E.g: You must do your homework - mustn’t: kh«ng ®îc phÐp.. E.g: You mustn’t make noise in library - may/ might: cã thÓ.[r]
(1)The active and passive sentences (Câu chủ động câu bị động)
- Câu chủ động câu có chủ ngữ thực hành động. E.g: They wash the car
- Câu bị động câu có chủ ngữ chịu tác động hành động. E.g: The car is washed by them
Form
To be + Past Participle
S + V + O
S + be + PII + by O
Tense Active Passive
Simple present S + V(s/es) S + am/ is/ are + PII
Present progressive S + am/ is/ are + V-ing S + am/ is/ are + being + PII
Simple past S + Ved S + was/ were + PII
Past progressive S + was/ were + V-ing S + was/ were + being + PII Present perfect S + have/ has + PII S + have/ has + been + PII
Near future S + am/ is/ are + going to + V S + am/ is/ are + going to + be + PII
Model Verb S + model verb + V S + model verb + be + PII
Simple Future S + will + V S + will + be + PII
Future Perfect S + will + have + PII S + will + have + been +PII Form: S + model verb + V + …
- can(’t): (kh«ng) cã thÓ
E.g: You can(’t) smoke here - should(n’t): (không) nên
E.g: I think you should take the train - must: ph¶i
E.g: You must your homework - mustn’t: không đợc phép
E.g: You mustn’t make noise in library - may/ might: cã thÓ
E.g: You may come and see the things on display She might be at home today
- have to: ph¶i
E.g: You have to finish this work in this morning
(2)1 Đối với chủ ngữ chung chung: people, somebody, someone đại từ nhân xng câu chủ động chuyển sang câu bị động ta bỏ giới từ “by” không dùng.
E.g: + People built this church in 1793 This church was built in 1973
+ Someone broke the window last night The window was broken last night
- Nếu câu bị động có trạng từ nơi chốn đặt chúng trớc “by + O” E.g: + The police found him in the forest
He was found in the forest by the police
- Nếu câu chủ động có các trạng từ thời gian đặt chúng sau “by + O” E.g: My parents are going to buy a car tomorrow
A car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow
3 Thêm “to” vào sau động từ giác quan câu bị động: hear, see, look, watch, … E.g: We heard him come in
He was heard to come in + I saw her cross the street
She was seen to cross the street
4 Nếu câu bị động, chủ ngữ chịu tác động vật, ta dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” E.g: + Smoke filled the room
The room was filled with smoke
5 Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ hai tân ngữ dùng làm chủ ngữ câu bị động Tuy nhiên tân ngữ ngời đợc sử dụng nhiều hơn.
E.g: + I’m writing her a letter
She is being written a letter by me A letter is being written to her by me
L u ý: động từ bắt đầu tân ngữ vật, phải thêm giới từ “to” “for” trớc tân ngữ ngời.
Một số động từ kết hợp với “to” “for”
+ to + for
bring, feed, give, leave, lend, offer, pass, post, sell, send, show, teach, throw, write, …
buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, reserve, make, pick, save, spare, …
E.g: + The waiter brings me a box full of apples
A box full of apples is brought to me by the waiter + His best friends keeps Tom this seat
This seat is kept for Tom by his best friends
6 Một số mẫu câu bị động đặc biệt
(3)S + have/ get + Sb + V + sth
S + have/ get + sth + PII (+ by + Sb) E.g: + I had him repair my bicycle yesterday
I had my bicycle repaired by him yesterday b §éng tõ chØ vỊ ý kiÕn: say, think, believe, report, rumor, …
S1 + V1 + (that) + S2 + V2 + … It + be + PII1 + (that) + S2 + V2
S2 + be + PII1 + to + V2
to + have + PII2 E.g: + People say that he is a famous doctor
It was said that he is a famous doctor He was said that to be a famous doctor + They thought that Mary had gone away It was thought that Mary had gone away Mary was thought that to have gone away c C©u mƯnh lƯnh:
V + O + …
Let + O + be + PII + … E.g: Write your name here
Let your name written here S + let + Sb + V + Sth
Sb + to be + allowed/ permitted + to V + Sth E.g: He let me go out
I was allowed/ permitted to go out
- CÊu tróc “used to + V”