Habitat and different crop varieties determining weed species composition and diversities study cases in palembang and indralaya indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY - - VU KHANH LINH HABITAT AND DIFFERENT CROP VARIETIES DETERMINING WEED SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITIES (STUDY CASES IN PALEMBANG AND INDRALAYA, INDONESIA) BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science And Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2013-2017 Thai Nguyen, 2017 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name VU KHANH LINH DTN 1354220205 Student ID “Habitat and different crop varieties determining Thesis title weed species composition and diversities (Study cases in Palembang and Indralaya, Indonesia)” Dr Arinafril Supervisor(s) Dr Maria Fitriana1 Dr Dwi Putro Priadi1 Dr Duong Van Thao2 ABSTRACT: In the fact, a weed is a plant considered undesirable in anywhere This definition can be used to crops, native plants as well as non –native species Most kind of weeds are considered troublesome where the weed will be grown up Besides, weeds are not just unwanted species; they can have substantial negative impacts when they are present In addition, weeds can effectively compete with crop species; can lower yields, increase labour requirement and ultimately, increase food costs for the consumer A total of 63 plant species, belonging to 55 genera and 32 families were identified as crop land weeds in Indralaya and palembang, South sumatra of Indonesia The predominant weeds of this category are Borreria alata (Rubiaceae), Eleusine indica (Poaceae), Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) and Cyperus kyllingia (Cyperaceae) Poaceae is the largest representing 13 species Cyperaceae occupies Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia The Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam i the second position with species followed by Phyllanthaceae (4), Asteraceae (2), Convolvulaceae (2), Euphorbiaceae (2), Plantaginaceae (2) Habitat and different crop varieties determining weed species composition and diversities Besides, climate factors such as sunlight, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall differentially affect the uptake, translocation, and activity of different herbicide chemistries and during the time, weeds is growing in the crop Moreover, interactions among these climate factors may have unpredictable effects on herbicide activity Currently, little original research is available on niche and trait shifts of arable weeds with regard to habitat Analysis of the weed density and species number showed that the amount of fertilizers, chemicals and crop sown in the current season and climate affected weed species diversity and density in the surveyed fields Keywords Habitat, crop varieties, herbicides, fertilizers, diversity, Rubiaceae , Poaceae, Portulacaceae, Cyperaceae… Number of pages: 47 pages Date of submission: September 20th, 2017 Supervisor’s signature ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT From bottom of my heart, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Dr Arinafril and Dr Maria Fitriana who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with their duties, took time out to hear, guide, keep me on the correct path and complete report during the time of conducting the research at Sriwijaya University (Unsri) campuses in Indralaya and Palembang They also helped me in doing a lot of researches and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them Secondly, I also wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr Duong Van Thao who gives me an opportunity, guidance and support me to complete thesis I would also like to express my great appreciation to Dr Dwi Putro Priadi for his constant support, patient guidance and suggestions related to my work I sincerely thank the additional staffs of International Office in Sriwijaya University (Unsri) and Library in Graduate Program and Indonesian friends who have supported me and having the best moments while I was conducting my research in Palembang, Indonesia Besides, I thank the owners of each farm where the weed survey were conducted My sincere thanks also go to Mai, Didi, Dian and Ota Handani for helping me finish this study Last but not the least, I would like to thank all of my parents and dear friends who always encourage and back me up unceasingly They helped me a lot in finalizing this study within the limited time frame Sincerely, VU KHANH LINH iii TABLES OF CONTENT ABSTRACT: i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLES OF CONTENT iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLLES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale 1.2 Research objective 1.3 Research’s question 1.4 Hypothesis 1.5 The requirements 1.6 Limitations PART LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction about weeds 2.1.1 The origins and definitions of weeds 2.1.2 The classification of weeds 2.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages 2.2 Impact of habitat on diversity of weeds 2.2.1 Season 2.2.2 Air movement 2.2.3 Rainfall 10 2.2.4 Temperature and humidity 11 2.2.5Fertilizers and pesticides………………………………………………………11 2.3 Palembang and Indralaya 11 2.3 Palembang 11 2.3.2 Indralaya 12 2.4 Software 12 iv PART 3: METHODS 13 3.1 Time and Place 13 3.2 Materials 13 3.3 Methodology 13 3.3.1 Methods of investigation and Sampling methods 13 3.3.2 Transect determination 15 3.3.3 Data analysis 17 PART 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 4.1 Results 23 4.1.1 Herbarium preparation and the relationship between places 23 4.1.2 Weed survey 24 4.1.3 Weather conditions 31 4.1.4 Soil condition 32 4.1.5 Effects of fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides on weed communities 33 4.2 Discussion 38 PART 5: CONCLUSION 40 REFERENCES 41 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure.1: Classification of weeds based on association with crops Figure 2: Sample plots for measurement of taking samples 14 Figure 3: The transect locations in Indralaya and Palembang Sources: Image Landsat from Google Earth (free version) 16 Figure 4: A single-linkage cluster dendrogram showing the similarity place found at five light-trap sites in reseach places 24 Figure Taxa of Weed Plants 31 Figure 6: Some pictures of pesticides and herbicides used in fields 36 vi LIST OF TABLLES Table 1: The Origin of Important Weeds Table 2: Co-ordinate point of transects 17 Table 3: Hypothetical matrix of similarity coeffiicients for different fields at two places in Indralaya and three places in Palembang-Indonesia 23 Table 4: The species of each field types in the study site 25 Table 5: Weed families of Indralaya and Palembang, Indonesia 28 Table 6: Monthly total precipitation and average temperatures in Indralaya and Palembang 32 Table : presents the factor in planting areas in the Palembang and Indralaya 33 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TSP: Triple superphosphat GDP: Gross Domestic Product UNSRI: Sriwijaya University USAID: United States Agency for International Development FAO: Food and Agriculture Ozganization of the United Nations viii PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale As the world’s largest archipelago of 17,000 islands, Indonesia spans two biogeographic regions - the Indonesia and Australia - and supports tremendous biodiversity of animal and plant life in its pristine rain forests and its rich coastal and marine areas (World Bank and Environment in Indonesia, 2014) Indonesia is home to the world’s richest biological diversity of plant and animal life on the entire planet (USAID, 2008) The country has the highest marine diversity in the world, and the second largest area of rainforest (USAID, 2008) Indonesia is situated in a favorable geographical position and it has opulently endowed with lush natural resources However, in the recent years, climate factors are affected very widely in agriculture, forestry, public health, biodiversity and natural resources Climate in Indonesia not only has implications for the country's environment, it also immensely affects its people and development Weather is the immediate phenomenon day-to-day, the local would be affected by natural phenomena such as temperature, precipitation, light intensity and duration, wind direction and velocity, and relative humidity Indonesia's economy has been growing at a fast pace over the last two decades due to good economic policy and politica stability (Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, 1999) Besides, Indonesia is suffering from climate change such as droughts, heat waves and floods The natural phenomenons affected by climate change, these are a greater major challenge for the development of Indonesia in the near future In any given location these weather factors assume a certain pattern, changing day by day, week by week, month by month and season by season, and the same pattern repeats year by year This pattern is the location’s climate If the area is small or near the ground surface, the pattern is called the microclimate Thus, climate represents the summation of many decades of weather in a given area Past climate records allow one to predict with some accuracy the weather of a given area for a certain time of year Each plant species has certain habitat differently, or not at all, by sunlight or drought, it’s useful to think about how dry conditions can impact weeds and herbicides in and on the plant as well as in the soil The use of herbicides in Agriculture began much earlier and generally the application of herbicides was based on experiences from intensive agricultural production The results of research in agriculture are showed with major or minor delays Due to the lack of labour, high labour costs, and large areas, producers are more often interestedin the use of herbicides Use of herbicides in fields decreases weediness, particularly at the initial stages of development of forest nursery plants, when the effect of weeds on plants is the greatest; at the same time, much better economic efficiency in the production process is achieved Also, possible mechanical damages to the nursery plants can be avoided, and it happens very often that any kind of mechanical treatment is prevented in early stages of plant development due to high soil humidity In addition, costs of weed control in stands by application of herbicides are much lower since reapplications are generally not required and it can be performed with less labour Weed control in stands can be performed over the entire surface (broadcast application), within rows, or just around the nursery plants The aim of weed control in forest stands is not complete destruction of weed flora, but prevention of competitive relationships with nursery plants and termination of growth Pesticides are chemicals that humans produce to kill the pestilent insect and weeds, which has harmful to plants From the survey in the field; almost farmers in Talangkaramat; Graduate school and Unsri campus in Indralaya did not use herbicides during plants were growing However, in Kebun-bunga, the other farmer was using herbicides and insecticides about times (before planting, when the plant began to grow and after harvest) in their crop They want to clear of weeds, which are highly infectious and harm the crops This is the main reason for the difference species and diversity of weeds in the Kebun-bunga region compared to other areas Besides, Talang Keramat, Unsri campus in Indralaya and Graduate school campus, farmers was using organic and inorganic fertilizers such as chicken manure, cow manure, Urea, tsp(Triple superphosphate) , it's provided nutrient for plant growth and development In addition, these farmers were using 34 mattock or grass extractor for cutting down weeds Because, they know that herbicides were harmful for environment and human's health, it's affected to quality and development of plants; along with the herbicides and pesticides is expensive So, most farmer not want to use it for their's crop Fertilizers/Chemicals Organic fertilizers: chicken manure, cow manure, goat shit,… Inorganic fertilizers: Urea, TSP… Herbicides/Pesticide 35 Gramoxone Dithane M45 Figure 6: Some pictures of pesticides and herbicides used in fields The use of herbicides in Agriculture began much earlier and generally the application of herbicides was based on experiences from intensive agricultural production The results of research in agriculture are showed with major or minor delays Due to the lack of labour, high labour costs, and large areas, producers are more often 36 interestedin the use of herbicides Use of herbicides in fields decreases weediness, particularly at the initial stages of development of forest nursery plants, when the effect of weeds on plants is the greatest; at the same time, much better economic efficiency in the production process is achieved Also, possible mechanical damages to the nursery plants can be avoided, and it happens very often that any kind of mechanical treatment is prevented in early stages of plant development due to high soil humidity In addition, costs of weed control in stands by application of herbicides are much lower since reapplications are generally not required and it can be performed with less labour Weed control in stands can be performed over the entire surface (broadcast application), within rows, or just around the nursery plants The aim of weed control in forest stands is not complete destruction of weed flora, but prevention of competitive relationships with nursery plants and termination of growth (Wagner et al., 2004) Pesticides are chemicals that humans produce to kill the pestilent insect and weeds, which has harmful to plants From the survey in the field; almost farmers in Talangkaramat; Graduate school and Unsri campus in Indralaya did not use herbicides during plants were growing However, in Kebun-bunga, the other farmer was using herbicides and insecticides about times (before planting, when the plant began to grow and after harvest) in their crop They want to control of weeds, which are highly infectious and harm the crops This is the main reason for the difference species and diversity of weeds in the Kebun-bunga region compared to other areas Besides, Talang Keramat, Unsri campus in Indralaya and Graduate school campus, farmers was using organic and inorganic fertilizers such as chicken manure, cow manure, Urea, tsp , it's provided nutrient for plant growth and development In addition, these farmers were using mattock or grass extractor for cutting down weeds Because, they know that herbicides were harmful for environment and human's health, it's affected to quality and development of plants; along with the herbicides and pesticides is expensive So, most farmer not want to use it for their's crop 37 4.2 Discussion The characteristic of weed to be able to respond well to disturbances such as habitats change, may give them a competitive advantage over less aggressive species The impacts of habitats and crop varieties on single species and ecosystems are likely to be complex Climate change, as well as the interactions between climate changr and other processes (such as changes to land use and to fire regimes), may also turn some currently benign species (both native and non-native) into invasive species and may lead to sleeper weeds becoming more actively weedy Weeds that are well-suited to adapt to the impacts of habitats change may not only fill gaps left by more vulnerable native plants, they may have an even greater effect by altering the composition of ecosystems and their integrity In fact, some factors like climate, fertilizers, quality of soils may favour certain native plants to such an extent that they then become weeds Dry soil conditions caused by high temperature prolong the longevity of the atmosphere ; and importing fodder and grain into drought areas can bring new weed problems to the region Hight temperature can reduce the competitiveness of native vegetation, providing new opportunities for weed invasion Rainfall can spread weeds along watercourses into areas that were previously free of weeds By washing away vegetation and exposing areas of disturbed soil, rainfall and humidity can also provide opportunities for new weed invasions by reducing competition from existing plants Besides, This study showed that even a short period of or-ganic cropping is beneficial for weed species diver-sity The differences in weed species numbers betweenorganically and conventionally cropped fields were,however, smaller than reported in previous studies.This was attributed to the fact that the comparisonof species numbers was based on the same numberof weed individuals Since the higher species numberof weed communities in organic cropping is due, atleast partly, to the higher number of individuals, ear-lier studies have probably overestimated the benefitsof organic cropping for species diversity as such.Some support was found for the hypothesis that there lative abundance of herbicide-susceptible species isgreater in organic cropping but only weak support forthe expectation of finding less-nitrophilous species inthe species pool of 38 organic fields The most likelyreasons for the small differences in species composition in this respect were the relatively low intensity conventional cropping and the short periodduring which organic cropping had been practiced inour study fields A change in the species pool seems to require a longer period of organic cropping These changes impact the spread of certain weed species, which extend the range of occurrence and move to new habitats as well as increase in population size and density (Pal R.2004) 39 PART 5: CONCLUSION Current results could not predict long-term changes in species richness of the arable weed communities depending on farming practices, because the surveys were conducted only for months Although no single factor defining weed density and diversity was identified crop rotation and monoculture was important with higher weed diversity and reduced diversity in maize monoculture In my research, higher weed diversity was associated with higher species richness In the present; not sure if those are factors that's explain clearly diversity of weed species were identified, therefore it is important to analyze weed survey data on a larger scale, where diffirences between farming practices maybe more apparent; especially, comparing regions with different soil fertility and proportion of monoculture.In addition, analysis of the data obtained from weed surveys in the South Sumatra province in Indonesia indicates that amount of fertilizers and herbisides applied that influenced species diversity and density of this area As difference between times was apparent, further surveys are required to investigate the effect of rainfall and temperature Weed diversity was positively related to weed density, so deeper understanding of habitats like climate factors; fertilizers and herbicides influence arable species is needed to maintain the diversity of weed Currently, little original research is available on niche and trait shifts of arable weeds with regard to crop varieties Research approaches on the impacts of habitats on weeds in arable ecosystems need to reflect the functional interrelations and have to take stronger focus on systemic approaches combining process-oriented with spatially explicit investigation The sole consideration of the individual kind of weeds is most unlikely to be sufficient to depict the effects of habitats and in the short time To determine the effect of climate on the growth (changing) of weed need more time to research at least seasons 40 REFERENCES Alberto, A M P., Ziska, L H., Cervancia, C R and P A Manalo 1996 The influence of increasing carbon dioxide and temperature on competitive interactions between a C3 crop, rice (Oryza sativa) and a C4 weed (Echinochloa glabrescens) Aust.J.Pl Physiol 23: 795-802 Australian Module, 2008 Climate change impacts on weeds and pests, An initiative of 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Rising: Mainstreaming Climate Change for Sustainability (Jakarta, Indonesia: World Bank Office Jakarta) Ziska LH, Teasdale JR, Bunce JA (1999) Future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may increase tolerance to glyphosate Weed Science 47:608-615 Zinn KE, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Harper JF, J Exp Bot 2010 Apr; Temperature stress and plant sexual reproduction: uncovering the weakest links.61(7):1959-68 44 APPENDICES Weed species Hedyotis corymbosa Echinochloa colona Phyllanthus urinaria 45 Ischaemum rugosum Hedyotis corymbosa Ludwigia hyssopifolia 46 Ageratum conyzoides Panicum repens Eclipta prostrata 47 48 ... be honest, objective and accurate - Assessing the impact of is the habitats and different crop varieties determining weed species composition and diversitie in Palembang and Indralaya 1.6 Limitations... diversity of weeds in different habitats and crops in Palembang and Indralaya, Indonesia Besides, this study will determines the effect of several factors, such as climate factors (temperature and precipitation),... weed species composition and diversities (Study cases in Palembang and Indralaya, Indonesia) ” Dr Arinafril Supervisor(s) Dr Maria Fitriana1 Dr Dwi Putro Priadi1 Dr Duong Van Thao2 ABSTRACT: In