- Sự phân chia nội động từ và ngoại động từ chỉ là tương đối, vì trong câu này, động từ ấy là nội động từ nhưng trong câu khác nó lại là ngoại động từ.. Xem xét những ví dụ sau:.[r]
(1)4 Động từ thường chia làm hai loại: nội động từ (intransitive verbs) ngoại động từ (transitive verbs)
4.1 Nội động từ
• Nội động từ diễn tả hành động nội người nói hay người thực hành động Ví dụ:
- He walks (Anh - Anh tự người hay vật khác tác động) - Birds fly (Chim bay - Con chim tự bay theo không người hay vật tác động)
• Nội động từ khơng cần có tân ngữ trực tiếp kèm Nếu có phải có giới từ trước cụm từ đóng vai trị ngữ trạng từ khơng phải tân ngữ trực tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She walks in the garden - Birds fly in the sky 4.2 Ngoại động từ
• Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động gây trực tiếp lên người vật Ví dụ: The cat killed the mouse
• Ngoại động từ ln cần thêm yếu tố bên danh từ hay đại từ theo sau để hoàn thành nghĩa câu Danh (đại) từ theo sau ngoại động từ tân ngữ trực tiếp
Trong câu khơng thể nói “The cat killed” dừng lại mà phải có “the mouse” kèm theo sau “The mouse” tân ngữ trực tiếp “killed”
4.3 Chú ý:
- Sự phân chia nội động từ ngoại động từ tương đối, câu này, động từ nội động từ câu khác lại ngoại động từ Xem xét ví dụ sau:
- The door openned (Cửa mở) - nội động từ
She opened the door (Cô mở cửa) - ngoại động từ - The bus stopped (Chiếc xe buýt dừng lại) - nội động từ
The driver stopped the bus (Tài xế dừng xe buýt lại) - ngoại động từ - The bell rings (Chuông kêu) - nội động từ
He rings the bells (Ơng rung chng) - ngoại động từ - The glass broke (Cốc vỡ) - nội động từ
The boy broke the glass (Cậu bé làm vỡ cốc) - ngoại động từ
- His lecture began at 8pm (Bài giảng ông ta bắt đầu lúc 8h tối) - nội động từ He began his work at 8pm (Anh bắt đầu công việc lúc 8h tối) - ngoại động từ
Thể động từ
I Thể chủ động: Là cách đặt câu chủ ngữ đứng vai chủ động, chủ thể hành động Ví dụ:+ She learns Chinese at school
+ She bought a book
II Thể bị động: Câu bị động dùng muốn nhấn mạnh đến đối tượng chịu tác động hành động thân hành động Thời động từ câu bị động phải tuân theo thời động từ câu chủ động
• Sau bảng tóm tắt:
Thì Dạng bị động
The simple present tense Is/ am/are + P2
The present progressive tense Is/am /are + being + P2
The present perfect tense Have/has + been + P2
The simple past tense Were/was + P2
The past progressive tense Were/was + being + P2
The past perfect tense Had + been + P2
The simple future tense Will + be + P2
The future progressive tense Will + be + being + P2
The future perfect tense Will + have + been + P2
The near future tense Is/are/am + going to + be +
P2 Ví dụ:
+ She learns Chinese at school > Chinese is learnt at school by her + She bought a book >A book was bought by her
(2)>A great of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year
+ The tornado destroyed twenty houses >Twenty houses were destroyed by the tornado + They are cleaning the room at the moment > The room is being cleaned at the moment + They were cleaning the room when I came yesterday
–> The room was being cleaned when I came yesterday + The company has ordered some new machines
–> Some new machines have been ordered by the company
+ Nam will give me a book tomorrow –> I will be given a book tomorrow by Nam Chú ý:
– Trong câu bị động, lược bỏ "by " (bởi đó) chủ ngữ bao hàm người thực hành động
Ex: I have done my homework -> My homework has been done
– Nếu câu chủ động có hai tân ngữ (trực tiếp gián tiếp), có hai cách chuyển đổi: Ex: He gave me some apples
–> I was given some apples –> Some apples were given to me
Tuy nhiên, ưu tiên cách chuyển đổi đưa tân ngữ người lên làm chủ ngữ câu bị động - vật chất gây trạng thái, dùng “with’ thay cho “by”
Ex: Smoke filled the room → The room was filled with smoke
III Một số dạng chuyển đổi đặc biệt từ chủ động sang bị động
1 Dạng bị động động từ khuyết thiếu
Somebody can/may/must/ought to/should/have to + something →
something can/may/must/ought to/ should/ have to + be + done Ví dụ: We should keep the room tidy
→ The room should be kept tidy He can the task with great care
→ The task can be done with great care by him
Somebody + want/ like/expect + someone to something →
Somebody + want /like/expect + something + to be done
Ví dụ: + The teacher wants us to prepare our lessons carefully.→ The teacher wants our lessons to be prepared carefully
+ They expected me to finish my work early → they expected my work to be finished early + He wants someone to take some photographs - > He wants to have some photographs taken
+ He likes people to call him “Sir” - > He likes to be called “Sir”
3 Câu với: advise, beg, order, recommend, urge, …
S1 + advise,…+ O (person) + to V + O (thing) - > S (person) + be + advised, …+ to V + O (thing) or: S1 + advise, …+ that + S (thing) should be + P2 (to V)
Eg: + He urged me to clean the room -> I was urged to clean the room (or: He urged that the room should be cleaned)
+ She decided to rebuild the house
→ She decided that the house should be rebuilt
4 Câu với: agree, be anxious, arrange, be determined, determine, decide, demand … S1 + agree, …+ to V + O -> S1 + agree, …+ that + S (of O) + should be + P2 (of to V)
Eg: He decided to sell the house - > He decided that the house should be sold
5 Câu với Sentence with : insist, propose, recommend, suggest …
S1 + suggest, + Ving + O - > S1 + suggest, … … + that + S (of O) + should be + P2 (of Ving) Eg: He recommended using a map -> He recommended that a map should be used
6 Bị động với need
S vật + need(s) + doing → S vật + need(s) + to be done
Ví dụ: + The house needs cleaning → The house needs to be cleaned + The chickens need feeding → The chickens need to be fed
7 Câu với động từ ý kiến: (V*): acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand, …
People, They + (V*) + that + S + (V2)
It (be) + P2 (V*) + that + S + (V2)
(3)Ví dụ: + People think he drives dangerously → Cách 1: It’s thought that he drives dangerously → Cách 2: He is thought to drive dangerously + People think he is a good teacher
→ It is thought that he is a good teacher → He is thought to be a good teacher + People say he was a teacher
→ It’s said that he was a teacher → He is said to have been a teacher
7 It’s your duty to something → You are supposed to something (bổn phận bạn là….) Ví dụ: It’s your duty to lock all the doors → You are supposed to lock all the doors
8 S + make/ help + O (person) + V
- > S + be made/ helped + to V
Eg: + He made me a lot of exercises - > I was made to a lot of exercises
+ He made me stay outside yesterday → I was made to stay outside yesterday S + let + O + V
-> S + be let + V
Eg: They let me walk about the camp - > I was let walk about the camp
+ The teacher let us go home early last week → We were let go home early last week
9. Causative form: (Bị động ngoại tác thể)
1 S + have + O (person) + V + O (thing) -> S + have + O (thing) + Vp2
eg: + I had him repair my bicycle yesterday -> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday
+ He had his waiter carry the luggage home → He had the luggage carried home by the waiter
2 S + get + O (person) + to V + O (thing) -> S + get + O (thing) + V p2 eg: + I get her to make some coffee -> I get some coffee made
+ I got the postman to post the letter for me → I had the letter posted for me by the postman 10 Imperative sentence.
(+) V + O + (Adverb) - > Let + O + be + P2 (of V) + (Adverb) Eg: Write your name here - > Let your name be written here
(-) Don t V + O + (Adberb) -> Don t let + O + be + P2 (of V) + (Adverb)’ ’
Eg: Don t lend him any money - > Don t let him be lent any money.’ ’
(-) Don’t something → something musn’t be done
Ex : Don’t touch this switch → This switch musn’t be touched
11 Câu với: begin and continue
S + begin/ continue + to V/ Ving + O - > S (of O) + begin/ continue + to be P2 (of to V/ Ving) Eg: We will continue to use this computer - > This computer will continue to be used
12 Động từ tri giác: See, watch, hear, notice, obserb, smell, taste …
S + verbs of perception + O + V + …-> S + be + P2 (verb of perception) + to V S + verbs of perception + O + Ving + …-> S + be + P2 (verb of perception) + Ving Eg: They saw her come in - > She was seen to come in
I saw her going to work this morning - > She was seen going to work this morning
13 Chủ ngữ giả: It be + adj for sb to sth -> It be + adj + for sth + to be done
It is dangerous for us to take the short cut - > It is dangerous for the short cut to be taken
14
It’s impossible to something → something can’t be done It’s possible to something → something can be done Ví dụ: It is impossible to this → This can’t be done
Exercise 1: Chia động từ ngoặc theo dạng (có thể bị động chủ động)
1 It’s a big factory Five hundred people (employ) there Water (cover) most of the Earth’s surface
3 Most of the Earth’s surface (cover) by water The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m every evening The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday The boat (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody (rescue)
7 Ron’s parents (die) when he was very young He and his sister (bring) up by their grandparents I was born in London but I (grow) up in the north of England
9 While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel
(4)1 They must their task now He expected me to buy him a book
3 They want him to invite them to the party They opened the road 10 years ago He can mend all chairs for you now We expected them to forgive us
7 They allowed women to vote many years ago You should open the wine hours before you use it They suggested making the test easier
10 They think she is the most beautiful girl 11 It’s your duty to make tea for the party
12 They let their children go to the zoo last Sunday 13 He had the neighbor mend the chair
14 The walls need painting
15 He made me clean all the plates last night 16 Don’t close the door
17 People believe that 13 is an unlucky number 18 They said that that man was still living 19 They declared that she won the competition 20 They reported that the troops were coming 21 They thought that he was killed by a beautiful girl 22 People will continue to drink Coke in the 22nd century.
23 American people begin to love football 24 I have heard her sing this song several times 25 The teacher is watching them work
26 They made him work hard all day
27 The detective saw the woman putting the jewery in her bag 28 She helps me all difficult exercises
29 Open your book
30 Don’t that silly thing again 31 Take off your hat
32 They begged us to help them
(5)35 He determined to solve the problem 36 I got him to wash the dishes last night
Bài 1:
1 are employed covers is covered are locked
5 was posted, arrived sank, was rescued died, were brought grew
9 was stolen 10 disappeared Bài 2:
1 Their task must be done now He expected to be bought a book
3 They want to be invited to the party by them The road was opened 10 years ago
5 All chairs can be mended for you now We expected to be forgiven by them
7 Women were allowed to vote many years ago The wine should be opened hours before it is used They suggested the test should be made easier 10 She is thought to be the most beautiful girl 11 You are supposed to make tea for the party 12 Their children were let go to the zoo last Sunday 13 They had the chair mended by the neighbor 14 The walls need to be painted
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