la) Anh ta thudng khoe khoang minh bi^t nhieu ngoai ngfl. Ic) Ai cung bio vp anh Hoang rdt thao vat. le) Con trai hp hoc toan khd gidi. Ig) Nude da cd iy hoi xanh. Tuy nhien, pham trii g[r]
(1)VE vi$c Biiu Hi|N t NGHTA DANH GIA COA MOT SO TRO TLf NHAN MANH
Ddo Van Mng Khoa Tieng Viet vd Vdn hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Ndi
L Trong boat dpng giao tiep ngdn ngii ndi chung cung nhu giao tia'p tieng Viet, y nghla danh gia cd tha' dupe th^ hian mdt cich true tiep bang vice diing cac vi tir danh gia va cac phu tir danh gia chi miic dd Trong nhirng trudng hpp nay, cac ndi dung danh gia thudng dupe nhan dien mdt each Idia da dang bdi chiing cd th^ dupe quy v^ nhihig tha ddi chieu hay cac thang dd danh gia sin cd thdng ng6n ngu' Chang ban, cac vi tir danh gia vi sd lupng: nhieu/it bay cic phu tir danh gia miic dd ciia tinh chit nhu; rdt, qud, lam, khd, hoi
Vfdu:
la) Anh ta thudng khoe khoang minh bi^t nhieu ngoai ngfl l b ) C h i i y cd/rban
Ic) Ai cung bio vp anh Hoang rdt thao vat Id) Dao nay, ca dit lam
le) Con trai hp hoc toan khd gidi Ig) Nude da cd iy hoi xanh
Tuy nhien, pham trii gia tri ngdn ngii dupe ihi hian hft siic da dang, nhat la no dupe hinh qua lang kfnh cua timg nguiri ndi qua trinh giao tiep thuc te Cach nhin nhan vi gia tri phu thupc vao nhieu nhan td ca biat lian quan den mdi ca nhan nhu: nhihig dac diam rieng ve hoan canh gia dinh va xa hdi, vi nghi nghiap, v< trinh dp hieu biet, va cuong vi xa hdi v.v
(2)Trong ti^ng Viat, ngoai cac vi tir danh gia va cac phu tir danh gia chi mire dd nhu da ndi d tran, ngudi ta cdn diing mdt sd trp tir nhan manh d^ bi^u thi y nghla danh gia Dd la cac trp tir thudng dupe sir dung trudc mdt tir hay nhdm tir vdi tu each dupe xem nhu la cac tir phu trp chuyan diing di nhin manh tit hay nhdm tir di sau chiing, ching han nhu: den, nhitng, hdn, mdi, doc, thdi
Vfdu:
lb) 6ng iy cd thi nang den tran 80 can diy li) Thdi bay gid ma de nhOng a?
Ik) C!d mdi chua diy ti ma cung ddi mua biet thu
2 Ndi chung, bi^u thi y nghla danh gia la mdt nhiing vai trd cd tfnh dac trung ciia cac trp tir nhin manh Tuy nhian, khac vdi cac vi tir danh gia va cac phu tir danh gia chi miic dd, ndi dung danh gia ciia cac trp tir ludn cd tfnh chit ngim in, mang tfnh chii quan ciia ngudi ndi va thudng khd cd th^ diing nhiing "If le chung" de giai thfch Vice bi^u thi y nghla danh gia ciia nhdm trp tir nhin manh "nhiing, hdn, den, tdi,
ca" ihi hian rd di^u Chang ban, so sanh:
2a) Hdn cd nhOns ba dSng 2b) Hdn cd nhOns mot dong
d cau 2a, ngudi ta cd ihi giai thfch theo ki^u ba la thupc ve sd nhieu, dd ba dong dupe xem (hay dupe danh gia) la nhieu la hoan toan hpp If Va, trp tir "nhitng" the hien vai trd nhin manh su danh gia ciia ngudi ndi rang ba dong la nhi6u Nhung vdi 2b, ngudi ta lai khdng th^ giai thfch nhu vay ma phai giai thfch theo ki^u khac
Cach giai thfch vira nau ddi vdi cau 2a nhu tran khdng the dung
Ai giai thfch cho cau 2b dupe Bdi vi, d 2b, ta cd th^ thiy cd su khac
biat vi mat y nghla danh gia ciia trp tir so sanh vdi vi tir danh gia
"nhieu " Trong trudng hpp nay, mot la tir chi sd lupng ft nhung su xuit
hian trp tir "nhiing" trudc nd thi "mot" lai cd th^ dupe danh gia la
nhieu quan cd tfnh riang biet giiia ca nhan ngudi ndi vdi hien
ihuc dupe ndi da'n
209
(3)Y nghla danh gia ngim in ciia trp tir thudng mang tfnh bifn ddog rit linh boat Dieu th^ hien d chd vice giai thfch y nghla chiing bieu thi ludn phu thudc vao nhihig phat ngdn cu tb^, nhiing tinh hikSng cu th^
Vfdu:
2c) Anh iy mua hdn hai cbiee ao mdt liie 2d) Chi iy mua hdn mdt cai ao mdi 2e) Nd mua hdn mdt cai ao im
2g) Sau cudi, vp chdng hin mua hdn mdt can hd
6 cau 2c, y nghla cua hdn cd tha' dupe nhan dian qua viae so sinh vdi su kian mua mot chiec O 2d, y nghla ciia hdn lai c6 thi dupe nhan dien mdt tuong quan nao dd di cd th^ ngbl ring viftc mua mdt cdi mdi cd tha' xem la tran miic nang tai chfnh cua ng-udi phat ngdn d 2e cd th^ dupe nhan dian qua tuong quan so sinh giiia gia ca cua dm va thudng hay nhiing gi cd gia thip hon; hoac so sanh vdi miic/kha nang trung binh v.v d 2g, gin gi6ng vdi 2e nhung y nghla ciia hdn lai cd tha' dupe xet tuong quan so sinh miic sdng trung binh ciia xa hdi hoac so sanh kha nang cua mdt loai ddi tupng nao dd
Tuy nhian, nhirng vi du dupe phan tich d tran cung chua bao quit hat dupe y nghla danh gia ngim in cua hdn Bdi vi, nhiing ^ nghla niy, thudc vao timg ngii canh cu th^, timg ddi tupng tham gia giao lifp cu ih^ va nhiing gi lian quan den hp ma cd nhiing bi^u thi khac nhau, ching han:
- Sang nam dugc miia, thdy u mua hdn cho may hai chiec Trong mdt tinh hudng nao dd mua hdn mot chiec lai la stf xa xi bdi vi theo suy nghi cua ngudi ndi thi mua mot chia'c da tdn kem r6i, cd tha la mua liic phai chay an timg biia, cd th^ la liic b6 me, anh chi em cdn rit ngheo khd, hay liic gia dinh cdn np nin chdng chit v.v
(4)vdn c6 cua cac trp tir, dd dang lim y hon ca la nhihig ndi dung dinh gia cd tfnh mia mai, cha tracb thudng dupe sir dung rit ph6 bi^n (Thing ban, xet doan hdi thoai sau:
3a) Td cd nhihig ba ddng
3b) Nhitng ba ddng a ! Cdn td chi cd mudi dong thdi
Rd ring la nhitng d 3a hoan toan khac vdi nhiing b 3b Nhihig ciia 3b binh thudng thi cd ihi ngu y tan thudng than phuc hay ghen ty nhimg neu di kem vdi Cdn thdi thi cd th^ se ngu y cham biem, mia mai hoac gia trau trpe, xem thudng v.v
4 Dang y nghla danh gia cd tfnh kha ph6 bie'n ciia cac trp tir la danh gii v^ luang Lupng d day dupe phan tha' ddi lap nhieu/it Vdi y nghla dinh gia nhieu la cac trp tir: nhiing, den, tdi, hdn va ca (ca thudng d vi trf cudi cau, phat ngdn) d tran, chiing ta da dua nhiing vi du cho nhiing va hdn Sau day la cac vf du cho cac tir: den, tdi va ca:
4a) Gia tai ciia bin cd tdi hang van 4b) Trong nha cd den ba chiec xe may 4c) Td cd nam muoi nghin ddng ca\
(Zac trp tir tran lai cd tha' sir dung d dang ket hpp, cung xuit hien d6ng thdi d ciu-phat ngdn vdi y nghla cd tfnh chit tang cudng ve miic dd danh gia luang nhieu
Vfdu:
4d) Lam gi ma mua den nhiing ba ddi tit?
4e) Gia mot phdng len tdi nhiing hai tram ngan ddng diy 4g) 6ng ta mua hdn mdt luc ba cai d ca!
4h) Td cd den nhiing mudi ngan dong ca!
Tit nhian, khai niem lugng d diy khdng chi thuin ve mat sd lupng Trong rit nbi^u trudng hpp, chiing la su danh gia ve viec cd nhi^u, cd d mdt miic dd Idn nhung cai ma khdng tha' can, do, dong, da'm dupe mdt each cu th^, ma theo mot cung each udc lupng trim lupng nao dd
Vfdu:
(5)4i) Md nim com dinh an, nhimg bung nhiing mirng mi na khdng an dupe [7, 124]
4k) Miii hudng thom den bang khuang [7, 127]
5 Mat khac, cung chfnh cai viec cd nhieu, d mdt miic dd Idn dd mi n6 da gay nen nhiing y nghla phu khac, dd thudng thiy nhit li j nghla ngac nhien, than phuc, (tham chf ghen ty ngudi ndi khdng phai la chu sd biiu), hay y nghla khoe khoang, tu die (khi ngudi noi li chu sd hiru)
Vfdu:
5a) Td cd nhOng mudi ngan ddng 5b) Nhiing mudi ngan a!
O the ddi lap khac la y nghla danh gia it ciia cac trp tir nhir mSi, chi, doc, thdi
Vfdu:
5c) Ao quan thi dui dp, tui chi cd vai ddng ti^n le 5d) Cd mdi hai chuc ma cung ddi sim sira
5e) Cd mang gi ve cho nha nay, doc chia'c xe dap vdi nam mdt vii
5g) Hai hao thdi a? (Hai hao thi cut di cho khuit mit dng) va mat sir dung, mdi va doc cd tha ihay the cho kha nhieu trudng hpp, nhung doc thudng dupe sir dung vdi y nghia tang cudng, manh hon mdi vdi y thien ve chi cd mot su vat, dd'i tupng nao dd Rieng thdi ludn giii vi tri di sau ddi tupng, su vat dupe danh gia la it a cau-phal ngdn
4
6 Ve phuong dien y nghla, thdi hudng su danh gia tdi mdt miic d6 c6 tfnh gidi han va d miic dp gidi han nay, nd dupe xem nhu la it so vdi miic dp, nhu cau dupe ddi hdi nao dd
Vfdu:
6a) - Cha, hoan canh the!
(6)- Ludng thing cd hai tram thdi ntn cung danh phai chiu vay Le di nhian la khdng phai liic nao nd cung bao ham y nghla dd Bdi tir y nghla ham in it nay, timg trudng hpp ma cd nhiing ham y khic
Vfdu:
6b) Ca di lin vi chi dd vai thdi 6c) Cd hai ddng mdt cai thdi
6d) Ndi d^ biet vay thdi
Co ihi thiy rang d 6b ngudi ndi ngu y khdng mdt nhieu thdi gian
do vay nan hoac cd ihi di O 6c lai ngu y re, khdng mdt nhieu tien, vay nan hoac cd th^ mua 6d lai thien ve miic dp gidi ban: chi d^ bift, khdng nan cd phan ling gi tham va muc dfch ciia ngudi ndi cung chi gidi han pham vi dd, khdng ddi hdi gi tham ca
Ndi chung, thdi thudng mang y gidi hgn dmic thdp, it han va do, nd thudng hay dupe dung d^ mac ca mua ban
Vfdu:
6e) Loai thi tarn nghin mdt can 6g) Sao dit the ! Ba nghin thdi
7 Ciing nhu clc trp tir mang y nghla danh gia nhieu ve lupng, cac trp tir cd y nghla danh gia it ciing cd the xuit hien d dang ket hpp, ciing xuit hian cau-phat ngdn
Vfdu:
7a) Tdi chi CO mdi mudi nghin dong 7b) Tdi chi CO mudi nghin dong thdi 7c) Tdi cd mdi mudi nghin ddng thdi
7e) Tdi chi CO doc mdi mudi nghin ddng thdi
8 Nhihig vf du va nhihig phin tfeb d tran chin chin chua phan anh het nhihig hiiu hian khac viae bia'u thi y nghla danh gia cua cic trp tir nhaii manh tia'ng Viet Tuy nhian qua dd, chiing ta cd
(7)th^ nhan thiy vai trd dac biet ciia trp tir viec bia'u thi y nghii danh gia mdt each ngim in, y nhi cua nhiing ngudi tham gia ddi thoai Dd la nhiing yeu td bet siic quan trpng phong each hdi thoai, viec dien dat mot each tinh te, sinh ddng nhiing ndi dung cin truyen dat, viec gui gim nhiing thdng tin phu dac biat tu ngubi ndi den ngudi nghe va hon niia viec ngu y, mupn Idi
TAI LifiU THAM K H A O
1 Nguyan Diic Dan (1998), Ngadung hgc, Tl NXB Giao due, Hi Ndi
2 La Ddng (1991), Ngu nghla ngQ dung ciia hu ta tieng Viet: y
nghTa ddnh gid ciia cac hu tif Tap chf "Ngdn ngii" sd
3 Dinh Van Diic (1985), Nguphdp tieng Viet - Ta loai, NXB DH va THCN, Ha Ndi
4 Cao Xuan Hao (1991), Tieng Viet - Sathdo ngaphdp chac ndng, Tl,NXBKHXH,HaNdi
5 Nguyan Anh Qua' (1998), Hu ta tieng Viet hien dgi, NXB KHXH, Ha Ndi
6 Dinh Van Diic (1985), Nga phdp tieng Viet - Ta logi, NXB DH va THCN, Ha Ndi
7 Nhieu tac gia (1976), Truyen ngdn chgn Igc (33 truyan 1945 -1975), NXB Tac phim mdi
8 Vien Ngdn ngii hpc (2000), Tadien tieng Viet, NXB Da Ning