nam quyen nam 1981, thii tudng Mahathir da bay td rd quan diem cila minh la chi cd duy nha't khai niem dan toe Malaixia d Malaixia chfl khdng cd khai niem ngfldi Malaixia gdc an, gdc[r]
(1)KINH NGHIEM DOC LAP, TU CHU
TRONG HOI NHAP KINH TE CUA MALAIXIA PHAM NGOC TAN*
TRAN THI LAN H U G N G * *
Kinh nghiem cua Malaixia q u a n he k i n h te qudc te, dac biet la viec xay dflng mot nen k i n h te ddc lap, tfl chu; t r o n g viec flng xii q u a n he vdi cac nUdc Idn, xil ly cudc k h u n g hoang n a m 1997 cho t a tha'y vai trd eiia nha nude hojicb djnh chfnh sach qud'c gia la r a t q u a n Nd gdp phan dam bao cho sU t h a n h cdng ciia mot dat nfldc qua t r i n h hoi n h a p kinh te qud'c te, dong thdi b a n che nhflng tac ddng tieu cflc toan c l u boa m a n g lai
1 P h a t t r i e n k i n h t e d o c lap, tfl chil v e
tay ngifdi b a n xiif
Lan sdng thfl nha't khdi d i u cho sfl p h i t trien k i n h te doc lap, tfl chu cua Malaixia tie'n t r i n h hdi n h a p qud'c te dUdc dien vao t h a p ky 1970 chfnh phii Malaixia thiic hien chien lUdc t a n g trUdng hudng ve x u a t k h i u (bang viec lap cac k h u thUdng mai tii d bang P e n a n g n a m 1969) va md cac cudc tranh luan ve vi trf cila ngUdi Ma Lai
trong he thd'ng chfnh trj - kinh te - xa bdi cua dat nUdc
Xet ve m a t ljch sit, Malaixia la mot qud'c gia da s i c toe, d a n h ddc lap thuoc Khdi thjnh vUdng chung Anh vad nam 1957 Sau cudc bad ddng sac tdc nam 1969, chinh phu Malaixia quyet t a m xay dung mot nha nUde mdi, danh lai quyen doe lap, tu chu ve chfnh trj va kinh te cho ngUdi ban xfl Ma Lai Chfnh sach kinh te mdi (NEP) ddi n a m 1970 n h a m md rdng CO p h i n kinh t e c h o ngfldi Ma Lai Ien 30% cac n g a n h thfldng mai va cdng nghiei), giai quyet bat binh dang sac tec va kinh te cflng nhfl xoa bd tinh t r a n g ddi ngheo nfldc De thflc hien N E P , chfnh p h u Malaixia ludn phai can ddi gifla chfnh sach k i n h te nfldc (chfnh sach theo chu nghia can thiep de dam bao sfl p h a t trien k i n h te cho ngfldi Ma Lai va sfl thd'ng n h a t chfnh trj) vdi chfnh sach kinh te tfl boa ( n h i m dam bao t a n g trfldng kinh te ben vflng) Chfnh sach kinh te kieu can thiep m a n g tfnh chat r a t q u a n bdi nd cd the dam bao cd hdi
* TS Phiim Ngoc Tan, Dai hoc Vinh
(2)54 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010
kinh te cho nhflng ngfldi ban dia, dap flng muc tieu phan phdi thu nhap can bang cho cac nhdm sac tdc, ddng thdi nang cao vj the ciia ngfldi Ma Lai cic nganh kinh te hien dai Trong sudt hai tha}) ky 1970 va 1980, NEP da giup Malaixia d;it dUdc nhflng muc tieu kinh te' theo hudng chu nghia dan toe, dUa Malaixia vao hang ngfl cic nfldc dang phat trien Trong qua trinh tU h o i kinh te, NEP da giflp ngfldi Ma Lai ciing cd' dflde vi trf kinh te -chfnh tri, dong thdi tang cfldng dflde tfnh tfl chil cho chfnh phii viec hoach dinh cic chfnh sach nfldc dap flng cac flu tien chfnh trj - xa hdi
Trong viee dieu tiet Idi ich chfnh trj -kinh te ve tay ngUdi Ma Lai, vai trd ciia To ehflc dan toe Ma Lai thd'ng nha't (UMNO) va ciiu thil tudng Mahathir la rat Idn UMNO dai dien cho ldi fch ciia ngUdi Ma Lai, dUa nhflng chfnh sach khuyen khfch ngfldi Ma Lai tham gia vad cac linh vflc nganh nghe hien dai bang cich dad tao, tuyen dung va hd trd ve tai chinh, nang ty le sd hflu co phan ciia ho cac cdng ty Ngoai ra, UMNO cdn thuc day viec hinh t h a n h cdng dong thUdng nhan Ma Lai, p h i t trien cac tap dean kinh te ban dia Idn va cd anh hUdng rdng khap cac nganh kinh te Cac tap doan kinh te Idn ciia Malaixia hien nhu Renong, Halim, Proton, Petronas, Telecom, Tanaga deu ngUdi Ma Lai nam gifl va cd nang Iflc canh tranh toan cau Mac du cd nhieu cuoc tranh luan khac ve cdng va that bai cua NEP, nhflng nhflng tUu cila nen kinh te Malaixia dUdi thdi Mahathir la khdng the chdi cai Ke tfl
nam quyen nam 1981, thii tudng Mahathir da bay td rd quan diem cila minh la chi cd nha't khai niem dan toe Malaixia d Malaixia chfl khdng cd khai niem ngfldi Malaixia gdc an, gdc Hoa, gdc Ma Lai Mahathir da sil dung triet de cdng cu can thiep cua nha nUdc de hinh nen mot giai cap lanh dao ban dia, dong thdi md rdng quy md nen kinh te, khai thac hieu qua cac liic lUdng thi trUdng de quang ba cac gia tri cila ngUdi Ma Lai, giup cho cdng dong ngUdi Ma Lai trd chu nghia tU ban dfch thUe ci Malaixia UMNO va Mahathir da dUa Malaixia trd mot hien tUdng "thin ky" phat trien kinh te trUdc budc vao thap men 1990 Sau NEP, Chfnh sach phat trien qud'c gia (NDP) b i t dau thiic hien vao nam 1990 cung n h i m bao ve quyen ldi cho ngfldi Ma Lai, nang cao quyen ldi va dia vi cua ngUdi Ma Lai nen kinh te qud'c dan cflng nhU the gidi ben ngoai
2 Xijf ly c o n g tac dong cua khiing hoang chau A 1997 -1998 de giuf viJng doc l a p , t\i c h u ve k i n h t e
(3)Pham Ngpc Tdn, Trdn Tin Lan H UO'lliJ Kinh nghiem dpc lap, tifclni 55 khiing hoang P h a n flng d i u tien eila
M a h a t h i r la cdng bd' quye't djnh ve kiem s o l t ddng vd'n ra, cd' djnh dong Ringgit so vdi dong USD, dong thdi each ehflc Phd t h u t u d n g k i e m Bd trUdng tai chfnh Anwar I b r a h i m , tfl chdi cac gdi hd trd kinh te tfl I M F va WB, dong thdi td' cao Gorge Soros la ke d i u cd lung doan tai chfnh Dieu da gay ngac n h i e n cho nhieu nha p h a n tfch Dieu ma M a h a t h i r mud'n chi trfch dd la: toan cau hda chfnh la "ke thfl ben ngoai" cua thj trUdng tai chinh qud'c te va nd d a n g de doa nen kinh te chfnh trj dn d i n h cua Malaixia Ldi chi trfch cflng la sfl khdi dau cho nhflng giai p h a p khac p h u c khiing h o a n g theo each rieng cua Malaixia Malaixia da dUa bien p h a p kiem soat vd'n theo each rieng ciia minh Chfnh phii Malaixia da thUe hien c i c bien p h a p kiem s o l t tien te dot ngot de tao dieu kien cho Ngan h a n g Trung Udng N e g a r a de d a n g dieu h a n h chinh sach tien te b a n g each lai sua't, tao ddng lUe kfch thfch nen kinh te dang suy thoai nghiem Nd chi la nhflng bien pha|) m a n g tfnh c h a t t i n h hudng de ngan chan nhflng tac ddng xau cua cudc khiing hoang tai chfnh c h a u a, ddng thdi giup chfnh phii chii ddng giai quyet cac van de kinh te'ciia nUdc m i n h ma khdng bj sU can thiep tfl ben ngoai Cdn ve lau dai, Malaixia se tiep t u c cai each n g a n h tai chfnh - n g a n h a n g , dieu chinh cd cau kinh te, hd trd xua't k h a u va n a n g cao tfnh canh tranh cila h a n g xua't k h a u , cung cd' cd sd tang kinh te - xa hoi
Mac dfl cd nhieu y kien jibe p h a n bien phap kiem s o l t tien te cua Malaixia la di ngude lai vdi tien t r i n h p h a t trien, tao nen
sU phuc hoi k i n h te t a m thdi va dan den lam tri tre nhflng e l i each cd cau dai b a n va lam xau di nen k i n h te t r e n g tUdng lai, nhUng nhflng gi Malaixia da lam dflde de ngan c h a n khiing hoang n a m 1997-98 dang trd t h a n h mot bai hoc kinh nghiem quy gia Ly chfnh khien M a h a t h i r va cae edng su cua dng chon giai p h a p la
tim kie'm sU dpc lap, tii chu tU thi trUdng qudc te hdng viec len dn nhUng tdc ddng tieu cUc cua todn cdu hod Chinh phii
(4)56 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010
hoang va sU sup cfla c h i n h quyen S u h a r t o khien chfnh phii Malaixia rflt nhieu k i n h nghiem ve quyen tfl chii giai quyet cac van de eiia dii't nude m i n h
Ly thfl hai k h i e n chfnh q u y e n M a h a t h i r Ifla chon giai p h a p chdng k h u n g h o i n g theo each rieng cua minh la tim
kiem sii doc lap, tii chii cdc quyet .sach cua rieng minh, khdng le thupc vdo hen ngodi Khi A n w a r cdn lam Bo trUdng
Bd tai chfnh, dng da sil d u n g chfnh sach t h a t c h a t tien te va cac chfnh sach tai chfnh n h u t a n g lai sua't de bao ve ddng KM, eat giam chi tieu cdng cdng de e l i thien can can thUdng mai va n g a n sach Theo e l c n h a k i n h te hoc phUdng Tay va cac n h a hoach d i n h chfnh s a c h ciia Malaixia thi cac bien p h a p t r e n da bj k h u y e n cao la mot t r o n g nhflng nguyen n h a n gay r a khiing h o a n g tai chfnh Theo logic k i n h te, thi viec t h e o dudi quyen ddc lap t u chii k i n h te tfl' cac Iflc Ifldng thj trfldng la can p h a i t a p t r u n g vao viec phuc hdi k i n h te n h a n h chdng tfl k h i i n g h o a n g b a n g c i c h giam sfle ep d a u cd tien te, cat giam lai sua't va ty gia hdi doai de giflp cho chfnh phil theo dudi chfnh sach tien te mot each ddc lap Cdn theo logic chfnh trj thi quyen tii c h u ciia da't nUdc phai the hien tai thdi diem quyet dinh Quyet djnh sa t h i i A n w a r cila M a h a t h i r da lam ndng Ien t i n h h i n h chinh trj cua Malaixia va gap phai n h i e u chi trfch tfl e l c nude Theo cac n h a phe binh, viec sa t h i i A n w a r cd the gay r a mot cudc khiing h o a n g mdi, lam sup dd Idng tin cila c i c nha d i u tU vao ndi cac cua M a h a t h i r Chfnh quyen My dudi thdi tong thd'ng B u s h bay gid cho r a n g "chuyen A n w a r la mot v a n de n h a n
quyen , dai dien cho nen d a n chu bj dd vd d M a l a i x i a va l u a t p h i p c u a Malaixia Q u y e t djnh sa t h a i A n w a r cd the lam ton hai moi q u a n he gifla h a i chfnh p h u " *^' Dieu dd cd n g h i a la t r o n g cudc k h i i n g h o a n g tai chfnh n a m 1997/98, e l c the Iflc ben ngoai t a n cdng trflc tie'p viio c h i n h q u y e n M a h a t h i r , mud'n Malaixia phai di theo nhflng quy che ap dat tfl cac t h e che qud'c te va cac nfldc Idn de r a la I M F , 'WB va My T u y n h i e n , ldi p h a t bieu cua m i n h ve vao n a m 2002, M a h a t h i r cho r i n g "Chflng tdi bi cac nfldc phfldng Tay chi trfch m a n h me, nhflng chflng tdi k h o n g bao gid chju k h u a t phuc ho d ba't ky linh vuc nao, bcii vi chflng tdi cd t r a c h n h i e m vdi da't nfldc chflng tdi, n h a n dan chflng tdi Cac nfldc p h u d n g Tay khdng cd t r a c h n h i e m gi vdi da't nUdc c h u n g tdi Neu n h a n d a n chflng tdi chju cd cflc, thi cflng k h d n g a n h hfldng gi den ho Nhflng c h u n g tdi p h a i cd t r a c h nhiem c h u y e n dd N h a n d a n b a u cil c h u n g tdi, vi vay t r a c h n h i e m ciia chflng tdi la p h a i c h a m sdc cuoc sd'ng va a n n i n h cho n h a n d a n chflng tdi"*'^'./
C H U T H I C H
1 M a h a t h i r Mohamad, The Malaysia
Currency Crisis: How and Why It Happened, Petaling J a y a : Pelanduk,
2000, trang 19-20
2 Theo Working Paper, No72, 12/2004,
Malaysia and the United States: Rejecting Dominance, Embracing Engagement
3 Executive Intelligence Review, Malaysia's
Challenge to IMF: a Lesson on Method,