The effects of carbaryl on growth of ipomoea aquatica and eichhornia crassipes

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY FULL NAME HOANG THI THUY DUONG Topic title: THE EFFECTS OF CARBARYL ON GROWTH OF IPOMOEA AQUATICA AND EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2014 – 2018 Thai Nguyen 15/09/2018 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Hoang Thi Thuy Duong Student ID DTN145429006 Thesis Title The effects of carbaryl on growth of Ipomoea aquatica and Supervisors Supervisor’s signature Eichhornia crassipes Prof Dang Van Minh Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of carbaryl, which is one kind of carbamate insecticide, on the growth of two aquatic plant species Ipomoea aquatica and Eichhornia crassipes Both of aquatic plant species were treated with four different concentrations of carbaryl (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 g/L) Carbaryl levels in the water and plants were tested before and after experiment by using a test kits During the experiment morphological changes of the plants were observed and recorded To determine the growth of plants, the fresh weight, height and root were recorded before and after experiment The plants were dried by using freeze dryer Then dry weight was measured, after that the chlorophyll in plants tissue were measured by using extraction of dry leaves The results show that the fresh weight, Relative Growth Rate and the chlorophyll content of the treated plants decreased with increasing concentrations of carbaryl Carbaryl concentration in water decreased and then was no longer at the end of experiment while cabaryl concentration of plant increased significantly Moreover, chlorosis and necrosis occurred at the leaf margin of the treated plants, and then they extended into the inner portion of the leaf blade Finally, the leaves decayed and the plants died These visible sign occurred in E.crassipes faster than those in I aquatica Thus, Carbaryl can moderate the growth of these aquatic plants and E crassipes is more sensitive with carbaryl than I aquatica Key words Pesticide, carbaryl, growth, Ipomoea aquatica, Eichhornia Number of crassipes 51 pages pages Date of 15/10/2018 Submission: ACKNOWLEDGES I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the teachers and staffs of the Faculty of Environmental Science and Management - Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry I would like to thank the International Education Program at Thai Nguyen University as well as the International College of Digital Innovation at the Thai Royal for giving me the opportunity and the extremely favorable conditions for me to this thesis in Thailand I would like to send special sincerely thanks to Prof Dang Van Minh, my supervisor at Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam, as well as Assoc Prof Arunothai Jampeetong, my adviser at Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, who are always willing to teach me a lot of knowledge, working skills, helping me in study and follow me throughout the course of this thesis Nevertheless, I would like to acknowledge the head as well as graduate student of Post-harvest laboratory of the Biology department, Chiang Mai University, Thailand for technical equipment and their kind helps to run the process of this research work I would like to thank Mr Pakawat Janyasupab and Ms Munutsawan Manokieng for helping me to collect plants, water sample and analysis data Hoang Thi Thuy Duong CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGES .iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLE vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii 1.1 Research rationale .1 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4 Limitation 1.5 Definition PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pesticides 2.2 Carbaryl 2.3 Effect of Carbaryl .10 2.4 Aquatic plants 13 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHOD 19 3.1 MATERIALS 19 3.2 METHODS .21 PART IV: RESULT AND DISSCUSION .24 4.1 Results 24 4.2 Discussion 35 PART V: CONCLUSIONS .38 REFERENCES 39 APPENDICES .42 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Pathways of pesticide spread in the environment Figure 2: UV spectra and structural formula of carbaryl Figure 3: Ipomoea aquatica Figure 4: Eichhornia crassipes Figure 5: Average fresh weight changes of I aquatica and E crassipes Figure 6: RGRs (relative growth rate) of I aquatica (6a) and E crassipes (6b) Figure 7: SERs of I aquatica Figure 8: Compare plants of I aquatic plants (8a); E crasspes plants (8b) at different treatments (1.control 0g/l carbaryl ; 2.low conecentration 0.2g/l carbaryl; 3.medium concentration 0.5g/l carbaryl and 4.high concentration 1.0g/l carbaryl ) Figure 9: Chloropyll in leaves tissue of I.aquatica (9a) and E crassipes (9b) Figure 10: Carbaryl concentration in water and plants before and after experiment LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Leaves injury of I.aquatica and E crassipes plants after experiment Table 2: Roots of I.aquatica and E.crassipes after experiment Table 3: Standard color Table 4: The roots of I.aquatica and E.crassipes after experiment LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS RGRs: The Relative Growth Rate SERs: Shoot Elongation Rate SE: Standard Error PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Thailand is an agricultural country, with hot and humid tropical climates, which is a favorable condition to the development of agricultural crops, but it is also conducive to the emergence and growth of pests, weeds damage crops Therefore, along with chemical fertilizers, the use of pesticides for pest and disease control, preservation of national food security remains an important and essential measure Chemical pesticides have been used extensively since the early 1958 to kill pests, insect pests and crop protection Since then, pesticides are still associated with the progress of industrial production, scale, number and type are increasing But the presence of pesticide residues and metabolites in food, water and soil currently represents one of the major issues for the environmental chemistry Pesticides are the most important environmental pollutants because of their increasing use in agriculture (Food and Agricuture Organization, 1993) Among the pesticides, organophosphate and carbamate species have been used extensively because of their high insecticidal activity and relatively low persistence (American Public Health Association, 1999) As an example, carbamate insecticides are widely used for the protection of fruits, crops, forests and livestock In particular, carbaryl (SEVIN, lnaphthyl-Nmethylcarbamate) has been extensively used against many agricultural pest It has been commonly judged to have moderate to low mammalian toxicity Carbaryl is highly susceptible to chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation, leading to several metabolites, mainly 1-naphthol, which does not accumulate in the body However, some adverse effects have also been reported including alterations of liver microsomal enzymes, sub-chronic neurotoxicity after long term exposure and changes in the immunological function in in vitro culture (Geneva, 1994) For this reason, a number of analytical procedures have been employed to monitor carbamate pesticides and to determine their concentrations Many of these determination methods are though accurate and selective, but require relatively expensive instrumentation, relatively more time and make use of higher toxic organic reagents So, a problem is how can people know that the water is contaminated by carbaryl without advance equipment? The aquatic plants was consider as an alternative way because they have various levels of resistance to insecticides and can be used as bio-indicators that can indicate the quality of water resources For this reason, “The effects of carbaryl on growth of Ipomoea aquatica and Eichhornia crassipes’’ were investigated 1.2 Research’s objectives The main goal of the study is to investigate the influence of Carbaryl on I aquatica and E crassipes in each stage of development and compare the respond ability with Carbaryl of these two aquatic plants Research’s results might provide valuable information to the protection of the agricultural environment and public health 10 and E crassipes These changes started from the leaf margins and extended toward the inner portion of the blade The visible signs of injury were chlorosis and then necrosis (table 1) control I.aquatica 0.2 g/l 0.5g/l 1.0 g/l No leave E.crassipe s Table 1: Leaves injury of I.aquatica and E crassipes plants after experiment 4.1.3.3 Roots The roots of plants, which were growth in natural water, were increased With I aquatica, at the first day they did not have root But at the end 36 of experiment, the roots of plants in treated treatments were not growth (at treatments and 4, which had medium, high concentration of carbaryl) While plants in untreated were growth as normal (table 2) With E crassipes had the same trend with I aquatica, the roots stopped growing at the medium and high concentration treatments control I aquatic 0.2 g/l 0.5g/l No Root 2.0 g/l No Root E crassipes Table 2: the roots of I.aquatica and E.crassipes after experiment 4.1.4 Plant tissue analysis 4.1.4.1 Chlorophyll in leaves It is clear that carbaryl have strong effect on the chlorophyll and carotenoid of plant Fig.9 (a, b) shows the chlorophyll contents of I aquatica and E crassipes treated with various concentrations of carbaryl The chlorophyll a, 37 b, and (a+b) content of the control were highest And the chlorophyll contents of the treated plants decreased significantly as the carbaryl concentration was increased But the opposite was true for carotenoids which was highest at treatment (with I aquatica) (Fig.9a) and at treatment 4(with E.crassipes) (Fig 9b); lowest at treatment (untreated) chlorophyll in leaves tisuess of I.aquatica (control) (0.2g/l) chl (a) chl (b) chl (ab) carotenoids 38 Chlorophyll in leaves tissue of E.crassipes control 0.2g/l chl (a) chl(b) chl (a+b) carotenoid Fig Chlorophyll in leaves tissue of I.aquatica (9a) and E crassipes (9b) (Error bar represent ±SE Different letters above columns indicate significant differences between treatments (p