21944

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/21944 SHARE     Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments (2004) DETAILS pages | 8.5 x 11 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-43117-0 | DOI 10.17226/21944 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK FIND RELATED TITLES SUGGESTED CITATION National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2004 Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments Washington, DC: The National Academies Press https://doi.org/10.17226/21944 Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts   Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments NCHRP Web Document 65 (Project 24-11) Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments Prepared for: National Cooperative Highway Research Program Submitted by: Timothy D Stark David Arellano Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois John S Horvath Scarsdale, New York Dov Leshchinsky ADAMA Engineering, Inc Newark, Delaware July 2004 Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies DISCLAIMER The opinion and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the research agency They are not necessarily those of the TRB, the National Research Council, AASHTO, or the U.S Government This report has not been edited by TRB Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters Dr Bruce M Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers Dr William A Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education Dr Harvey V Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Institute of Medicine Dr Bruce M Alberts and Dr William A Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering The Board’s mission is to promote innovation and progress in transportation through research In an objective and interdisciplinary setting, the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and policy by researchers and practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research results broadly and encourages their implementation The Board's varied activities annually engage more than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi ABSTRACT viii SUMMARY ix Objectives of the Report x Organization of Report xi Concluding Comments .xiii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION General 1-1 Soft Ground Treatment Methods 1-3 Types of Lightweight Fills 1-7 EPS-Block Geofoam 1-8 Functions 1-10 History of Geofoam 1-11 Current State of Practice .1-12 Objectives of the Report .1-14 Report Organization 1-15 References 1-17 Tables 1-20 CHAPTER RELEVANT ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BLOCK-MOLDED EPS Background 2-3 Physical Properties and Issues 2-8 Mechanical Properties .2-18 Thermal Properties 2-62 References 2-63 Figures 2-68 Tables 2-89 CHAPTER DESIGN METHODOLOGY Introduction 3-2 Major Components of an EPS – Block Geofoam Embankment 3-5 Design Phases .3-6 Design Procedure 3-7 Limitations to the Proposed Design Methodology and Design Guidelines 3-11 Background Investigations 3-12 Design Loads 3-17 References 3-26 Figures 3-28 Tables 3-40 i Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments CHAPTER PAVEMENT SYSTEM DESIGN Introduction 4-1 Benefits of a Thicker Pavement System .4-3 Drawbacks of a Thicker Pavement System 4-7 Utilizing Geofoam Layers with Varying Properties .4-7 Separation Materials .4-8 Pavement Design Procedures 4-16 Flexible Pavement System Design Catalog 4-20 Rigid Pavement System Design Catalog 4-24 Summary of Pavement System Data From Case Histories .4-26 Typical Dead Load Stress Range Imposed by a Pavement System 4-27 Summary .4-30 References 4-31 Figures 4-34 Tables 4-36 CHAPTER EXTERNAL (GLOBAL) STABILITY EVALUATION OF GEOFOAM EMBANKMENTS Introduction 5-4 Embankment Geometry 5-5 Embankment Cover 5-7 Settlement of Embankment .5-10 External Bearing Capacity of Embankment 5-25 External Slope Stability of Trapezoidal Embankments 5-33 External Seismic Stability of Trapezoidal Embankments 5-45 External Slope Stability of Vertical Embankments 5-59 External Seismic Stability of Vertical Embankments .5-68 Hydrostatic Uplift (Flotation) .5-75 Translation and Overturning Due to Water (Hydrostatic Sliding and Overturning) 5-84 Translation and Overturning Due to Wind 5-91 References 5-99 Figures 5-104 Tables 5-164 CHAPTER INTERNAL STABILITY EVALUATION OF GEOFOAM EMBANKMENTS Introduction 6-3 Block Interlock .6-4 Translation Due to Water (Hydrostatic Sliding) 6-7 Translation Due to Wind .6-8 Internal Seismic Stability of Trapezoidal Embankments 6-9 Internal Seismic Stability of Vertical Embankments 6-20 Load Bearing .6-29 ii Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments Abutment Design 6-50 Durability 6-53 Other Internal Design Considerations .6-55 References 6-56 Figures 6-59 Tables 6-81 CHAPTER DESIGN EXAMPLES Introduction 7-2 Design Example – Trapezoidal Geofoam Embankment 7-2 Design Example – Lateral Pressures on an Abutment .7-36 References 7-39 Figures 7-40 Tables 7-49 CHAPTER GEOFOAM CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES Introduction 8-2 Design 8-2 Manufacturing .8-5 Construction 8-10 Post Construction 8-18 Summary .8-19 References 8-19 Figures 8-21 CHAPTER GEOFOAM MQC/MQA Introduction 9-3 Definitions 9-3 Basis of the Provisional Standard 9-5 Proposed EPS Material Designation and Minimum Allowable Values of MQC/MQA Parameters 9-9 MQC/MQA Test Requirements 9-12 Basis of the Proposed Manufacturing Quality Control (MQC) and Manufacturing Quality Assurance (MQA) Procedure 9-18 Product Manufacturing Quality Control (MQC) Requirements 9-22 Product Manufacturing Quality Assurance (MQA) Requirements 9-26 Product Shipment 9-35 Summary .9-35 References 9-37 Figures 9-38 Tables 9-43 CHAPTER 10 TYPICAL DESIGN DETAILS FOR EPS-BLOCK EMBANKMENTS Introduction .10-1 iii Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments Design Details for Trapezoidal EPS Embankments 10-2 Design Details for Vertical EPS Walls .10-3 Design Details for Bridge Abutments .10-4 Utility and Roadway Hardware Details 10-4 Design Details for Protective Load Distribution Slab 10-6 Anchoring Details for Hydrostatic Uplift 10-6 Installation of EPS-Block Geofoam 10-7 References 10-7 Figures 10-9 CHAPTER 11 CASE HISTORIES Introduction .11-2 Hawaii: Highway H-3 (Likelike Highway) Emergency Escape Ramp for the Kaneohe Interchange, Island of Oahu 11-2 Indiana: State Route 109, Noble County 11-5 New York: State Route 23a, Town of Jewett, Greene County 11-7 Utah: I-15 Reconstruction .11-10 Washington: State Route 516 - Lake Meridian Settlement Repair, King County 11-13 Wisconsin: Bayfield County Trunk Highway A .11-15 Wyoming: Moorcraft Bridge, Crook County 11-16 Wyoming: Bridge Rehabilitation, N.F Shoshone River 11-18 Other Cases and State DOT Experiences 11-19 Summary 11-21 References 11-22 Figures 11-24 Tables 11-46 CHAPTER 12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Introduction .12-1 Background .12-3 Scope 12-5 Research Approach .12-5 Soft Ground Treatment Alternatives 12-6 Summary of EPS-Block Geofoam Cost Data 12-13 Summary 12-19 References .12-20 Tables 12-22 CHAPTER 13 FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT General 13-1 Material Properties 13-1 Analytical Issues 13-2 Conceptual Issues .13-5 References 13-5 APPENDIX A GEOFOAM USAGE SURVEY: QUESTIONNAIRE iv Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments A.1 Introduction A-2 A.2 Copy of Survey A-3 A.3 Summary of Results A-10 Tables .A-29 APPENDIX B PROVISIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINE B Message B-1 APPENDIX C RECOMMENDED EPS-BLOCK GEOFORM STANDARD FOR LIGHTWEIGHT FILL IN ROAD EMBANKMENTS AND BRIDGE APPROACH FILLS ON SOFT GROUND C Message C-1 APPENDIX D BIBLIOGRAPHY D.1 Introduction D-2 D.2 General D-3 D.3 Material Properties and Constitutive Modeling D-12 D.4 Lightweight Fill Applications .D-17 D.5 Design Manuals D-46 D.6 U.S Patents D-48 APPENDIX E GLOSSARY OF TERMS E.1 Glossary E-2 APPENDIX F CONVERSION FACTORS F.1 Introduction F-2 F.2 Conversion Factors from Inch-Pound Units (I-P Units) to the Le Système International d’Unités (SI Units) F-3 F.3 Conversion Factors from the Le Système International d’Unités (SI Units) to Inch-Pound Units (I-P Units) F-5 v Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments Acknowledgments The research herein was conducted under NCHRP Project 24-11 titled “Guidelines for Geofoam Applications in Embankment Projects.” The research was conducted from July 1999 to 31 August 2002 Dr Timothy D Stark and Mr David Arellano, Professor and Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Dr John S Horvath, Consulting Engineer and Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Manhattan College, and Dr Dov Leshchinsky, President of ADAMA Engineering, Inc and Professor, University of Delaware, were the principal investigators for the project The project consisted of two phases The objective of Phase I was to review, document, and synthesize the 25 years of worldwide experience of using EPS-block geofoam in lightweight fill applications and develop an interim design guideline and standard The first phase consisted primarily of a literature review which formed the basis of Chapters 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, Appendices A, C, and D Dr Horvath was the lead investigator for Phase I of this project and the primary author of the interim project report Mr Arellano also had significant input to Phase I and the interim report Phase I covered nine months and utilized 25 percent of the project budget as required by the NCHRP contract The objective of Phase II was to develop a comprehensive design methodology for geofoam in lightweight fill applications including the development of design charts to optimize both technical performance and cost and update the interim design guideline and standard developed in Phase I The major results of Phase II are included in Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, Appendices B, E and F Dr Stark was the lead investigator for Phase II and Mr Arellano had significant input to Phase II Phase II covered twenty-nine months and consumed the remaining 75 percent of the project budget vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved