Bảng sau là một số các tính từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, trong câu bắt buộc phải có that và động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể bỏ to.. advised necessary recommen[r]
(1)30 Câu giả định (subjunctive)
Câu giả định hay gọi câu cầu khiến loại câu đối tượng thứ muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm việc Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến khơng mang tính ép buộc câu mệnh lệnh Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng ngun thể khơng có to động từ sau số động từ mang tính cầu khiến Thường có that câu giả định trừ số trường hợp đặc biệt. 30.1 Dùng với would rather that
Ngữ pháp đại ngày đặc biệt ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép dùng would rather mà không cần dùng that loại câu We would rather (that) he not take this train
30.2 Dùng với động từ.
Bảng sau động từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau phải dạng giả định câu bắt buộc phải có that trường hợp advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree order request urge
Động từ sau chủ ngữ dạng nguyên thể không chia bỏ to Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ trước nguyên thể bỏ to
Subject + verb + that + subject + [verb in simple form] + The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking
The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking
Nếu bỏ that chủ ngữ trở dạng tân ngữ động từ sau trở dạng nguyên thể có to, câu tính chất giả định, trở thành dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp
The doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking The doctor suggested his patient not to stop smoking
Trong ngữ pháp Anh-Anh trước động từ mệnh đề thường có should, người Anh bỏ should sau động từ to be ngữ pháp Anh-Mỹ không dùng should cho toàn động từỏơ mệnh đề
30.3 Dùng với tính từ.
Bảng sau số tính từ địi hỏi mệnh đề sau phải dạng giả định, câu bắt buộc phải có that động từ sau chủ ngữ dạng nguyên thể bỏ to
advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested
Lưu ý bảng có số tính từ phân từ cấu tạo từ động từ bảng Nếu muốn cấu tạo phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ trước nguyên thể bỏ to
It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form] It is necessary that he find the books
It is necessary that he not find the books It has been proprosed that we change the topic It has been proprosed that we not change the topic
Nếu bỏ that chủ ngữ biến thành tân ngữ sau giới từ for, động từ trở dạng ngun thể có to câu tính chất giả định trở thành dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp
It is necessary for him to find the books It is necessary for him not to find the books It has been proprosed for us to change the topic It has been proprosed for us not to change the topic
Lưu ý:
Câu giả định dùng với loại thường dùng văn thư giao dịch diễn đạt lời đề nghị từ phía A -> B mà khơng có tính bắt buộc
(2)There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court 30.4 Thể giả định số trường hợp khác
Dùng để diễn đạt ước muốn lời nguyền rủa, thường bao hàm lực siêu nhiên God be with you = Good bye
Curse this toad: Chết tiệt cóc
Dùng với động từ May số trường hợp đặc biệt sau:
o Come what may = Dù nữa, dù truyện Come what may we will stand by you
o May as well not sth if = Có thể đừng không You may as well not come if you can't be on time
Các anh đừng đến không đến
o May/Might (just) as well smt = Chẳng mà lại khơng, bọ Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it:
Vì khơng thích việc này, chẳng mà lại khơng cho ta làm o May diễn đạt lời đề nghị mà người nói cho chưa thực hiện:
The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass (không dùng should trường hợp này)
o May + S + link verb + adj May + S + verb + complement (Cầu chúc cho). May you both very happy: Chúc bạn bách niên giai lão
May the conference be successful: Chúc hội nghị thành công rực rỡ
Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune: Chúc cho nàng sống lâu để hưởng vận may nàng If need be = If necessary = Nếu cần
If need be, we can take another road
Dùng với động từ to be, bỏ to sau if để giả định chưa phân định rõ ràng hay sai If that be right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innocent
Let it be me: Giả sử tơi, giá phải tay tơi - Husband: Let it be me
- Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you
Be that as it may = whether that is true or not = Cho dù phải hay không Be that as it may, you have to accept it
Then so be it: Cứ phải
If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (thì phải trả thơi) Câu giả định dùng với it + to be + time
o It's time (for sb) to smt: đến lúc phải làm (Thời gian vừa vặn, khơng mang tính giả định). It's time for me to get to the airport: Đã đến lúc phải sân bay
o It's time (high time/about time) (for sb) did smt: đến lúc mà (thời gian trễ, mang tính giả định) It's time I got to the airport
(3)The subjunctive is a special kind of present tense, using an infinitive that has no –s in the third person singular It is often used when talking about something that somebody must
I insist (that) your friend leave this house at once.
The subjunctive is a formal construction It is more commonly used in American English than in British English, and more often in the written form than in the spoken form It was used much more frequently in old English, but many of these forms have now disappeared in modern English
That-clause
It is often used with a that-clause, especially in American English, to formally express the idea that something is important or essential
I demand that he leave at once. Verbs used with the Subjunctive
Other verbs that are commonly used with the subjunctive are: advise, ask, beg, decide, decree, desire, dictate, insist, intend, move, order, petition, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, and vote
Tom suggested that his friends stay over for the night Sam proposed that Tom telephone his accountant She recommended that he go and see a doctor.
The manager requested that everyone put their requests in writing He insisted that she stay until the end of the week
The Queen commands that he attend the ceremony
He urged that a business manager be hired to help things run more smoothly I simply requested, politely, that she refrain from smoking in my house Sam recommended that you join the committee
The professor asked that Tim submit his research paper before the end of the week The verb ‘be’
‘Be’ has special subjunctive forms: I be, you be, she be, they be, etc It is vital that you be truthful about what happened He suggested that she be more vocal in the next meeting. She urged that the matter be resolved in a family court
Hadrian decreed that a new temple be built in the honour of Jupiter Adjectives used with the Subjunctive
Some adjectives can be followed by a subjunctive verb, like anxious, determined, eager He was determined that they not separate.
(4)I am anxious that he discuss this with me soon.
Certain adjectives can also be used with the subjunctive and `It`, like advisable, critical, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, necessary, vital
It is imperative that you get home before dark It is important that everyone follow the rules
It is necessary that everyone be calm in times of danger It is essential that you arrive before 5pm.
It is critical that the prime minister address those sensitive issues It was vital that everything be done on time
It is crucial that we make it successful Nouns used with the Subjunctive
There are also nouns that can be followed by a subjunctive verb, like advice, condition, demand, directive, intention, order, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion, wish.
My advice is that the company invest in new equipment
She is free to leave, on condition that she commit no further offence. His deep wish is that his daughter go to university
Less Formal Usage
There are several alternatives to the very formal standard subjunctive: Should
This construction is more common than the subjunctive in British English: Tom suggested that his friends should stay overnight
She recommended that he should go and see his doctor · The Indicative
This construction is also used sometimes in British English, but is rare in American English: She has demanded that the machinery undergoes vigorous tests to ensure high quality It is imperative that more decisions are made by the shareholders
· For + Infinitive
It is essential for everyone to be informed of the new regulations · No Tense Change
(5)She demanded that he left
She felt that it was necessary that she wrote a thank you letter to them Fixed Expressions using the Subjunctive
…, as it were (in a way, so to speak)
Be that is it may (Whether that is true or not…)
Come what may… (Whatever happens…)
Far be it from me to disagree/criticise (To appear less hostile when disagreeing) God bless you
God save the Queen!
Heaven help us! (An exclamation of despair)
Heaven forbid! (An exclamation that you hope something won’t happen)
If need be (If it is necessary)
Long live the bride and groom!
…, so be it. (We can’t anything to change it)
Perish the thought! (A suggestion or possibility is unpleasant or ridiculous) Suffice it to say… (It is obvious/I will give a short explanation)
Were-Subjunctive
In hypothetical sentences, were is usually used instead of was: If I were you, I’d learn how to drive
I wish it were Friday
It is important to note that was can also be used (although still considered incorrect by some grammarians), and is, in fact, more common in informal English