Neáu ñoäng töø cuûa caâu ñöùng tröôùc laø ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät can, shall, will, be, have, ought to, … ta phaûi laëp laïi ñoäng töø ñoù trong caâu hoûi ñuoâi.. Neáu laø ñoäng töø thöôøn[r]
(1)NGỮ PHÁP LỚP 12
CÂU HỎI ĐI
A Câu hỏi thành lập theo quy luật sau đây:1 Nếu câu đứng trước thể xác định, câu hỏi thể phủ định ngược lại Ex: He is a lazy boy, isn’t he ? She is not beautiful, is she?
2 Nếu động từ câu đứng trước động từ đặc biệt can, shall, will, be, have, ought to, … ta phải lặp lại động từ câu hỏi Nếu động từ thường, ta phải dùng DO, DOES, DID thay câu hỏi đuôi
EX: They cannot sing, can’t they? She likes me, doesn’t she? He came here yesterday, didn’t he?
- Hình thức phủ định câu hỏi đuôi phải thể tỉnh lược
- Phải dùng đại từ nhân xưng câu hỏi đuôi.(I, you, we, they, he, she, It)
B Những ghi đặc biệt câu hỏi đuôi:
1 MODAL PERFECT: Câu hỏi dùng trợ động từ bình thường
Ex: You could have seen him, couldn’t you? He might have bought the book, mightn’t he?
He should have told me, shouldn’t he? 2 HAD BETTER: “NÊN … THÌ HƠN”:
Ex: We had better work harder, hadn’t we? We had better not go out late at night, had we?
3 USED TO: “ĐÃ TỪNG …, ĐÃ THƯỜNG…” xem động từ thường động từ đặc biệt Ex: You used to go there, usedn’t you? = You used to go there, didn’t you?
4 LET’S … : “CHÚNG TA HÃY…”
Ex: Let’s it right now, shall we? 5 There is …………, isn’t there? There are …………., aren’t there? This/ That is …………, isn’t it?
These / Those are …………., aren’t they? I am ………, aren’t I?/ am I not? 6 Câu mệnh lệnh:
Ex: Come and see me now, will you? Don’t be lazy, will you? 7 Các từ phủ định: never, nowhere, nothing, by no means, fail …
Ex: You have never seen it, have you? He is by no means rich, is he? She failed to phone her office, did she? 8 Những từ có nghĩa bán phủ định: hardly,scarcely(một cách khó khăn, chắn khơng), ever, seldom, rarely …
Ex: You seldom see her, do you? You hardly ever go to the theatre, do you?
He can scarcely write his own name, can he? He could hardly stammer (laép baép) a reply, could he? 9 LITTLE, A LITTLE, FEW, A FEW :
Ex: He has very little knowledge of the matter, has he? He has very alittle knowledge of the matter, hasn’t he? Very few people live to the age of one hundred, do they? You are going away for a few days, aren’t you?
10 EVERYBODY= EVERYONE / EVERYTHING:
Ex: Everyone/ Everybody knew that, didn’t they? Everyone is ready for the party, aren’t they?
Everything is good, isn’t it? * Complete the question tag:
1 Linh didn’t feel confident in her favorite clothes, _? The two cities are not the same in some ways, _? Her listening isn’t excellent, _?
4 Maryam couldn’t stay for longer time, _? My sister has to make this room tidy, _?
6 This poet has mentioned the ao dai in poems, _?
7 Lan used to walk past the mosque on her way to primary school, _? Nobody wrote poems yesterday, _?
9 There are many religions in Malasia, _? 10 His children may swim, _?
11 Nam and Binh have to study harder, _?
(2)13 The Parkers had a picnic on the river bank, _?
14 Our teachers have taken inspiration from some minorities, ? 15 Everything was OK, _?
16 Oh, hurry up, _?
17 Hung and I can eat those cakes, _? 18 You won’t be late, _?
19 Ba’s village lies near the foot of the moutain, _? 20 Daisy has seen that films several times, _? 21 Let’s forget unhappy things, _?
22 Her daughter doesn’t spend time surfing the web, _? 23 Those men never worked on a farm, _?
24 People of different ages like this magazine, _? 25 I am wearing wrong shoes, _?
26 Interactive TV is available now, _? 27 He did not miss the train, _?
28 Someone feels tired after the trip, _?
29 Hanh and you like living in a dormitory on campus, _? 30 Their son doesn’t have much time on computer, _?
CÂU SO SÁNH
A SO SÁNH HƠN: (DÙNG ĐỂ SO SÁNH NGƯỜI VẬT).
1 TÍNH TỪ NGẮN & TRẠNG TỪ NGẮN:
* Công thức:
* Tính từ ngắn:
S1 + BE + ADJ ngắn + ER + THAN + S2.
EX: He is taller than me.
They are smaller than my shoes
* Trạng từ ngắn:
S1 + V + ADV ngắn + ER + THAN + S2.
EX: He works harder than his brother.
A horse runs faster than a dog
* MỘT SỐ NGOẠI LỆ KHI THÊM “ER” VÀO SAU TÍNH VÀ TRẠNG TỪ NGẮN:
ADJ/ ADV NGẮN
SO SÁNH HƠN
SO SÁNH NHẤT
Good/ well
better
the best
Bad/ badly
worse
the worst
Much/ many
more
the most
Little
less
the least
old
older/ elder
the oldest/ the eldest
far
farther / further
the farthest/ the furthest
* NHỮNG TÍNH TỪ HAI VẦN TẬN CÙNG BẰNG: Y, ER, OW, LE : XEM NHƯ TÍNH TỪ NGẮN
EX: happy - happier ; pretty - prettier ; easy - easier
clever - cleverer
narrow - narrower
simple - simpler
2 TÍNH VÀ TRẠNG TỪ DÀI:
* Tính từ dài: S1 + BE + MORE + ADJ + THAN + S2.
* Trạng từ dài: S1 + V + MORE + ADV + THAN + S2.
B SO SÁNH NHẤT: (DÙNG ĐỂ SO SÁNH NGƯỜI VẬT TRỞ LÊN).
1 TÍNH TỪ NGẮN & TRẠNG TỪ NGẮN:
* Công thức:
* Tính từ ngắn:
S + BE + + THE +ADJ ngắn + EST (N)+ cụm giới từ…
EX: He is
the tallest
pupil in my class.
They are
the smallest
shoes we have
* Trạng từ ngắn:
S + V + THE + ADV ngắn + EST + cụm giới từ.
EX: He works the hardest in his family.
(3)2 TÍNH VÀ TRẠNG TỪ DÀI:
* Tính từ dài: S + BE + THE MOST + ADJ +( N )+ cụm giới từ….
* Trạng từ dài: S + V + THE MOST + ADV )+ cụm giới từ….
Ex:
Spring is the most pleasant season of year.
This book is the most interesting of all.
He drives the most carefully in his group
C SO SÁNH BẰNG: (SO SÁNH NGƯỜI, VẬT)
1 TÍNH TỪ:
* Công thức: S1 + BE + AS + ADJ + AS + S2
EX: He is
as
tall
as
his brother.
Lan is
as
intelligent
as
Mai.
2 TRẠNG TỪ:
* Công thức: S1 + V + AS + ADV + AS + S2
EX: She
cooks
as
well
as
her mother.
He
dances
as
gracefully
as
a dancer
II EXERCISES:
* Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1 Ho Chi Minh city is much than Hanoi capital
A larger B smaller C higher D lower Australia is the continent in the world
A largest B smallest C biggest D thinner Living in the countryside is than in cities
A less peaceful B more peaceful C most peaceful D least peaceful Your car is in condition than mine
A worse B worst C bad D good That was the day in my life
A excited B happinest C happiest D interesting Hoa doesn’t cook her mother
A as bad as B as good as C as quick as D as well as She is the beautiful girl I have ever met
A less B more C most D best
8 The Queen of England is one of the women in the world
A richer B richest C most rich D as rich as I’m sorry I’m late It took me to get here than I expected
A longer B further C more D less 10 Her illness was more than we first thought
A fatal B important C severe D serious 11 Health and happiness are more than money
A importantly B important C importance D serious
12 We often go camping when we go on holiday because it’s than staying in a hotel A much cheaper B more cheaper C less cheaper D the most cheapest 13 Please let me know immediately if you hear any news
A farther B further C extra D earlier 14 There were people at this meeting than at the last one A less B much C many D fewer 15 That house over there is the building in the town A eldest B oldest C ancientest D antique 16 What’s the film you’ve ever seen?
A good B interesting C best D boring 17 What’s the river in the world?
A short B long C wide D longest 18 I stayed in one of the room in the hotel
A large B nicest C pretty D nicer 19 Let’s walk It’s just taking the bus
(4)20 There’s plenty of food, so eat you like
A as many as B as much as C as lot as D as great as
21 The blue whale is known animals, reaching a length of more than one hundred feet A the large B the largest C the larger D the most largest
22 By far of Saudi Arabia is oil
A it is the most important export B the most important export is C that is the most important export D the most important export 23 They would go by air than spend a week travelling by train A always B prefer C rather D better 24 Mike was the in his family; all his brothers were much taller A lowest B shortest C slightest D littlest 25 North America is a little than South America
A big B huge C vast D larger 26 I think Sally is quite her sister
A as pretty B as pretty than C as pretty as D prettier
27 I am not sure, but I know he has decided to accept the new job in London A according B on the whole C as far as D as long as
28 We need information before we can decide
A far B farther C further D the farthest 29 Tony’s English is much better than it was
A Tony has started to learn English but doesn’t speak it well B Tony speaks better English now than he did before C Tony’s English was much better than it is now D Tony has always spoken good English 30 Joe was one of the poorest men in this town
A There were some poor people in this town, but Joe was the poorest one B One man who lived in this town was much poorer than Joe
C Joe thought that he was the only poor man in this town
D Some very poor men lived in this town, and Joe was one of them 31 Mr Bridges is by far the richest man I know
A Mr Bridges is the richest man in my country B Mr Bridges is one of many rich men I know C Mr Bridges is richer than all his friends
D Mr Bridges is much richer than anyone else I know
GERUND AND INFINITIVE
I FUNCTIONS OF GERUND (Chức Gerund): 1 Subject for a verb : (Làm chủ ngữ cho động từ )
EX: Swimming is good for your health Smoking is not good for your health
2 Object for some verbs (Làm tân ngữ cho số động từ) :
admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, resent, suggest, hate, love, like, start, begin, forget, remember, stop, regret, continue, acknowledge, endure(chịu đựng, cam chịu), imagine, justify, resist(kháng cự, chống lại), feel like, forgive, risk, tolerate
* Công thức: S + V+ GERUND (V-ING) + O
Ex: I like playing football She admited stealing a bike Nam can’t stand living alone
3 Object for preposition (Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ):
tobe interested in: thích, quan tâm tobe fond of: thích tobe bored with: buồn chán tobe fed up with: thích tobe afraid of: sợ tobe surprised at: ngạc nhiên tobe worried about: lo lắng về… tobe amused at: thích tobe amazed at: kinh ngạc … tobe famous for: tiếng về… tobe different from: khác với… tobe good/ bad at: giỏi/ tệ về… tobe excited at/ about: thích thú, hào hứng tobe frightened of: sợ tobe keen on: thích
tobe pleased with: hài lịng với… tobe relaxed with: thư giản tobe exhausted at: mệt tobe busy with: bận rộn với… tobe absent from: vắng mặt từ… to rely on: trông cậy vào
tobe present at: có mặt, diện tobe tired of: mệt mõi tobe terrified of: khiếp sợ, kinh hãi tobe nervous of: hồi hộp, lo lắng tobe successful in: thành công … to be used to: quen với
to get used to: quen với to think of/ about: suy nghĩ về… to give up: từ bỏ to depend on: phụ thuộc vào to insit on: khăng khăng
(5)EX: I am interested in playing football
They are fond of watching films
Gerund Gerund
4 Object for some phrases and expressions (Làm tân ngữ cho số cụm từ thành ngữ): to look forward to, It’s no use, It’s no good, It’s worth, have difficulty + gerund
EX: I am looking forward to seeing you again It’s no use/ It’s no good asking him for help It’s worth buying that book
I have difficulty finding a job in this city
5 Một số động từ theo sau dùng Gerund or To Infinitive không thay đổi nghĩa: begin, start, hate, prefer, continue, like, intend, attempt.
EX: I hate to see you = I hate seeing you.
6 Một số động từ theo sau dùng Gerund nghĩa khác dùng To infinitive nghĩa khác: stop , remember, forget, regret, try
a Stop + to Vo: dừng việc để làm việc khác. Stop + Ving : dừng hẳn việc làm
EX: My father stopped to help me with the housework. My father stopped smoking years ago.
b Remember + to Vo: Nhớ để làm điều bổn phận, trách nhiệm. Rember + Ving: Nhớ có làm q khứ.
EX: We always remember to turn off the lights before going out. I remember meeting you somewhere already.
c Forget + to Vo : qn khơng làm việc gì. Forget + Ving : quên có làm việc đó. Ex: Oh, I forgot to send your letter I am sorry
I forget lending you my dictionary yesterday.
d Regret + to Vo: Lấy làm tiếc để thông báo cho tin không vui,không may. Regret + Ving: Hối tiếc làm q khứ.
EX: I regret to tell you that you have failed the exams.
I regret lending him some money He will never pay me back. e Try + to Vo : Cố gắng làm việc gì.
Try + Ving: thử
EX: I try to study hard to pass the exams.
He tried eating the food I cooked It was terrible.
7 Sau động từ allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend dùng Gerund khơng có túc từ.
S + allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend + O + TOVo
S + allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend + VING
EX: Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in this room I wouldn’t advise taking the car
II INFINITIVE WITH TO: 1 Làm chủ ngữ:
Eg: To love is to give
To find my house is easy
To save money now is necessary
2 Bổ ngữ động từ:
Eg: Our duty is to study harder
Làm tân ngữ cho số động từ.(Theo sau số động từ quy định)
afford, agree, appear, attempt, arrange, ask, beg, care, claim, decide, demand, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle, threaten, volunteer, wait, want, wish
* Công thức: S + V quy định + to Vo
EX: I agreed to help him He threatened to call the police
4 Verbs followed by a pro(noun) + an infinitive:
advise, allow, ask, arrange, beg, cause, challenge, convince, dare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, tell, urge, want, warn, teach, instruct (dạy, hướng dẫn, thông báo), get, would like, would prefer
* Công thức: S + V quy định + O + to Vo
EX: I advised me to study hard He allowed his son to go out
(6)unable, afraid, amused, annoyed(làm bực mình,chọc tức), anxious, astonished(làm ngạc nhiên), certain, delighted, determined(xác định), eager, easy, good, glad, grateful, happy, hard, fortunate(may mắn, đem lại vận may), pleased, prepared, ready, safe, surprised, wonderful, worry
Eg: I’m glad to see you again
We are unable to solve the problem
6 Chỉ mục đích:
EX: We study hard to pass the exam
We go to school to widen our knowledge
III INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO:
Động từ nguyên mẫu không TO sử dụng trường hợp sau:
1 Sau động từ khiếm khuyết: can, may,must, will, shall, could, should, might, ought to, would Eg: He can speak languages
2 Sau động từ giác quan như: feel, hear, see, watch, let, percieve = notice(nhận thấy), mark (để ý thấy), observe (chú ý thấy), beheld (trông thấy), hard at (lắng nghe)
Eg: I saw him unlock the door
He made me study hard (câu chủ động) She let the ball fall onto the floor
* Feel, hear, see, watch
thường thêo sau V-ING đề cập đến tiếp diễn hành động
Eg: I hear someone knocking at the front door
I saw the man walking down the street
3 Sau động từ như: had better, would rather, have to, used to Eg: We would rather wait till tomorrow
You had better put your money in the bank
4 NEED (cần) , NEEDN’T (không cần thiết)
Sngười + need + toVo
S vaät + need + VING/ TO BE VED/ V3 S + NEEDN”T + Vo
EX: Mai needs to buy some salt and sugar This car needs repairing/ to be repaired She needn’t walk to work, she has a bike
5 Sau động từ như: make, help, let: a Cấu trúc với make:
S+ MAKE/MADE + O + Vo (Câu chủ động) S + BE + MADE + TO Vo + BY O (Câu bị động)
EX: What makes you laugh? She made me cry I was made to study hard She is made to be sad
b Cấu trúc với HELP: S + HELP + O + Vo
EX: Please help me carry this heavy bag C Cấu trúc với LET:
S + LET + O + Vo (Chủ động) S + BE + LET + Vo (Bị động) LET’S + Vo …(Chúng ta hãy…)
EX: We let him go He lets me sit down Let’s go out for a walk
EXERCISES
* Choose the best answer:
1 I have difficulty and English
A speaking – writingB speak – writing C to speak – to write D speak - write They offered her but she refused
A to help B helping C help D being helped
3 I don’t mind you the washing up
A help – B helping – doing C helping – D to help- to I’d like when I am sixty years old
A to rest B to stop C to retire D to relax
5 We hope the students themselves will enjoy taking in outdoor activities
A part B note C notice D advantage
6 The children are looking forward to on holiday
A go B going C be going D have gone
7 You must try not to so many mistakes again
(7)8 Her advice made him his mind
A change B to change C changing D changed
9 Ms Lan enjoys because she loves working with children
A to teach B to be taught C teaching D teach
10 My father doesn’t allow me in his room
A to smoke B smoking C smoke D not smoke
11 It’s very me with money
A kind for you to help B kind to you helping
C kind of you helping D kind of you to help
12 It’s better to avoid during the rush hour
A travelling B to travel C travel D travelled
13 It was a nice day, so we decided for awalk
A to have B to go C going D having
14 Would you looking after my children for a while?
A mind B agree C stand D care
15 Students should encourage questions in class
A raise B raising C to raise D being raised
16 It is compulsory for students in shools uniforms
A to wear B wear C wearing D worn
17 This class needs It’s very dirty
A clean B cleaning C to clean D cleaned
18 At school, students usually take part in money for charity
A raised B to raise C raising D raise
19 May I in?
A to come B coming C came D come
20 Let’s for a walk
A go B to go C going D went
21 Do you enjoy cartoon?
A watching B to watch C watch D watched
22 They want by air because it is much faster than other means of transfort
A travel B travelling C travelled D to travel
23 Why don’t you consider me? I really look forward to you
A visiting – see B to visit – to see C to be visited – saw D visit – see 24 It’s impolite people about their salary
A asked B to ask C asking D ask
25 Don’t in class, students!
A talking B to talk C talk D talked
26 Who you English?
A teach B teaches C teach D does teach
27 You had better harder
A to work B working C worked D work
28 is my hobby
A Playing B Play C Played D To play
29 We should read different kinds of books our general knowledge
A to widen B widen C widened D widening
30 It’s not good to avoid the teacher’s questions in class
A answer B answering C answered D to answer
31 Students are interested in a party
A to have B have C having D had
32 the exams, students have to learn hard
A To pass B Passed C Pass D Passing
33 The girl denied the news
A tell B told C to tell D telling
34 I can’t bear people at me
A shout B shouting C shouted D to shout
35 Would you like your holiday with my family in Brazil?
A spend B to spend C spending D spent
36 My father is very keen classical music
(8)37 I remember next door to you when we were in Australia
A to live B living C live D have lived
38 My sister is good at tennis
A play B playing C to play D staying
39 Do you hope your father again this weekend?
A meet B meeting C met D to meet
40 Never let children alone in the street
A play B to play C playing D played
41 Have you promised with me ?
A to go B going C went D gone
42 I am bored with computer games now
A playing B to play C played D plays
43 Susan is looking for something ………
A eating B eat C to eat D to eating
44 My parents are interested in ……… football matches on TV
A watch B watching C to watch D watched
45 She used ………as a typist
A to working B work C working D to work
46 ………stamps is my hobby
A collecting B collect C collected D collection
47 I remember ………you about this before
A tell B to tell C telling D told
48 He let the letter ……… on to the floor
A fall B falls C falling D.fell
49 I can’t stand ……… on underground when it is busy
A travel B travelling C to travel D to travelling
50 She hates ……… housework at weekends
A doing B C to be doing D being done
51 I had a headache, and the doctor asked me ……… some aspirin
A took B to taken C take D to take
52 She is keen on ……… with a doll
A plays B to play C player D playing
53 Every day I spend two hours ……… English
A practise B to practise C practising D practised
54 I don’t mind ……… if you are tired
A driving B to be driven C to drive D drive
55 I don’t remember ……… the front door when I left home
A to lock B lock C locked D locking
56 Children enjoy ……… to ghost stories on Halloween night
A telling and listening B tell and listen C to tell and listen D to tell and to listen 57 Have you finished ……… the table ?
A set B setting C to set D to be set
58 Mr Smith decided ……… a new TV
A to buy B buying C bought D to be bought
59 I can’t help ……… him in spite of his faults
A admire B admired C to admire D admiring
60 Don’t forget ……… home as soon as you arrive at your destination
A to call B calling C having called D to be called 61 Jack made me ……… him next week
A to promise to call B to promise calling C promise to call D promise calling 62 If we want to get to the station on time, we’d better avoid ……… the highway
A having taken B take C to take D taking
63 Tommy admitted ……… the rock through the window
A throwing B.being throwing C to throw D to be thrown 64 He suggested ……… a double railway tunnel
A to build B built C building D that building 65 What makes you ……… so ?
A think B to think C thinking D having thought 66 Some people are used to ……… in crowded buses and don’t mind it at all
A ride B ridden C.to ride D riding
(9)A will-reminding B will- to remind C would- to remind D would- reminding 68 Please let me ……… when you can come
A to know B knowing C know D have known
69 I regret ……… you that I am unable to come tomorrow
A.to tell B telling C tell D told
70 Workers began ……… a number of wooden boxes
A unloading B unload C to unloading D unloaded 71 Would you mind ……… the phone number ? I didn’t hear properly
A to repeat B repeat C repeating D for repeating 72 What would you like ………for your breakfast ?
A eating B to be eaten C to eat D to have eaten 73 ……… in the country is something he loves
A Travelling B Travel C The travelling D To travelling 74 I was reading my books, but I stopped ……… a programme on TV