Butterfly diversity and conservation in kon ka kinh national park

1 * Abstract Kon Ka Kinh National Park belongs to Kon Tum Plateau and has high value of diversity in Vietnam Forestry Since the first survey in 1999, the butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh is little known We conducted the investigation to study their butterfly population and factors affect butterfly distribution in a mountainous forest Pollard walk method with a hand-net method was used for observation 323 species were recorded, including 235 species in this survey There were three new records for Vietnam and three new records in Central Vietnam Nymphalidae is the dominating family Our result indicated the impact of seasons, water resource, elevation and forest type on butterfly diversity Their diversity is higher in the rainy season, where above ground water resource is highly available The diversity indexes also are higher at a lower elevation and disturbed forest area I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Aims, scope, research question II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Systematics 2.2 Ecology and behaviors 2.3 Butterflies as an indicator of environment 2.4 Factors influencing butterfly diversity 10 2.5 Butterfly conservation: 12 III MATERIAL AND METHODS 14 3.1 Study area 14 3.2 Transect selection: 17 3.3 Data collection: 18 3.4 Data analysis 19 IV RESULTS 21 4.1 Butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh National Park 21 4.1.1 The butterfly fauna 21 4.1.2 Ecological complexes of tropical butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh N.P 23 4.1.3 Kon Ka Kinh butterfly in conservation 24 4.1.4 New distribution records: 25 4.1.5 Biogeographical features 25 4.2 Butterfly indexes in Kon Ka Kinh National Park 26 4.3 Factors influence to butterfly population distribution 28 V DISCUSSION 33 5.1 Butterfly fauna in Kon Ka Kinh National Park 33 5.2 Butterflies diversity along the transect 35 5.3 Factors impact to butterfly diversity: 36 VI CONCLUSION 38 VII ACKNOWLEDGMENT 40 VIII APPENDIX 41 IX REFERENCES 53 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1:Kon Ka Kinh national park map 15 Figure 2: Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall 16 Figure 3: Percentage of butterfly species in each family recorded in Kon Ka Kinh N.P (with and without consideration of species abundance) and entirely in Vietnam 22 Figure 4: Taxonomical compositions of butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh N.P 23 Figure 5: Percentage of common and forest butterfly species recorded 24 Figure 6: Correspondence analysis 29 Figure 7: Butterfly rarefaction curve for seasons 30 Figure 8: Butterfly rarefaction curve based on water condition 31 Figure 9: Rarefaction curves by forest types and altitude factors 31 LIST OF TABLE Table 1: List of endemic species in Kon Ka Kinh National Park 26 Table 2: Butterfly diversity indices 28 Table 3: Diversity permutation test 28 I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Among invertebrate conservation group, the butterflies are among one of the most popular focal groups They are well known as indicators of tropical forest ecosystems and their ecological condition (Oostermeijer & Van Swaay, 1998) Butterflies are a good group of insects for studying the effects of human activity Under pressure from population growth, the forest area is destroying to increase the fragmentation and biodiversity loss A butterfly is a sensitive group with the changing of the environment (Mecenero, 2015) In many representatives of this group, the specific characteristics of coloration, wing pattern, and genital morphology may demonstrate biogeographical information and provide useful parameters for studying the geographic variability of species Butterflies represent a suitable object for solving the problems related to the specific features of geographic, landscape, seasonal, and climatic distribution of species (A Monastyrskii, 2007b) Among many reasons that could be named to justify the use of this group as an object for solving the above problems, the following are most important: (1) The butterfly taxonomy is well-developed (De Jong, Vane-Wright, & Ackery, 1996; Rod & Ken, 1988); (2) They are present in practically all the known tropical habitats of Vietnam (A Monastyrskii & Holloway, 2013; A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015); (3) Their life cycle is often associated with specific host plants and some other groups of insects and vertebrate animals The changes in the vegetation are always accompanied by the changes in the taxonomic composition of primary consumers, including butterflies (Dover, 1996; Ehrlich & Raven, 1964); (4) Butterflies can be easily observed and counted in nature, and can therefore be used for demonstrating seasonal changes in abundance (Pollard, 1975; Pyle, Hughes, & Institute, 1992); (5) The boundaries of distribution ranges of butterflies can be vertified with a satisfactory degree of precision based on museum collections and illustrated guides; (6) In many representatives of this group, the specific traits of coloration, wing pattern, and genital morphology provide the biogeographical information and provide convenient parameters for studying the geographic variability of species (Benedick et al., 2007; Dover, 1996; Gilbert & Singer, 1975) During the last twenty years, butterflies have been successfully utilized by many national and international programs for conservation activity as a perfect tool supplementing the main methodology for the assessment of natural resources(Bonebrake, Ponisio, Boggs, & Ehrlich, 2010; T New, Pyle, Thomas, Thomas, & Hammond, 1995; T R New, 1997) Practically nearly all conservation projects implemented in Vietnam from 1993 have included butterfly study into biodiversity research programs These faunistic surveys showed a high level of butterfly diversity and character of species distributions (A Monastyrskii, 2007a; A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015) There were discovered a high number of species which have been described as new to science Many of these new species are endemics to Vietnam and were found very locally (A L D Monastyrskii, Alexey, 2000, 2012) The majority of endemic species are characterized by restricted ranges and are located in some topographically isolated mountain areas including mountain massifs of Vietnamese central highlands: Central Truong Son Range; Kon Tum Plateau, and for example, Kon Ka Kinh and Ngoc Linh national parks Kon Ka Kinh is an isolated mountain massif located in Gia Lai Province of Kon Tum Plateau It is situated within Endemic Bird Area and supports six restricted-range bird species(Le, 2000) Kon Ka Kinh is also a globally important site for the conservation of amphibian diversity This area supports a number of amphibian endemics (Tordoff, Tran, Nguyen, & Le, 2004) The National park also promotes a high variety of insects, in particular butterflies During the only two-months survey in March/April 1999 conducted by BirdLife International, there were recorded over 200 butterfly species Eight species collected at that time were previously unknown to science, and they have been described as new to science (A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015) Unfortunately, since 1999 there were no additional organized surveys that may be extended our knowledge on faunistic, biogeographic, ecological and conservation aspects of this topographically isolated area In French colonial times (before 1945), the forests here were not exploited or impacted Roads and vehicles were not in good conditions, so forest products could not be transported to the market In 1964, American troops landed in the National Park area They occupied and developed military bases on many hills They exploited and depleted around 1000 hectares of primary forests for different purposes (Le, 2000) Following the Birdlife report (Le, 2000), in 1980, the Mang Yang forestry company was established and managed the forest in the region During this time, the main task of the company was logging Each year, the company harvested approximately 15,000-20,000 m3 Exploitation is carried out from this area to other areas An activity of forest logging has gravely affected and depleted the forest resources The majority of secondary forests today are a consequence of this period Besides these activities, illegal logging also occurred This contributed significantly to forest degradation in Kon Ka Kinh forest In 2002, Kon Ka Kinh National Park was established The logging activities have been prohibited completely Instead of logging, forest protection, reforestation, enrichment planting, and restoration activities have been promoted However, illegal logging has still occurred in some remote places with fewer forest rangers and larger trees During this time, forest resources have also been affected by the activities of the local people as farming, grazing, harvesting of forest products such as honey, orchids and so on Kon Ka Kinh forms part of a contiguous landscape of natural habitats in northeastern Gia Lai province which supports some of the most intact faunal and floral communities in the central Truong Son The Park maintains a range of montane habitat types The important forest area are 2,000 of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest containing Fokienia hodginsii, situated above 1,300 m The National Park is characterized by a very high diversity of animals and plants There are 1,022 vascular plant species, belonging to 568 genera recorded in the National Park Kon Ka Kinh also supports some globally threatened mammal species, including grey-shanked douc, yellow-cheeked crested gibbon and tiger Kon Ka Kinh is located within the Kon Tum Plateau Endemic Bird Area, and supports some amphibian species endemic to the Annamite Mountains, including four species assessed as globally threatened (Le, 2000) The buffer zone of Kon Ka Kinh National Park has belonged to seven communities There are 71% Ba Na ethnic and 27% Kinh in total 27,200 people Economic development influences forest protection Whole 1,300 wet rice and 2,900 hill rice, the result from an investment in 1999 demonstrated that forest land is one of the most important resources, that can be cleared for agriculture (Le, 2000) From the establishment of the Park, many new species were found: A new record of gibbon species N annamensis in Kon Ka Kinh (Van Ngoc Thinh, Thanh, & Roos, 2010), new reptile and amphibian species (Tao, Matsui, & Eto, 2014) A new flora taxon, Kerivoula kachinensis, also was described from Kon Ka Kinh (Vislobokov, Nuraliev, Kuznetsov, & Kuznetsova, 2016) Eight new butterfly species were described from the survey in 1999 (A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015; A L D Monastyrskii, Alexey, 2012) The butterfly of Vietnam is the results of combing the fauna group from Holarctic, Indo – Malayan regions and Indo – Burmese (A Monastyrskii, 2007b) They resemble the butterfly fauna of neighboring countries The local butterfly fauna is fascinating and unique in Kon Ka Kinh National Park According to the first survey undertaken in 1999 the local butterfly fauna includes over 200 species (Le, 2000) Thirteen species (~6.5%) are endemics to eastern Indochina, demonstrating links with Sino-Himalayan, Indo-Burmese and Sundanian faunas (A Monastyrskii & Holloway, 2013) We supposed that a new survey would bring further information on the composition of the local butterfly fauna, its endemic portion, and unknown taxa Such monitoring comparative study is rather important because it will be carried out in time of climate change Conducting a further study will show if there is any evidence to suggest that changes in environmental conditions, and have affected butterfly species in the region (Menéndez et al., 2007) Therefore, after 20 years, it was necessary to carry out the research on “Butterfly diversity and conservation in Kon Ka Kinh National Park.” 1.2 Aims, scope, research question  Aim: The aim of the study is the to determine the diversity and factors impact to butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh national park  Objectives: The specific objectives of the research are: To apprise the butterfly recorded in Kon Ka Kinh National Park; To compare the butterfly diversity indices in different typical habitat; To determine the factors afecting to butterflies’ diversity  Question: The study will answer the following questions: - What is butterfly population in Kon Ka Kinh N P at present? - How is the diversity of butterfly fauna in Kon Ka N.P? - What are the factors impacting to butterfly diversity in the tropical rainforest? II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Systematics The diversification of butterflies which is believed to be at around the K–T extinction event, about 100–60 million years ago (Boggs & Dau, 2004) More than 60% of all species on the planet are insects (May, 1992), and butterflies are undoubtedly one of the best-known groups of insects They are also relatively easy to identify and diverse, which makes them well-suited as biodiversity indicators Butterfly (Rhopalocera) has belonged to Lepidoptera order of Insecta class The estimated number of the butterflies is about 13000 -20,000 species in total 160,000 Lepidoptera species (Torben Bjørn Larsen, 2005; T R New, 1997; Rod & Ken, 1988) This group of Lepidoptera was generally represented in three super-families which are skippers (Hesperioidea), true butterflies (Papilionoidea), and butterfly-moths (Hedyloidea) without clubbed antennae was suggested recently (Scoble, 1986) At the same time, the modern progress in the molecular analysis has allowed developing a new phylogenetic tree that strongly contradicts the traditional hypothesis (Kawahara & Breinholt, 2014) Recently, the trending of the butterfly’s systematic study is moving to molecular analysis However, morphology still plays an essential role in butterfly phylogenetic Butterfly morphology presents their evolution and evaluating the evolutionary scenarios of phylogenetic trees (Simonsen, de Jong, Heikkilä, & Kaila, 2012) Butterfly species recorded in Vietnam was increasing from 455 species in 1957 (Metaye, 1957) to 992 species in a checklist in 2003, and up to 1181 species in the newest checklist in 2015(A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015) Based on morphology characters, all butterfly fauna belongs to families (De Jong et al., 1996; Espeland et al., 2018) That includes Papilionidae – 69; Pieridae – 57; Nymphalidae – 418; Riodinidae – 31; Lycaenidae – 318; and Hesperiidae – 288 The total number of species-level taxa is 1277 (A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015) Some critical taxonomical works and researches have been done relating to the butterfly of Vietnam In 2009, Callaghan review 29 Riodinid taxa, which were found in Vietnam It provided information about taxonomy, diagnosis, behavior habitat and range It also presented on biogeography data of each taxon and compared with distribution in Indo-China (Callaghan, 2009) Taxonomical works reveal unknown or poorly studied butterflies researching process of which may include a description of new taxa and revision notes The extensive study was undertaken on the general Scobura, Hidari, Celaenorrhinus, and Potanthus (Devyatkin, 2004; A L Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2015) Monastyrkii revised butterflies fauna of Vietnam on his book series “Butterflies of Vietnam”: volume - Nymphalidae (Satyrinae), volume - Papilionidae, and volume – Nymphalidae (Danainae, Amathusiinae) (A Monastyrskii, 2007a; A L Monastyrskii, 2005, 2011) Six species discovered in Kon Ka Kinh during the survey in 1999 were determined as new to science (A L D Monastyrskii, Alexey, 2000, 2012): Delias vietnamensis (Pieridae, Pierinae); Lethe konkakini, L melisana, Faunis bicoloratus, Aemona kontumei, A simulatrix, Stichophthalma eamesi, (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), Dodona katerina (Riodinidae) 2.2 Ecology and behaviors Temperate montane butterfly prefers feeding on mud, herbivore dung, and carnivore dung (Boggs & Dau, 2004), while tropical species feed on a wide variety of sources including fruit, carrion, and pollen (K C Hamer et al., 2006) Pollen feeding butterflies, probably are a result of selection for longer adult lifespan (Bonebrake et al., 2010) Female adults of Eurema species have a reproductive diapause phase with larval host plant conditions They are sensitive to the change in rainfall and photoperiod (Gilbert & Singer, 1975; Jones & Rienks, 1987) A large number of Lycaenidae butterfly is a close relationship with ant species (Thomas, Elmes, Wardlaw, & Woyciechowski, 1989) The symbiosis between 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Pyrginae Pyrginae Pyrginae Pyrginae Pyrginae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Hesperiinae Tagiades cohaerens Tagiades gana* Tagiades japetus Tagiades litigiosa* Tagiades menaka Ancistroides nigrita* Astictopterus jama* Arnetta atkinsoni* Baoris penicillata Borbo cinnara Caltoris sirius Caltoris tenuis Caltoris cormasa Caltoris confusa Halpe sp Halpe sp Halpe pelethronix Hyarotis adrastus Iambrix salsala* Iton semamora Koruthaialos rubecula ** Koruthaialos sindu** Lotongus calathus Matapa sasivarna** Notocrypta clavata Notocrypta curvifascia** Notocrypta feisthamelii** Notocrypta paralysos* Oriens goloides Parnara sp Parnara bada Polytremis eltola Polytremis lubricans* Potanthus sp Pyroneura margherita Sebastonyma dolopia** Suada swerga** 44 v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - 65 Hesperiinae 66 Hesperiinae Lycaenidae 67 Curetinae 68 Lycaeninae 69 Lycaeninae 70 Lycaeninae 71 Miletinae 72 Miletinae 73 Miletinae 74 Miletinae 75 Miletinae 76 Miletinae 77 Miletinae 78 Miletinae 79 Polyommatinae 80 Polyommatinae 81 Polyommatinae 82 Polyommatinae 83 Polyommatinae 84 Polyommatinae 85 Polyommatinae 86 Polyommatinae 87 Polyommatinae 88 Polyommatinae 89 Polyommatinae 90 Polyommatinae 91 Polyommatinae 92 Polyommatinae 93 Polyommatinae 94 Polyommatinae 95 Polyommatinae 96 Polyommatinae 97 Polyommatinae 98 Polyommatinae 99 Polyommatinae 100 Polyommatinae Telicota ohara Thoressa sp - v - v Curetis bulis* Heliophorus epicles Heliophorus ila Heliophorus sp Allotinus drumila** Logania sp.** Logania watsoniana** Miletus chinensis Miletus croton Miletus mallus Taraka hamada Taraka mahanetra** Acytolepis puspa Caleta elna Caleta roxus Callenya lenya ?** Callenya melaena** Castalius rosimon* Catochrysops panormus* Celastrina lavendularis Celatoxia marginata Discolampa ethion Ionolyce helicon Jamides alecto** Jamides bochus Jamides caeruleus** Jamides celeno* Jamides pura Leptotes plinius Lycaenopsis haraldus Megisba malaya Nacaduba beroe Nacaduba sp Niphanda tesselata v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - 45 4 - v v v v v v v - 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae Polyommatinae 110 Theclinae 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Theclinae Nymphalidae 125 Apaturinae 126 Apaturinae 127 Apaturinae 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 Apaturinae Biblidinae Biblidinae Biblidinae Biblidinae Biblidinae Biblidinae Pithecops corvus Prosotas bhutea** Prosotas sp Udara akasa** Udara albocaerulea** Udara dilecta Udara placidula** Zizina otis Zizeeria maha* Ravenna nivea miyagawai** Amblypodia anita* Arhopala atosia** Arhopala aurelia** Arhopala birmana** Arhopala eumolphus** Bindahara phocides Hypolycaena amasa* Hypolycaena erylus* Rapala rhoecus Rapala manea Rapala pheretima Rapala nissa Surendra quercetorum Yasoda tripunctata Eulaceura osteria Hestinalis nama Rohana nakula bernardii** Rohana parisatis** Ariadne merione Chersonesia risa Chersonesia intermedia** Cyrestis thyodamas* Cyrestis themire** Laringa horsfieldi** 46 3 v v v v v v - v v v v v v - v v v v v v v - - v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v v v - - - v v v v v v v v v v - v v v v - 135 Biblidinae 136 Biblidinae 137 Calinaginae 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 Charaxinae Charaxinae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Danainae Heliconiinae Heliconiinae Heliconiinae Heliconiinae Heliconiinae Heliconiinae 159 Heliconiinae 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 Heliconiinae Heliconiinae Heliconiinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Dichorragia nesimachus** Stibochiona nicea** Calinaga sudassana distans Charaxes kahruba** Polyura athamas* Danaus genutia* Ideopsis vulgaris* Euploea algea Euploea doubledayi Euploea eunice Euploea mulciber* Euploea radamanthus* Euploea core Euploea tulliolus* Parantica aglea* Parantica melaneus Parantica sita Parantica swinhoei Argyreus hyperbius* Phalanta phalantha Cirrochroa chione** Cirrochroa tyche Paduca fasciata** Cupha erymanthis* Terinos clarissa militum** Vagrans egista* Vindula erota* Cethosia biblis Euthalia monina Euthalia bunzoi ssp.** Athyma asura Athyma cama** Athyma kanwa** Athyma nefte** Athyma selenophora 47 3 v v - v - v - v - v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v v v v v - v v v v v v v v v 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Limentidinae Libytheinae Libytheinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Nymphalinae Bhagadatta austenia** Cynitia lepidea* Lebadea martha** Lexias dirtea** Moduza procris* Neptis ananta** Neptis clinia* Neptis hylas* Neptis leucoporos** Neptis miah Neptis namba Neptis nata Neptis soma** Neptis zaida** Neptis yerburii Neptis sankara Neptis cartica** Neptis radha** Neurosigma siva** Pantoporia aurelia** Pantoporia sandaka Phaedyma columella Sumalia daraxa** Tanaecia julii* Libythea myrrha Libythea geoffroyi Doleschallia bisaltide* Symbrenthia hypselis Symbrenthia lilaea* Hypolimnas bolina* Junonia almana* Junonia atlites* Junonia iphita* Junonia lemonias Kallima alicia** Kallima incognita** Kaniska canace* 48 3 v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Aemona simulatrix** Aemona kontumei** Aemona tonkinensis** Callerebia narasingha** Coelites nothis** Elymnias patna** Enispe cycnus** Erites falcipennis** Ethope diademoides** Faunis bicoloratus** Faunis canens** Faunis eumeus* Lethe dura Lethe insana Lethe latiaris Lethe mekara* Lethe melisana Lethe naga Lethe verma Lethe vindhya Lethe confusa* Lethe distans** Lethe kansa Lethe rohria Lethe sinorix** Lethe konkakini** Mandarinia regalis** Melanitis leda* Melanitis phedima** Melanitis zitenius** Mycalesis anaxias** Mycalesis francisca** Mycalesis mineus* Mycalesis perseoides Mycalesis sangaica Mycalesis mucianus Mycalesis mnasicles** 49 1 1 v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - 244 245 246 247 248 Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae 249 Satyrinae 250 Satyrinae 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Satyrinae Papilionidae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae Papilioninae 277 Papilioninae Neope bhadra** Penthema darlisa** Ragadia crisilda** Ragadia critias** Stichophthalma eamesi** Stichophthalma mathilda** Stichophthalma uemurai** Thaumantis diores** Ypthima huebneri* Ypthima tappana** Ypthima baldus* Ypthima dohertyi** Ypthima nebulosa Ypthima savara** Atrophaneura varuna** Byasa dasarada** Graphium macareus Graphium agamemnon* Graphium antiphates* Graphium agetes Graphium eurypylus Graphium doson* Lamproptera curius* Lamproptera meges* Meandrusa lachinus Papilio arcturus** Papilio protenor Papilio alcmenor** Papilio polytes* Papilio demoleus* Papilio helenus* Papilio memnon* Papilio nephelus** Teinopalpus imperialis gillesi** 50 v v v v - v v v - - v - - v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v v v v v v v - v - 278 Papilioninae 279 Papilioninae Pieridae 280 Coliadinae 281 Coliadinae 282 Coliadinae 283 Coliadinae 284 Coliadinae 285 Coliadinae 286 Coliadinae 287 Coliadinae 288 Coliadinae 289 Coliadinae 290 Coliadinae 291 Pierinae 292 Pierinae 293 Pierinae 294 Pierinae 295 Pierinae 296 Pierinae 297 Pierinae 298 Pierinae 299 Pierinae 300 Pierinae 301 Pierinae 302 Pierinae 303 Pierinae 304 Pierinae 305 Pierinae 306 307 308 309 310 311 Pierinae Pierinae Pierinae Pierinae Pierinae Pierinae Riodinidae Troides aeacus Troides helena v v v v Catopsilia pomona* Catopsilia scylla Catopsilia pyranthe Dercas verhuelli** Eurema andersoni** Eurema blanda* Eurema hecabe* Eurema ada indosinica** Eurema brigitta Eurema novapallida** Eurema simulatrix Ixias pyrene* Appias albina* Appias indra Appias lalassis Appias pandione** Appias nero Appias lyncida* Appias lalage Appias olferna Cepora nadina* Prioneris philonome Prioneris thestylis* Delias vietnamensis** Delias belladonna** Delias agostina annamitica** Delias pasithoe* Hebomoia glaucippe* Leptosia nina Pareronia anais Pieris canidia* Talbotia naganum** v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v - v - - v v v v v v v v v v v v 51 2 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Riodinidae Abisara attenuata** Abisara burnii** Abisara fylla** Abisara neophron** Abisara echerius* Dodona ouida** Dodona egeon Dodona katerina** Stiboges elodinia ** Taxila dora** Taxila hainana** Zemeros flegyas* 52 v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v IX REFERENCES Ackery, P R., & Vane-Wright, R I (1989) The biology of butterflies: Princeton University Press Ban, N., Ly, D., Tap, N., Dung, 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Butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh National Park 21 4.1.1 The butterfly fauna 21 4.1.2 Ecological complexes of tropical butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh N.P 23 4.1.3 Kon Ka Kinh butterfly in conservation. .. Vietnam and Indochina found in Kon Ka Kinh National Park During previous and current surveys some species characterized by restricted distribution were observed in Kon Ka Kinh National Park Some... butterflies in Kon Ka Kinh national park  Objectives: The specific objectives of the research are: To apprise the butterfly recorded in Kon Ka Kinh National Park; To compare the butterfly diversity indices