va phong trao canh ta cUc thinh d phan phia Ddng chau Au vdi hien than la chu nghia xa hdi thi cudi the ky XX va dau the ky XXI, sau sU sup dd cua Lien Xd va he thd'ng xa hdi chu nghia Ddng Au, sU phat trien canh ta lai "dinh cU" d My Latinh Ma'y nam gan day, dang phai canh ta cua cac nUdc thudc chau luc nay da gan nhu ddng loat nam giii dUdc chifc vu tdng thd'ng - cUdng vi difng dau he thd'ng chinh tri mdi qud'c gia cdng hoa: Venezuela (nam 1998), Chile (2000), Brazil (2002), Argentina (2003), Panama (2004) Uruguay (2004), Bolivia (2005), Ecuador Nicaragua va Peru (2006) va gan day nhat la El Salvador (trong cudc bau cif tdng thd'ng ngay 15/3/2009 tai nUdc nay, iing \aen Mauricid Funes cua dang canh ta Mat tran Giai phdng Dan tdc Farabundd Marti da dac cif vdi 51,3% tdng sd phieu cif tn)

Cd difdc nhiing qua tren, ve mat khach quan la sU pha san md

hinh kinh te ciia chu nghia tii mdi Tren thiic te, d phan ldn cac nUdc My Latinh da chiing minh chu nghia tii do mdi khdng giai quye't dUdc cac va'n de kinh te - xa hdi bifc xiic, khdng dap ifng diidc nhiing nhu cau, nguyen vong chinh dang cua ddng dao nhan dan lao ddng Nhutng nam^ gan day, cugc da'u tranh cua quan chiing ddi cai thien ddi sd'ng, chd'ng chinh sach kinh te cua nha nUdc, ddi giai quye't viec lam da nd d nhieu qud'c gia ma dinh cac da khie'n mot sd' tdng thd'ng cua cac dang canh hutu phai tif chifc - nhu da dien d Ecuadcr, Peru, Bdlivia Cdn ve mat chu quan, thanh cdng dat dUdc dd cac dang phai canh ta da bie't ddi mdi tU va phUdng thifc boat dong Thay che da'u tranh vii trang, sif dung cac hinh thiic bad liic gianh chinh quyen nhU trUdc kia la phUdng thiic van ddng, thuyet phuc quan chiing nhan dan; difa cifdng linh tranh cif phii hdp vdi nguyen vong cua nhan dan lao ddng; biet tap hdp cac lilc lUdng va cac chinh sach lien minh' rdng rai; tang cUdng doan ket, lien ket cac phong trao canh ta va tien bo khac nu'dc va khu viic, da'u tranh nghi trUdng vdi nhiing muc tieu hap dan cif tri

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 27

ddng dieu c h i n h met sd' l u a t theo h u d n g coi t r o n g ldi ich qud'c gia va cd ldi chd ngUdi lad ddng Ve ddi ngoai, t u y chUa h o a n t o a n t h o a t khdi sii le thudc vao My nhUng dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua cac nUdc n a y da t h e hien rd xu h u d n g mong mud'n cd sii doc lap nhieu hdn Cac nUdc t r c n g k h u viic da ndi lai va t a n g cUdng hdp tac vdi Cuba, p h a n ddi c h i n h sach bae vay ca'm v a n cua My ddi vdi qud'c gia xa hdi chu n g h i a nay; i m g ho tie'n t r i n h dan chil boa t r o n g q u a n h e qud'c te va cai td Lien hdp qud'c; img hd cudc da'u t r a n h chd'ng chu n g h i a k h i m g bd'; pha'n da'u vi mdt t r a t tii t h e gidi mdi, dan chu va b i n h d a n g , vi hoa binh, ddc lap d a n tdc va tie'n bd xa hdi

Ben c a n h n h i i n g t h u a n ldi va t h a n h tUu d a n g ke, liic lUdng canh ta My L a t i n h cung d a n g p h a i dUdng dau, vUdt qua n h i e u khd k h a n , thif thach Trcng chien lUdc toan cau ndi chung va chien lUdc cci My L a t i n h la "san sau" cua minh, chac c h a n My se tim mci each chd'ng pha, n g a n can liic lUdng c a n h ta len cam quyen, ngan chan chinh p h u tie'n be tai mdi qud'c gia thiic hien cac chUdng trinh, ke beach thien ta de Met sd' dang canh ta (d El Salvador Nicaragua ) tifng t h a m gia t r a n h cif tdng thd'ng nhieu lan nhUng chUa hoac it gianh t h a n g ldi mdt p h a n dd sii can thiep thd bao, t r a n g trdn cua My Vdi nhiing chinh p h u tie'n bd len cam quyen, cac dang phai c a n h hiiu t r u y e n thd'ng ludn tim each can pha, chinh p h u mdi lai chUa q u a n ly dUdc t c a n bd nen k i n h te va phUdng tien t h d n g tin dai chiing, vi vay cdn n h i e u khd k h a n t r c n g dieu h a n h , b i n h dn d a t nUdc Ve m a t chu quan, d mdt sd' nUdc My L a t i n h , dang c a n h ta cdn p h a n t a n , chUa dean ket, chUa cd t r u n g t a m du m a n h va uy tin de t a p hdp liic lUdng O khdng it chinh

phii tie'n be cam quyen, dc phai lien minh rdng rai de dac cut, nen da gap nhieu khd k h a n t r c n g dieu h a n h vi cd nhieu t u tUdng, k h u y n h hudng khac n h a u t r c n g b a n l a n h dad, khd di den sii thd'ng nha't chung O nhieu dang canh ta (nha't la thudc phai ta dan tuy), te Sling bai ca n h a n cdn phd bien, tac cd hdi cho l a n h t u dang phd trUdng va lam quyen NhUng khd k h a n , b a n che khdng de va khdng the sdm khac phuc, p h u thudc vac nhieu ye'u td', a n h hudng chu quan, khach q u a n va ca vao nhUng t h a y ddi cua tien trinh dan chu boa •

Tdi lieu tham khdo:

1, Richard Hillman, Understanding Contemporary Latin America, Lynne Rienner, London, 2001,

2, Diana Kapiszewski, Encyclopedia of Latin American Politic; Oryx Press Westport, 2002, 3, David De Ferranti, Inequality in Latin America,

The World Banl^, Washington DC, 2004

4, Siri Gloppen & Lise Rakner, Globalization and Democratization: Changllenges for Political Parties,

Fagbok, Bergen, 2007

.5, Eduardo Lora, The State and State Reform in Latin America American Development Bank, New York, 2007,

6 Ho Chau, Tran Mai Chi & Nguyen Viet Thao, My Latinh - mot viing ndng dong, NXB Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha Npi, 1998

7 Nguyen Dang Dung, Hinh thu'c ciia cdc nhd niidc duang dai, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 2004

8 Nguyen Chu Dudng, The che nhd niidc ciia cdc qudc gia tren the gidi, Nxb Tit phap, Ha Noi 2005, 9 Mai Ly Quang (chii bien), 250 qudc gia vd viing

lanh thd tren the gidi, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 200.5 10 Do Minh Hdp & N g u y i n Kim Lai, Nhiing vdn dS

todn cdu thdi dgi ngdy Nxb Giao duc, Ha Noi, 2006

11 Pham Thai Viet, Todn cdu hod: Nhiing bien ddi ldn ddi sdng chinh tri qudc te vd vdn hod Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2006,

12 Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri the gidi ,sau ndm 1945 Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi 2007

13 N g u y i n Dang Dung & Nguyen Chu DUdng Liic/c gidi to chiic bq mdy nhd niidc cua cdc qudc gia,

Nxb Lao dong Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2007 14 Cac website:

foreignaffairs.org