Phytoremediation of lead ii nitrate pb n03 2 from water with a submerged aquatic plant najas indica

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHAM THI THAI HA PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD (II) NITRATE (PB(NO3)2 FROM WATER WITH A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, NAJAS INDICA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2011-2015 Thai Nguyen, 30/09/2015 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name : Phạm Thị Thái Hà Student ID : DTN 1153110017 Thesis Title : PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD (II) NITRATE (PB(NO3)2 FROM WATER WITH A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, NAJAS INDICA Supervisor (s): Dr.-phil ARINAFRIL Dr Ho Ngoc Son Abstract: Nowadays, the environmental pollution problems, especially the decline in water quality polluted by heavy metals are the serious worldwide problem Phytoremediation is a green and cost-effective technology to extract or eliminate inactive metals and metal contaminants from polluted water as well as clean up the polluted environment from hazardous contaminant to improve the environmental quality In this study, phytoremediation will be implemented by using a submerged plant- Najas indica to absorb and accumulate lead (Pb) in water Samples were taken from March to June, 2015 and the experiment has been taken place in laboratory of Integrated Postgraduate, Sriwijaya University, Palembang and Laboratory of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia This study aimed to examine the contaminant ii (Pb(NO3)2) absorption of Najas indica plant in polluted water and it has remediation effects on lead (Pb) removal from water The results in this study showed that Najas indica bioaccumulated significantly has higher amounts of Pb, the Pb concentration in sample plants after experiment finished is 26693.5 ppm, even though in begin, the highest Pb concentration in water was set up at 15 ppm and in plant samples around 10 ppm to 40 ppm It is concluded that Najas indicia is a hyper-accumulator, it has higher accumulation capabilities of heavy metals Keywords: Phytoremediation, submerged plant, Najas indica Pb concentration, Bioaccumulation Number of Pages: 43 pages Date of Submission: 30/09/2015 Signature of supervisor Dr Ho Ngoc Son iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I am greatly indebted and would like to express my special thanks to my great and beloved supervisor: Dr.-phil Arinafril of Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Indonesia for his guidance, supporting for my research, for his patience, enthusiasm, valuable ideas helped me to complete my thesis as well as for his stimulating motivations in all the time of doing the research in Indonesia I am grateful for the support, advice, and guidance of Dr Ho Ngoc Son in writing the study I want to express my thankful to my research advisor Ibu Mutmainnah Fadila for instruction and helping me to doing the research I am also thankful for the laboratory of Integrated Postgraduate, Sriwijaya University, Palembang and the Laboratory of the Science Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia to helping and providing me necessary equipment to analyzing the samples and data My sincere thanks also to my friends: Mbak Eka Rizki Meiwinda, Thao, Chi, Marisa Hayu, Linh for provided their ongoing support, questions and suggestions to doing research, identify documentations to writing the study Thanks to all my friends to helped me in internship months Finally, from bottom of my heart, I would like to express my love and gratitude to my beloved parents for their support, encouragement and endless love for me throughout my life Thai Nguyen, July, 2015 Student Pham Thi Thai Ha iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .1 LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .3 PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background .4 1.2 Research Objective 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Limitations PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of phytoremediation 2.1.1 Definition .7 2.1.2 Mechanisms 2.2 Overview of heavy metals 13 2.2.1 Heavy metals .13 2.2.2 Lead (II) Nitrate in environment 14 2.3 Overview of Najas Indica 15 2.4 Lysis process 17 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS .18 3.1 Place and date 18 3.1.1 Place 18 3.1.2 Date 18 v 3.2 Materials 19 3.3 Equipment .19 3.4 Methods 20 3.4.1 Experimental layout 20 PART IV: RESULTS 26 4.2 Pb concentration in plant 28 4.3 Results of Data analysis 30 4.3.1 Time series analysis 30 REFERENCES 38 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Distribution map of Najas Indica (Encyclopedia of Life, 2012) 16 Figure Najas Indica plant 17 Figure Najas Indica plant samples taken in Jakarbaring Lake, Palembang,Indonesia 19 Figure Vacuum filtered machine and set of tools 23 Figure Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) machine 24 Figure 6: Mean Pb concentration in water 27 Figure 7: Mean of Pb concentration in plant 29 Figure 8: Pb concentration in B2 treatment (mean) for water 30 Figure 9: Pb concentration in B3 treatment (mean) for water 31 Figure 10: Pb concentration in B4 treatment (mean) for water 31 Figure 11: Pb concentration in treatment B1for plant (mean) 32 Figure 12: Pb concentration in B2 treatment for plant (mean) 33 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Experimental design 20 Table 2: Pb concentration in all treatment for water .26 Table 3: Pb concentration in Najas indica plant 28 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer NA None available data ROS Reactive Oxygen Species SNI Indonesia National Standard PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Water is an integral part of human being, as well as all the species on the Earth It is essentially important in the daily lives of all individual In some organisms, up to 90% of their body weight comes from water and up to 60% of the human adult body is water (USGS, 2005) The 80% water component of the earth is distributed throughout the globe wherein 97.2% of it comes from the ocean, commonly known as salt water; 2.15% is frozen into glaciers; and 0.67% in the form of fresh water reservoir such as groundwater, lakes and streams including the water vapor found in the atmosphere Unfortunately, only the smallest portion is available for the daily needs of human (EdGEO Workshop report, 2010) Nowadays, many communities suffer from water shortage or very limited supply of clean and available water to sustain them When living standard is increasing, it will result in environmental pollution especially water pollution It does not only impact on people activities but also their health, because of some waterrelated diseases According to World Bank study in 1995, about 80% of the diseases were caused by contaminated water in developing countries and about 10 million people were killed annually - an average of 27,000 premature deaths per day, more than half of them children under age (Miller, 1997) The causes of water pollution are wide and problematic especially if the water is polluted by toxic chemicals and heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, and As These pollutants not only come from industrial activities but also in daily household exercises They are non-biodegradable and cannot decompose naturally which affects LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Experimental design 20 Table 2: Pb concentration in all treatment for water .26 Table 3: Pb concentration in Najas indica plant 28 As depicted from figure the Pb prediction concentration data fluctuate frequency until the 45th day and there is not much change of Pb concentration in the next days, it remains in the range ppm to 1.2 ppm Figure 9: Pb concentration in B3 treatment (mean) for water The figure shows the fluctuation of Pb concentration in the experiment and the prediction data after day 20 when the experiment finish The prediction data showed the Pb concentration in the next days keep stable in the range 3.1 ppm to 3.2 ppm Figure 10: Pb concentration in B4 treatment (mean) for water 31 As depicted from figure 10, treatment B4 has the highest Pb concentration compared with the other treatments for water It had the same fluctuation trend with other treatments, the most striking feature in treatment B4 can be seen in the range day to day 15, Pb concentration increased to the highest level of Pb concentration in day is 9.47 ppm and then, go down to 3.14 ppm in day 15 Finally, it goes up again to 5.71 ppm in day 20- last observation day in the experiment There is not much change in prediction concentration data in the next days; it kept stable in the range 5.6 ppm to 5.7 ppm • Changing trend of Pb concentration in Najas indica According to obtained results of mean Pb concentration in plant of treatments and using of Time series analysis, the changing trend predictions of Pb concentration in plant in treatment B1,B2 are presented in Figure 11and and Figure 12 ( the data in treatment B3 and B4 are not available) Figure 11: Pb concentration in treatment B1for plant (mean) 32 As depicted from figure 11, the fluctuation of Pb concentration in treatment B1 for the plant is ascending in range day to day and from day10 to day 15 Pb concentration decreased two times in the graph The prediction data show a straight line after day 30 mean that the Pb concentration is kept stable in the next days Figure 12: Pb concentration in B2 treatment for plant (mean) Figure 12 shows the increasing trend of Pb concentration in the experiment and after the experiment It only went down one time from day 15 to day 20 33 PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion According the results the general trend for Pb concentration in water reduced in some of the first observation times, usually from day to day 15 because Najas indica plants absorb water for metabolism and uptake Pb in water at the same time, so the Pb concentration in water surrounding decreased After that, the Pb concentration change increased slightly in the days near the end of the experiment, and then maintained unchanged at a certain concentration This result is same with the result of the research of Pourrut, et al (2011) when he indicated that when the Pb concentration in plant cells too high, lysis process will occur to destroy plant cells In this study chemical substance lysis is lead (Pb) When the plant cells burst, a small amount of Pb in plant returned to water That is the reason for Pb concentration in water increase slightly Finally, Pb concentrations in water was kept stable because Najas indica plant’s cells was destroyed and it cannot absorb Pb in water anymore Whereas, the fluctuation trend of Pb concentration in water decreased as the Pb concentration in plant increased However, during observed samples, some Najas indica plants re-growth the top because after period of time, Najas indica can adapt with higher Pb concentration environmental When new plant cell was born, they absorb a little amount of Pb in water until lysis process occurred Only few of new plant cells were born, they could not absorb Pb in water as much as the experiment began 34 In the research about Lead bioaccumulation potential of an aquatic macrophyte Najas indica are related to antioxidant system, Ragini Singh et al, (2009) indicated that the percent of Pb accumulation at 100 µM was about 34% on day 1, 68% on day 2, 92% on day 4, and the total Pb accumulated and Najas indica bioaccumulated significantly has higher amounts of Pb (3554 µg g-1 dw) when, exposed to varying concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 and visible symptoms of toxicity were evident at 50 µM after day showing chlorosis and fragmentation of leaves with mucilaginous discharge Assuming that lysis process will not occur, meaning the plant cell still exists in the next days, Pb concentration in water and in plant still remain after plant cells reach to limit, saturation process will happened According to the results of Pb concentration in water and Pb concentration in plants has a large distance in scale unit For instance, in water, the highest number of Pb concentration measured is 10.9 ppm in treatment B4-3 in 5th day, while in Pb concentration plants; this number is 26693.5 ppm in treatment B4-2 in 15th day This is because different metals have different bioaccumulation coefficients The coefficients range from several hundred for cationic species such as As to close to 10 000 for cationic species such as Pb and Cu (Ilya Raskin, et al, 1997) Different plants also have different bioaccumulation coefficients According to Salt et al (1997) Pb was accumulated in the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in water concentrations of approximately 20 to 2,000 g/L, with bioaccumulation coefficients of 500 to 2,000 Albers P.H, et al (1993) and Vlatko K, et al (2012) also shown in their study that the heavy metals concentration in macrophyte tissue can be several ten to several thousand 35 times higher than concentration in the surrounding water One more factor can cause to large distance in unit scale is pH of water In General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications, v 1.0, Bruce Averill and Patricia Eldredge wrote: The addition of a strong acid will have the greatest effect on the solubility of a salt that contains the conjugate base of a weak acid as the anion It means that the pH of an aqueous solution can affect the solubility of heavy metal in water 5.2 Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that phytoremediation is a process that using plant to remediate, degrade or immobilize contaminants from soil or water Through the mechanism, phytoremediation method can absorb or break down pollutants as well as clean up the polluted environment from hazardous contaminant to improve the environmental quality In this study, Najas indica is a submerged aquatic plant has been used to accumulate and remove lead (Pb) from water Phytoremediation can use to clean up and management of a pollutant that is neither directly nor indirectly harmful to the environment It is applicable to a wide range of toxic metals and radionuclides, minimal environmental disturbance, elimination of secondary air of water borne wastes Therefore, this study investigated how to use phytoremediation method to extract or eliminate inactive heavy metal (Pb) and metal contaminant (Pb(NO3)2 from polluted water Specifically, this study aimed to examine the contaminant (Pb(NO3)2) absorption of Najas indica plant in polluted water in order to improve water quality as well as contributing to sustainable water sources The results of this study showed that submerged plant – Najas indica has bioaccumulation coefficient of Pb is high, mean that Najas indica has potential for apply phytoremediation method in remediation effects on lead (Pb) removal from water 36 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer NA None available data ROS Reactive Oxygen Species SNI Indonesia National Standard REFERENCES [ Agusetyadevy, I., Sumiyati, S., and Sutrisno, E (2013) Phytoremediation wastes containing lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) using Air Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) Journal of Environmental Engineering Retrieved from www.ejournalS1undip.ac.id P Albers P H, Camardese M B (1993) Environ Toxicol Chem 12 959 Anderson T.A, Gutherie E.A, and Walton B.T, (1993) Bioremediation in the Rhizosphere Environmental Science & Technology.27(13) pp.2630-2636 Andra, S.S., Datta, R., Sarkar, D., Makris, K.C., Mullens, C.P., Sahi, S.V., Bach, S.B.H.,(2010) Synthesis of phytochelatins in vetiver grass upon lead exposure in the presence of phosphorus Plant Soil 326, pp.171–185 ATSDR, 2005 Lead U.S Department of Health and Human Services Division of Toxicology and Environment, USA Ayeni, OO, Ndakidemi, PA., Snyman, RG, and Odendaal, JP (2010) Chemical, biological and physiological indicators of metal pollution in wetlands Scientific Research and Essays (15), pp 1938-1949 38 Bhattacharya T, Banerjee D K, and Gopal B, (2006) “Heavy metal uptake by Scirpus littoralis Schrad from fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 121(1-3), pp 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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Distribution map of Najas Indica (Encyclopedia of Life, 20 12) 16 Figure Najas Indica plant 17 Figure Najas Indica plant samples taken in Jakarbaring Lake, Palembang,Indonesia... LIST OF FIGURES Figure Distribution map of Najas Indica (Encyclopedia of Life, 20 12) 16 Figure Najas Indica plant 17 Figure Najas Indica plant samples taken in Jakarbaring Lake, Palembang,Indonesia... PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD (II) NITRATE (PB( NO3 )2 FROM WATER WITH A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, NAJAS INDICA Supervisor (s): Dr.-phil ARINAFRIL Dr Ho Ngoc Son Abstract: Nowadays, the environmental pollution