Some reading strategies for 5 graders

INDEX I INTRODUCTION………… ………………………………….… REASON FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC…………… ……… PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH………………………… … RESEARCH OBJECT……………………………………… … … RESEARCH METHOD .……………………… … … II CONTENT…………………………………………………… …… RATIONALE…………………………………………… … ….…… THE PRESENT SITUATION OF THE PROBLEM…………… … THE SOLUTION………………………………………….…… … 3.1 Making connections………… ……….……………………… 3.2 Predicting……………… …………………………………… 3.3 Questioning………… ………………………………………… 3.4 Monitoring………… ……………………………………….… 3.5 Visualizing……………… ………………………………….… 3.6 Summarizing……… ………………………………………… 3.7 Instruction of comprehension strategies 3.8 Practical applications of reading strategies THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RESEARCH…… …… III CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS… …………… CONCLUSION……………… …………………………………… RECOMMENDATIONS………………… ………………………… 2.1 To the leaders………………… ……………………………… 2.2 Acknowledgements…… ……………………………………… REFERENCES………………………………… ……………………… INITIATIVE EXPERIENCES…………………… …………….…… Page 1 2 2 6 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 17 18 I INTRODUCTION REASON FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC Learning to read with understanding is the most important achievement in young student’s life Unfortunately, many students are unable to comprehend texts even though they can decode them fluently Consequently, teachers, researchers, and older educators have begun focusing on early comprehension instruction This research addresses the role of metacognition in teaching comprehension to primary students I begin with a short discussion of some of the basic concepts relevant to the study of comprehension and comprehension instruction For readers in the middle years of school (Grades - 8), any difficulties they experience may be intensified as reading changes from a learning outcome to a learning tool – that is, as the focus shifts from ‘learning to read’ to ‘reading to learn’ (Allington & Johnston 2002; cited in Nelson & Manset - Williamson, 2006, p.214) The goal of constructing meanings or comprehension lies at the heart of reading Consistent with the active and strategic notions of reading, reading comprehension is a complex and multifaceted ability that involves the reader’s orchestration of a number of skills and strategies when thoughtfully and critically interacting with written text The knowledge, experiences and purpose of the reader, the content and features of the text, and the situation or context of reading influence reading comprehension Specifically, reading comprehension is both the process and product of the ideas represented in the text linked to the reader’s prior knowledge and experiences and the mental representation in memory of the text (Kintsch, 1998) The RAND Study Reading Group defined reading comprehension as the extraction and construction of information through the involvement and interaction with a text (RAND Study Reading Group, 2002) Successful comprehension involves sifting though a text to identity its main point and often going beyond that to critically evaluate or apply what has been understood It consists of many components, such as identifying words meaning, processing sentences, linking idea across sentences, and inferencing These components can be analyzed into myriad subcomponents and subprocesses, theories of comprehension (Graesser, 2007) just that After exploring and accumulating the experiences from colleagues, I have some experiences in teaching reading comprehension and achieved quite effective results The students are more interested in learning English and more confident in doing their reading exercises This improves that my methods are right With the passion and the love for teaching English, I have studied and developed the research: " Some reading strategies for graders” PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH - The research applies the methods of teaching reading comprehension to involve students in learning English well - Creating the language circumstance to communicate in English and promote students to actively participate in communicative activities; offering some solutions and methods for teaching reading comprehension - Exchanging and sharing some experiences in teaching reading comprehension for primary student RESEARCH OBJECT - Systematizing some theoretical issues about the procedures and activities in teaching reading comprehension in English Primary program according to the communicative approach - Exploring the present situation of teaching reading comprehension at Primary School and suggesting some techniques in teaching reading comprehension to develop reading skill for primary students, helping them be more confident to communicate in English - Research Object: " Some reading strategies for graders”The respondents of the research: With this research I focused on students of grade RESEARCH METHOD Method of survey investigation school year 2019-2020 II CONTENT RATIONALE When learners comprehend, they interpret, integrate, critique, infer, analyze, connect and evaluate ideas in texts They negotiate multiple meanings not only in their heads but in the minds of others When comprehending, learners strive to process text beyond word-level to get to the big picture When comprehension is successful, learners are left with a sense of satisfaction from having understood the meaning of a text Comprehension takes the learner to a new level of active understanding and insight It enhances language and vocabulary knowledge Good learners use a variety of comprehension strategies simultaneously and, according to Pressley (2002), they know how to deliberately apply specific strategies to aid their comprehension, particularly with regard to challenging texts/information A reader can read a variety of materials with ease and interest, can read for varying purposes, and can read with comprehension even when the material is neither easy to understand nor intrinsically interesting … Proficient readers … are capable of acquiring new knowledge and understanding new concepts, are capable of applying textual information appropriately and are capable of being engaged in the reading process and reflecting on what is being read (p xiii, RAND Report, commissioned by the US Department of Education) The National Reading Panel (2000) emphasized the fact that comprehension is an active process between the reader and a text, a process that is both ‘intentional and thoughtful’ There are many ways that students demonstrate their understandings of texts They locate and recall information, draw on the knowledge of text structures and text organizers, write short reflective responses, complete multiple choice questions, think deeply and express ideas verbally, complete descriptions, recognize causal relationships, make logical connections, interpret graphics and images and identify multiple points of view and specific details It has been found that less able comprehenders usually focus more on word accuracy rather than comprehension monitoring and generally have weak metacognition skills (Cain and Oakhill, 1999; Nation et al., 2005) Students with poor comprehension generally are poor at making inferences and integrating text information, according to Nation et al., (2005) They tend to read superficially, are less likely to participate in constructive processes and are unsure of when to apply their prior knowledge during reading (Cain and Oakhill, 1999) Research has shown that there are sources of comprehension problems that are independent of decoding (Williams, 2005) Researchers have also identified students who cannot comprehend text effectively in spite of successful decoding (Caccamise & Snyder, 2005; Duke, Pressley & Hilden, 2004) Learners who struggle with comprehension possess inefficient strategies and use them inflexibly They are usually unaware of what good comprehenders and need to be shown how and when to apply a small repertoire of comprehension strategies Providing students with explicit instruction in comprehension strategies can be an effective way to help them overcome difficulties in understanding texts (Graham & Bellert, 2004) The more explicit the comprehension strategy and self-regulatory instruction, the higher the likelihood that the learner will make significant gains in comprehension (Manset-Williamson & Nelson, 2005) As learners become more competent and confident of their comprehension, the less support they require from the teacher (Duke & Pearson, 2002) Research indicates that we build comprehension through the teaching of comprehension strategies and environments that support an understanding of text It is important for educators and parents to teach children active strategies and skills to help them become active, purposeful readers Teaching reading comprehension is an active process of constructing meaning, not skill application The act of constructing meaning is: - Interactive – It involves not just the reader, but the text and the context in which reading takes place - Strategic – Readers have purposes for their reading and use a variety of strategies as they construct meaning - Adaptable – Readers change the strategies they use as they read different kinds of text or as they read for different purposes * What Do Good Readers Do? - Before reading, good readers tend to set goals for their reading - During reading, good readers read words accurately and quickly, while dealing with meanings of words - Good readers are selective as they read - Good readers use their background knowledge (schema) to create mental images, ask questions, and make inferences - Good readers monitor their comprehension as they read THE PRESENT SITUATION OF THE PROBLEM For many years, teaching reading comprehension was based on a concept of reading as the application of a set of isolated skills such as identifying words, finding main ideas, identifying cause and effect relationships, comparing and contrasting, and sequencing Teaching reading comprehension was viewed as a mastery of these skills Comprehension instruction followed what the study called mentioning, practicing, and assessing procedure where teachers mentioned a specific skill that students were to apply, had students practice the skill by completing workbook pages, then assessed them to find out if they could use the skill correctly Instruction did little to help students learn how or when to use the skills, nor was is ever established that this particular set of skills enabled comprehension A significant base of research, developed over many years, is available to inform educators about effective approaches to teaching children to read However, research on applying the methods of teaching pronunciation for primary students is in its infancy This reflects the fact that many teachers in Vietnam are faced with the challenge of teaching children to listen and speak in English when the students have a heritage language that is not English and they are not yet proficient in English Making this a more critical issue, several researches suggest that teachers are not receiving adequate professional development in effective strategies to teach reading comprehension for students In order to make best use of the information presented in this research, many teachers might want to consider the following set of questions together in preparation for making decisions about teaching reading comprehension for primary students Analysis of my school’s performance in teaching and learning pronunciation in recent years showed that our average score in reading comprehension had been consistently below that of like other schools in Thanh Hoa City It was a situation that was of concern and motivated a thorough examination of the school’s approach to the teaching of reading comprehension Our school is a public primary school in Thanh Hoa City It is a large school with around …… students, ranging from to 10 years old There are three to four classes in most year levels, meaning that collaboration among teachers is extremely important to ensure consistency in learning programs After several years of teaching the book Tieng Anh 3,4,5, I found that most of the students not like the reading comprehension exercises They only focused on grammar and vocabulary and did not like to learn pronunciation during the lesson * The quality survey and students’ classification: Based on the present situation of students in class 5A the level of all students is acquired after a few weeks of the school year with the methods of teaching reading comprehension I had 40 minutes to test students in class 5A to survey and classify the students The following chart will show the result: Class Number of students Excellent (A) Good (B) Fair (C) Poor (D) Fail (F) 5A 38 8= 21,05% 16= 42,10% 7= 18,42% 6= 15.78% According to the survey result, I have classified the students and immediately applied the methods and experiences which I accumulated over the years to improve the teaching and learning quality THE SOLUTION According to the present situation in English classes at my school Doing reading comprehension exercises is so difficult for all grades from to 5, especially in grade To improve this situation, I would like to present some techniques for teaching reading comprehension and elicit the strategies of teaching reading comprehension for primary students which I have researched and applied quite successfully at my school This research will attempt to address the common and serious reading errors that Vietnamese students produce Activities related to the correction of these errors are designed to meet students' different learning styles, namely auditory, visual, tactile, and kinesthetic learning As for the research's title, the "learner-centered" classroom, we take the term from a broader perspective, meaning that it is a class where students can feel, experience, and monitor their own learning of reading comprehension The research will cover six comprehension strategies: Making connections, Predicting, Questioning, Monitoring, Visualizing, Summarizing with the expectation that it will provide the audience with comprehensive insight into ways of teaching reading comprehension The presentation is by no means comprehensive; rather it is an opportunity for sharing what we know about new perspectives in reading comprehension instruction 3.1 Making connections: Learners make personal connections from the text with: - something in their own life (text to self) - another text (text to text) - something occurring in the world (text to world) * Example questions/statements: - This story reminds me of a holiday to my grandfather’s farm - This character has the same problem that I read/saw/heard in another text - I saw a program on television that presented things described in this text - Does this remind me/you of something? - Has something like this ever happened to me/you? * Example teaching idea - Book and me: Students create two columns with headings Book/Me - Prior to and during reading students add details about the connections between the book and their lives E.g.: English 5: REVIEW - Part Read and complete 3.2 Predicting: Learners use information from graphics, text and experiences to anticipate what will be read/ viewed/heard and to actively adjust comprehension while reading/ viewing/listening * Example questions/statements : - What I/you think will happen next? - What words/images I/you expect to see or hear in this text? - What might happen next? - Why I/you think that? - What helped me/you make that prediction? - Were my/your predictions accurate? - How did I/you confirm my/your predictions? - Have I/you read/seen/heard about this topic anywhere else? * Example teaching idea: Before and after chart: Students list predictions before and during reading As they read students either confirm or reject their predictions E.g: English 5: REVIEW - Part Read and complete 3.3 Questioning: Learners pose and answer questions that clarify meaning and promote deeper understanding of the text Questions can be generated by the learner, a peer or the teacher * Example questions/statements : - What in the text helped me/you know that? - How is this text making me/you feel? - Why is that? - When you read/viewed/ listened to that text did it remind me/you of anything I/you know about? - Why did it remind me/you of that? - What did the composer of the text mean by …? - Whose point of view is this? What points of view are missing? * Example teaching idea Wonderings: Using post-it notes, students list all the questions they have about the text As they read students continue to write questions When an answer is found for the wondering students remove the post-it note E.g.: English 5: Unit 18 – Lesson – Part Read and the tasks (page 57) 3.4 Monitoring: Learners stop and think about the text and know what to when meaning is disrupted * Example questions/statements: - Is this making sense? - What have I/you learned? - Should I/you slow down? Speed up? - Do I need to re-read/view/listen? - What can help me/you fill in the missing information? What does this word mean? - What can I use to help me understand what I’m/you’re reading/ viewing/hearing? * Example teaching: Idea Coding: As they read students code the text with post-it notes: - I understand ? - I don’t understand - I fixed it up myself 3.5 Visualizing: Learners create a mental image from a text read/viewed/heard Visualizing brings the text to life, engages the imagination and uses all of the senses * Example questions/statements: - What are the pictures I/you have in my/your head as I/you read/view/ listen to this text? - Can I/you describe the picture or image you made while you read/ heard that part? - How did the pictures in my/your head help me/you to understand the text? * Example teaching idea : Sketch to stretch: As a passage/story is read students sketch their visualization In groups they share their sketches and discuss reasons for their interpretation 3.6 Summarizing: Learners identify and accumulate the most important ideas and restate them in their own words * Example questions/statements: - What things will help me/you summarize this text – list, mind map, note-taking, annotations, etc.? 10 - What are the main ideas and significant details from the reading/ viewing/listening? - If you were to tell another person about the text read/viewed/heard in a few sentences, what would you tell them? - What is the main theme? How is it connected to the world beyond the text? - In what significant ways does this text relate to/elaborate on the topic that you have been investigating? - Can you create a metaphor for the text that you have read? * Example teaching idea: Key words: Students highlight words they believe are key to understanding the passage These words are written on post-it notes and placed on the page After reading the students close the book and arrange the key words in an order that supports a cohesive summary 3.7 Instruction of comprehension strategies: Step 1: Select a text Texts can range from easy to challenging The criteria for text selection should focus on text usefulness for teaching a particular strategy or set of strategies, student interests and connections to literacy themes If the text is challenging use ‘read-aloud’ when modeling Step 2: Explain the strategy Focus on the two questions: - What is it? - Why is it helpful/necessary for comprehension? Provide examples to assist this explanation and wherever possible make connections to students’ background knowledge and prior learning Step 3: Model the strategy Read a section of the text aloud and use a Think Aloud and a visual (symbol, chart, etc.) to share ideas with students NB: Think Aloud involves orally explaining precisely what is triggering thoughts and how it is affecting understanding Explain thinking so that students have a clear idea of the cognitively active process readers experience If a strategy requires a written or sketched response, model that during this step Step 4: Guided support Read the next section of the text aloud and ask students to work with a partner to apply the new strategy Discuss the response from paired students and read aloud another section of the text 11 Step 5: Independent practice Monitor as students work independently within the whole group Either continue reading sections of the text with reduced teacher support or invite students to read independent texts on their own Regardless, students independently use the strategy Differentiate instruction by providing scaffolding for those students who need more support (through further modeling or guided support), and by releasing the task to those students who are ready to use it The goal is to ensure that students know the strategy and the process for using it Ultimately students develop a range of strategies that they can use as needed when they are reading on their own Step 6: Reflect Ask students to reflect on how using the strategy helped them to understand the text Invite them to share their reflections in small groups or with the whole class Discuss how they can use the strategy when they are reading on their own 3.8 Practical applications of reading strategies: Reading activities can be divided into three categories, depending on when they take place: pre - reading, while - reading, and post - reading Pre - reading: Collecting and defining vocabulary terms from the text will assist students in understanding words that otherwise may interrupt their reading It will also help them increase their vocabulary in a meaningful, relevant way Students can record the terms in a notebook or on flash cards Another strategy involves having students preview comprehension questions so that they can focus on answering those questions as they read While - Reading: Teachers can guide students' interaction with the text by asking questions about literary elements, having students present oral summaries of the plot, or asking them to collect details or write observations on post-it notes If students have previewed comprehension questions, they can answer these questions as they read Post - reading: Summarizing is an effective strategy that can take many different forms E.g.: English - Unit 15, Lesson 3, Part (page 35) 12 THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RESEARCH After applying successfully the methods and procedures to teach pronunciation, the students’ improvement in pronunciation can be seen clearly The result in the first semester of the school year 2018-2019 shows the increase in the percentage of students who can pronounce correctly What is especially pleasing is the impact of reading comprehension in class as there are fewer students who cannot the reading comprehension exercise correctly than the school year before The significance of the methods of teaching reading comprehension can be seen when examining the percentage of students with a reading age above their chronological age since the program’s implementation The number of students assigned to be improve their reading skill Comparing with the result survey at the beginning, I find that the recent result is better than the old one The following chart will show the result: Class 5A The numbers of students 38 Excellent (A) Good (B) Fair (C) Poor (D) Fail (F) 5= 13,15% 16 = 42,10% 15 =39,47 2= 0,53% 13 % Results os English Lessons In conclusion, the changing of the students’ reading skill has been a resounding success The consistency and clarity it has afforded in teaching reading comprehension for primary students has been worth the time and effort My students are capable and ready for explicit teaching of reading comprehension and are highly motivated by their success in learning English III CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Many reading curricula used in the schools not try to teach the kind of comprehension monitoring and predictive skills that we have discussed Instead the curricula emphasize the final interpretations a reader ends up with, from word and sentence meaning to author intentions and main points This particular emphasis comes from trying to teach the product of reading (i.e., the interpretation) rather than the process of reading (i.e., the construction of an interpretation) We not argue that reading curricula should not stress interpretations We argue only that a reading curriculum should also try to teach how to construct interpretations: that comprehension monitoring and hypothesis testing 14 are necessary to the development of skilled reading If we not teach these skills, then the better students will develop them on their own, and the worse students will find reading very frustrating To overcome students’ reading comprehension problems, we offer a variety of kinesthetic, visual, and aural devices and activities for teaching English reading comprehension This research investigated the methods of teaching reading comprehension for primary students, lesson delivery and sequence of content and learning expectations used by teachers of English at Hoang Long Primary School This research brings broader understanding of strategies for teaching reading comprehension to students whose first language is not English The rationale for the study stems from the need to gain greater international perspective of the teaching of English learners Results reflect analysis of classroom observation field notes of 39 students of class 5A3 To sum up, The research provides some methods to improve teaching reading comprehension for primary students in order to form the habit of using English words that contributes to improve the quality of students' listening skill and speaking skill in particular and English for academic subjects in general This research does reveal some promising practices but more research is needed RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1 To the leaders To enhance the capacity of teachers in teaching English, the leaders should organize the training courses for the English teachers regularly Through the training courses, teachers have the opportunity to exchange and learn their experiences 2.2 Acknowledgements I am grateful the experts of Thanh Hoa City Education and Training Office, my colleagues at Hoang Long Primary School, for providing helpful comments for the research I also would like to encourage Vietnamese teachers to have more confidence and experience in teaching reading comprehension even though we are not native speakers of English With full advanced preparation, including practicing reading comprehension and designing effective teaching activities, we can all be experts in teaching English 15 Headmaster’s signature Nguyen Thi Phuong Thuy Thanh Hoa City, April 4th 2021 I swear this thesis is written by me without copying content from others Written by Nguyen Thi Nhung 16 REFERENCES - Vietnamese Educational Publisher - Tieng Anh (2009) Ministry of Education and Training - Adams, M.J Failures to comprehend and levels of processing in reading In R.J Spiro, B.C Bruce, & W.F Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1980 - Anderson, T.H., Armbruster, B.B., & Kantor, R.N How clearly written are children's textbooks? Or, of bladderwords and alfa (Reading Education Report No 16) Urbana: University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading, August 1980 - Armbruster, B.B., & Anderson, T.H The effect of mapping on the free recall of expository text (Tech Rep No 160) Urbana: University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading, February 1980 (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 182 735) - Baker, L Comprehension monitoring: Identifying and coping with text confusions (Tech Rep No 145) Urbana: University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading, September 1979 (a) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 177 525) - Baker, L Do I understand or I not understand: That is the question (Reading Education Report No 10) Urbana: University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading, July 1979 (b) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 174 948) - Bower, G.H Experiments on story comprehension and recall Discourse Processes, 1978, 1, 211-231 - Brown, A.L Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition In R Glaser (Ed.), Advances in instructional psychology (Vol 1) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1978 - Brown, J.S., Collins, A., & Harris, G Artificial intelligence and learning strategies In H.F O'Neil (Ed.), Learning strategies New York: Academic Press, 1978 - Bruce, B.C., & Newman, D Interacting plans Cognitive Science, 1978, 2, 195-233 - Collins, A., Brown, A.L., Morgan, J.L., & Brewer, W.F The analysis of reading tasks and texts (Tech Rep No 43) Urbana: University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading, April 1977 (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 145 404) 17 ... teaching reading comprehension to develop reading skill for primary students, helping them be more confident to communicate in English - Research Object: " Some reading strategies for graders? ??The... some solutions and methods for teaching reading comprehension - Exchanging and sharing some experiences in teaching reading comprehension for primary student RESEARCH OBJECT - Systematizing some. .. the love for teaching English, I have studied and developed the research: " Some reading strategies for graders? ?? PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH - The research applies the methods of teaching reading