Bài viết nghiên cứu cuộc đồng khởi toàn dân, Triều đình Trưng Vương và kinh đô Mê Linh; cuộc kháng chiến chống quân xâm lược Đông Hán; chiến đấu đến người lính cuối cùng trên đất Cửu Chân...
c u o c KHdl NGHIA HAI B A TRlIlVG SAU ]^AM ]\HIM LAI NGUY£N QUANG NGOC* C uoc khcli nghia no vao mua Xuan, thang nSm Canh Ty (nam 40) tai cfla song Hat v& bi Ma Vien danh bai ve cd ban cl ca'm Khe vao diu H6, thang nSm Quy Dau (nSm 43), thdi gian ton tai thiic te chl hdn nSm The nhiing day phai diidc coi 1^ s\i ki^n co gia tri dSc bi$t nha't suo't tien trinh lich sfl da't nU6c, khong chi vi no la cot mo'c ban le khSng dinh tiiu ba't hii cua nhan dan ta thcfi dai diing nU6c dSu tien vk dinh hiidng cho tiidng lai phat trien cua cuoc da'u tranh thoat khoi ach tho'ng tri nghin nSm cua ke thii phiidng BSc, ma d cho no dUdc sfl cu cua ca Trung Quoc va Vi^t Nam ghi lai kha cu t h l , v6i thai tran va dUdc khac dam ky Uc dan gian nhU mot chan ly lich sfl, cang cang rang rd, cang cang ngdi sang Cuoc ddng khfli toan dan, Trieu dinh Trifng Yttdng va Kinh Me Linh 1.1 Ve que hxidng va dong doi Hai BaTri/ng ^ 'i o^ TrUng TrSc, TrUng Nhi la gai ca cua Lac tiidng huyen Me Linh Da't Me Linh la da't ban bo cua cac vua Hung, k6o dai tren hai bd song Hong tii phia tren cua dinh tam giac chau Viet Tri (Phii Tho) cho den g^n noi Ha Noi va trai rong tii vung niii Ba Vi sang viing niii Tam Dao, tUdng dUdng vdi p h i n ldn cac tinh Phii Tho, Vinh Phiic va Ha Noi hien Nam 106 tr CN, nha Han dat chau Giao Chi thong sua't quan cl luc dia va dSt tri sd cl quan Giao Chl Diing din chau Giao Chi la chiic Thii sfl, dong tri sd tai Me Linh (lang Ha Loi, xa Me Linh, huyen Me Linh, Ha Noi) Nha Han ban diu dat ca Chau tri, Qu^n tri va Do uy tri Giao Chi cl tren da't Me Linh vdi muc dich viia cai quan toan viing Nam Viet va Au Lac cii, viXa triic tie'p khong che "ddt td" cua ngiidi Lac Viet (1) Sach Dai Viet sd ky toan thU ch6p: TrUng Trac "nguyen la hg Lac, gdi cua Lac tUdng huyen Me Linh, Phong Chdu" (2) Theo truyen thuyet dan gian va t h i n tich mieu Men va dinh Nam Nguyen (nay la thon Nam An, xa Cam Thiidng, huyen Ba Vi, Ha Noi) thi me Hai Ba TrUng la chau ngoai vua Hung, ngUdi lang Nam Nguyen Ba goa chong sdm nen phai mot ' GS-TS Vi?n Vigt Nam hoc vh Khoa hoc phat trien • DHQG HN Rghien curu Lich sfl sg 3.2010 minh dam dang viec nuoi day hai gai dau chan tSm va chSm chi luyen tap vo nghe Truyen thuyet ke r i n g que cha cua Hai Ba Triing la lang Ha Ldi (xa Me Linh, huyen Me Linh) va gia dinh bo me cua Hai Ba Tning chuyen nghe dau, chan tSm, det lua Than tich lang Lau ThUdng (Bach Hac, Phii Tho) giai thich vi bo' me Hai Ba Tning lam nghe chan tam nen mdi dat ten theo ten cac loai kin (k6n diy la triing chac, tiic TrUng Trie, k6n mong la triing nhi tdc TrUng Nhi) Tuy chua co day dii tif lieu de xac dinh mot each that cu the, chinh xac que hUdng cua Hai Ba TrUng, nhUng v i n co the tin dUdc r i n g Hai Ba sinh va ldn len gin bo vdi khu viic hai ben bd song Hong, doan tii Ha Loi (Me Linh) len den chua Mia (xa DUdng Lam, Sdn Tay), mieu Men (xa Cam ThUdng, huyen Ba Vi), deu thuoc Ha Noi (3) TrUng Trie la ngUdi phu nii "ra't hiing dUng", "c6 can ddm, dung lUpc" Chong TrUng Trie la Thi Sach, eon trai Lac tUdng huyen Chu Dien (vung luu viic song Day va md sang ca song Hong bao gom khu viic Ha Noi, Ha Nam hien nay) Sach Dai Viet sd ky todn thu giai thich kha cu the: "Thi Sdch cung Id Lac tUdng, hai nhd Lac tudng ket Hon vdi nhau" (4) Viec hai gia dinh Lac tUdng eo the liic ldn eua hai huyen hang dau cua quan Giao Chi, ciing la viing da't to cua ngUdi Lac Viet, trung tam quan nha't da't nUdc liic ket moi thong gia vdi da lam cho the cua ho cang them manh 1.2 Tii Hoi t h e N o n nUfle of cfla s o n g H a t t r o n 1970 n a m trifflc Chinh sach cai tri tan bao eua nha Dong Han da thoi thue Thi Sach, TrUng Trie hiep mUu tinh ke noi day cho'ng lai va dia ban hai huyen Me Linh, Chu Dien trd trung tam ehu^n bi khdi nghia NhUng ching may cong viec bi bai 16 To Dinh da t h i n g tay dan ap va giet chet Thi Sach trUdc cuoc khdi nghia no' (5) Hanh vi bao ngUde cua To Dinh khong nhQng khong dap t i t y chi da'u tranh eua TrUng Trie, ma trai lai cang lam cho ngon Ifla cam thu boc cao Thang nam 40, TrUng Trie da ciing em la TrUng Nhi phat dong cuoc khdi nghia d khu viie cfla song Hat (xa Hat Mon, huyen Phiic Tho, Ha Noi) vdi muc dich den nd nUdc, tra thU nha Sach Thien Nam ngU luc, thien sfl ca dUdm tinh dan gian the ky XVII ch6p ve Ldi the cua TrUng Trie tnidc quan si, cho biet ly khdi nghia: "Mgt xin rica sg,ch nUdc thii, Hai xin dem lai nghiep xUa hg Hiing Ba keo oan dc long chong, Bdn xin ven ven thda cdng lenh ndy" (6) Nhiing ngUdi yeu nUde k h i p ndi r i m rSp k6o ve tu nghia d cfla song Hat Cd nhiing ngUdi tif viing Phii Tho, Vinh Phuc theo song Hong, song Thao xuoi xudng Cd nhiing ngUdi tii mien da't Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Hai DUdng, HUng Yen theo sdng Kinh Thay, sdng Dudng, song Hdng ngUde len Cd nhiing ngUdi tii viing Bic Ninh, Bic Giang xU Bic k6o ve Co nhung ngudi tii vung Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam thuoc vung xii Nam ngUdc ddng song Luoc, sdng Hong, song Day k6o de'n Ra't nhieu cae vi tUdng d viing trung tam chau thd' sdng Hong (Ha Noi nay) k6o sang, ciing cd khdng it nhiing ngUdi tfl cae viing xa xdi tan ben bd sdng Ma thuoc quan Cflu Chan tim (7) Ho la nhiing ngUdi ed ten hay khdng cd ten va p h i n nhieu nhQng ten dUde ke CuQc hhdfi nghla I?ai Ea Tnmg chi mang tinh cha't bieu tning hay ngUdi ddi sau them vao NhUng cd the hinh dung moi ngudi, moi ten goi la mot dai di^n cho cac gia dinh, ddng ho, lang que va cac dia phUdng ling nghia Ho bao gom du cac ldp ngudi, Ida tuo'i, cac p h i n cU dan, p h i n xa hoi Cd nhiing ngUdi la quy toe giau sang dem de'n ca nhiing dao quan, nhUng ciing cd nhiing ngUdi ngheo chi biet dang hien mang sd'ng cua minh cho nghia ca Ngoai nhiing ngUdi Viet phUdng Nam, cdn cd ca nhiing ngUdi Han khdng chiu diing nd'i ach thdng tri cua Thai thii Td Dinh da ndi day chdng lai va tii nguyen tim de'n Hat Mdn Cfla sdng Hat la cho gap eua hai ddng sdng ldn: sdng Hong va sdng Day, thdi ky d i u Cdng nguyen cdn n i m d phia trUdc cfla den Hat Mdn hi^n Ndi day la d i u md'i cua cac luong dudng giao thdng thuy quan nha't cua nUdc ta dd, ndi lien Me Linh vdi Chu Dien - n i m viing que eua ca TrUng Trie va Thi Sach, roi dd cfla bien T h i n Phii, nd'i thdng vdi Cflu Chan d phia Nam MSc dii d vi tri trung tam da't nUdc, nhUng cfla sdng Hat lai hoi du dUdc cac dieu kien thuan ldi de xay dUng mot can cd khdi nghia, nhu sach Thien Nam ngU luc md ta: "Hdt Mon co the dung binh Sdng sdu ldm cii, riing xanh ldm nhd" (8) Hai Ba TrUng da triet de khai thac vi the thuan ldi eua viing cfla sdng Hat de chuin bi liic lUdng, xay diing can cd va phat dong khdi nghla, td' chdc hdi the tai TrUdng Sa Chau la khu viic canh dong phia trUdc den Hat Mdn hi^n Hdi the sdng Hat miia Xuan nam 40 da di vao lieh sfl nhu mot Hdi the d i u tien quy tu sdc manh cua ca nUdc va ciing la Hoi the Non nUdc d i u tien 1.3 D e n cuoc d d n g khfli c u a t o a n dan ,,,•- •)• , r,- Roi tii cfla sdng Hat, tii TrUdng Sa Chau dai quan cua TrUng Trie theo ddng sdng Hong kdo xud'ng danh chiem Dd uy tri (thuoc Ha Ldi, huyen Me Linh), danh chiem lai Co' Loa (Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi) Tfl Cd' Loa nghia quan md cuoc tien cdng ed y nghia quye't dinh danh t h i n g vao dinh Thai thu Td Dinh, giai phdng Luy Lau la huyet cua chinh quyen dd ho Ddng Han (d khu viic Liing Khe, huyen Thuan Thanh, tinh Bic Ninh) Khdi nghia Hat Mdn lap tiic dUdc sii hudng iing cua cae lac tudng, lac dan, khdng chl d Me Linh, Chu Dien ma eon d cac dia phUdng khac Sach Hau Hdn thU cho biet: Nhiing ngUdi Man, ngUdi Ly (tieng chi chung cac dan tdc phUdng Nam) d quan Giao Chi, Cflu Chan, Nhat Nam, Hdp Phd' deu nha't te ndi day hudng dng Sach Dg,i Viet sd ky todn thU chi cu the hdn la cuoc khdi nghia bung no' d quan Giao Chi va "cdc quan Nam Hdi, Cdu Chdn, Nhat Nam, Hcfp Pho'deu hudng dng" (9) Phong trao da nhanh chdng trd cupc nd'i day cua toan dan, viia mang tinh cha't quy tu, vUa mang tinh chat toa rong Dd la sii quy tu ve cfla sdng Hat, ve khu viic quan Giao Chi, quy tu sii lanh dao thdng nha't cua vi nii tudng anh tre tuo'i TrUng Trie Dd la sii toa rong khdng chi tren cac vung lanh thd' cua Lac Viet, Au Viet ma cdn lan toa de'n cac bo lac d phia Nam va phia Bic cua nUde Au Lae, ldi cudn dUdc nhieu bo toe Vi$t khac d mien Nam Trung Qudc ciing di theo (10) Day rd rang la sii thdc tinh cua tinh than dan tdc Viet Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng phan anh y thiic dan tdc da kha rd ret cua eac Lac tUdng, Lac dan cac bo lac hdp nUdc Au Lac cii Rghi&i cihi Lich sfl sg 3.2010 Chi em ndng mgt ldi nguyen, Chinh quyen dd hg tan va sup dd nhanh chdng trUdc sflc ta'n cdng cua q u i n Phdt cd nUdng til thay quyen tUdng chung khdi nghia Bon quan lai Ddng Han qudn hoang sd bo he't cua cai, gia'y td, a'n tin thao Ngdn Tdy ndi dng phong trdn chay ve nUdc Ban than Thai thii Td Dinh, da phai bo Luy Lau, bd ca a'n tin, cit Am dm binh md xuong gdn Long Bien tdc, cao rau len trdn ve Nam Hai Hong qudn nhe bUdc chinh yen, 1.4 Trieu dinh Triing Vvfctag va Dudi Td Dinh dep yen bien thdnh Kinh Me Linh Dd ky dong coi Me Linh, Chl mot thdi gian ngin, ngon ed chinh nghia eua cudc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng da tap hdp dUdc 65 huyen (nghia la toan bo lanh thd' nUde ta hoi dd) Nen doc lap dan tdc lai dUdc phuc hoi sau hdn 200 nam chim d i m dUdi ach dd ho cua phong kien Trung Qudc TrUng Trie dUde suy tdn lam vua (ma sfl cii goi la TrUng VUdng) (11), ddng dd d Me Linh (khu viic Ha Ldi, huy$n Me Linh, Ha Ndi) (12) Nha sfl hoc ddi Tran la Le Van HUu nhan xdt: "TrUng Trac, TrUng Nhi Id ddn bd, hd mgt tieng md cdc quan Cdu Chdn, Nhat Nam, Hcfp Pho', ciing 65 thdnh dLinh Ngoai deu hudng Ung, viec dttng nUdc xiing vUctng de nhU trd bdn tay, co the thd'y hinh the dd't Viet ta du dUng dUc/c nghiep bd vuang" (13) Nha sfl hoc Ngd Si Lien, tac gia chinh cua bo qud'c sfl ddi Le Dgi Viet sii ky todn thu cho r i n g "Hg TrUng gian thdi thu nhd Hdn bao ngUdc, vung tay hd mgt tieng md qud'c thd'ng nUdc ta cd ho dUac khdi phuc " (14) Le Ngd Cat va Pham Dinh Toai d i u the ky XIX da dien ta lai sU kien lich sfl that sinh ddng sach Dgi Nam quo'c sit dien ca: "Bd TrUng quid Chdu Phong, Gign ngUdi tham bao, thd chong chdng quen Linh Nam rieng mgt trieu dinh nUdc ta Ba thu gdnh vdc sOn hd " (15) Sfl sach Trung Qudc ciing chdp kha cu the ve sii kien Thuy kinh chu cho biet: Tning Trie "len ldm vua, dong dd d huyen Me Linh, cho ddn hai qudn Giao Chi, CiCu Chdn dUdc mien thue ndm" (16) Dong thdi vdi viec thiic thi chu trUdng xa thue cho dan, quan ly da't nUdc, chinh quyen Tning VUdng tii bud'i d i u mdi lap da phai don sUc s i p dat mot ke hoach bao ve Vudng trieu, bao ve nen doc lap cua da't nUdc vUa mdi gianh lai dUdc Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng thiic cha't la mot cuoc dong khdi cfla toan dan tren pham vi ca nUde Hai Ba TrUng da diia vao dan ma khdi phuc lai sU nghiep xUa cua vua Hiing, vua Thuc sau hdn 200 nam ma't nUde, sau cac trieu dai phUdng Bic rao riet va tham doc thi hanh chinh s^ch dong hoa n h i m bien Au Lac vinh vien trd quan huyen cfla chung Hai Ba TrUng da gianh lai nen doc lap giQa liic nha Han sflc thi hanh chinh sach "binh Thien hg", truyen ba tU tudng "tdn qudn dgi thdng nhd't", coi eac dan tdc phUdng Nam la "Man Di", la "thudc quo'c" va budc ta't ca phai phuc tiing "Thien tilt", "Thien trieu" Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba Tning vdi nhiing noi dung va muc tieu nhU vfty, vdi sU cdng nhanh chdng va sU suy tdn TrUng CuQc khdi nghla Ijai Ba Tnmg Trie len n i m quyen quan ly, dieu hanh da't nudc la sii troi day cua y thdc dan toe, cua y thdc tii chu cua nhan dan ta, phu dinh hien ngang cai cUdng quyen sai trai Dai Han (17) Cuoc k h a n g c h i e n chong quan xam Ixific Dong Han 2.1 Chan dich fl tuyen dau va q u y e t chien fl Lang Bac Nghe tin TrUng Trie khdi nghia va xUng vUdng, vua Quang Vii nha Han "hg chieu cho cdc qudn TrUdng Sa, Hop Phd, Giao Chi sdm sda xe thuyen, siia sang cdu dudng, thdng mien khe nui, trQ sdn thdc ggo" (18), rao riet chuin bi liic lUdng va hau cin tai chie'm nUdc ta Han Quang Vii mudn lap tiic tien danh Giao Chi, nhUng liic nha Ddng Han dang phai don siic dd'i phd vdi nhieu cuoc nd'i day d nude, dae biet la cuoc khdi nghia ndng dan Ly Quang cim d i u d Hoan Thanh (An Huy, Trung Qudc) Sau tinh hinh Trung Qud'c tam yen, vao thang tU, miia Ha, nam Kien Vii thd 18 (nam 42), Han Quang Vii phong cho Ma Vien lam Phuc Ba tudng quan, thdng s u i t dai quan k6o sang xam lUdc nUde ta Hah Quang Vii da gfli gim toan bd niem tin vao vien lao tudng 58 tuo'i, tan va liing danh Tdng sd quan linh doan quan xam lUde khoang van quan cung nghin thuyen xe ldn nhd (19), chia lam hai canh, theo hai dudng thuy bd tien vao nUde ta Dao quan thuy tien doc theo dUdng ven bien Quang Ddng vao vinh Ha Long roi vao cfla bien Bach Ding va tien vao noi dia theo dudng sdng Cim Tren bo, nhieu doan dudng chUa dUdc khai thdng Ma Vien cho quan "theo dUdng ven bien md tie'n, san nui ldm dudng hcfn nghin ddm" (20) Con dudng tUdng dUdng vdi dUdng ven bien tii khu vUc Quang Ddng tie'n vao vung dia d i u tinh Quang Ninh roi bam sat dudng bo ven bien, ven sdng tie'n vao Ddng Trieu, Pha Lai, Luy Lau, Co' Loa, Me Linh Day la dudng giao thdng bo ed n h i t va g i n nhu n h i t ndi lien khu viic nUdc ta vdi mien Ddng Nam Trung Qudc sudt thdi Bic thudc Ca hai dao quan thuy, bo - theo each td chdc cfla Ma Vien la phai ludn ludn bam sat nhau, ho trd cho nhau, phdi hdp chat che vdi hanh quan va tac chien (21) Hai Ba TrUng da chu dong td chdc liic lUdng danh dich tai vung dia d i u sdng nUde cua To qudc Cd kha nhieu di tich va truyen thuyet dan gian ve cae tran chien da'u ehdng quan xam lUdc Ddng Han d khu vUc hai ben bd sdng Cim doan tii ndi Hai Phdng ngUdc trd len (22) NhUng vi ludng tnidc dUdc the dich qua manh nen Hai Ba TrUng quye't dinh khdng ddn toan bg binh liic vung dia d i u ma chl sau mdt sd tran ta'n cdng dao quan thuy ehiing chUa kip phdi hdp vdi dao quan bg, chu ddng lui ve phia sau, tap trung cao liic lUdng chan ddng va tieu di^t dich d Lang Bac (23) _, ,; Lang Bac nhU cac sach Thuy kinh chd vk Hdu Hdn thU md ta la viing gd d i t cao ndi len giiia viing ddng triing ngap lut (24), cd nhieu ldi the de phat huy sd trUdng eua ta, han che Uu the cua dich, da dUde Hai Ba TrUng chgn lam ndi bd tri tran dia quyet chien vdi quan xam lUdc Ddng Han Tren dudng rut ve Lang Bae, Hai Ba TrUng v i n td chiic cac tran danh chan quan giac ma dgc theo dai sdng Kinh Thiy, khu viic Luc D i u Giang deu cd nhiing di tich, den thd va huyen tich eac tUdng linh eua Hai Ba danh tra quyet ligt tflng budc hanh quan cua doan quan xam lUdc Rghian ciJru Lich sfl sg 3.2010 Cho de'n v i n cdn tdn tai nhieu quan niem khac ve vi tri cu the eua vdng chien trUdng Lang Bac Ma Vien vdi quye't tam tai chie'm nUde ta, dat lai nen dd hd Ddng Han, khdng the khdng Iiy eac toa Luy Lau (trung tam chinh tri eua ehinh quyen dd hg Ddng Han viia mdi bi m i t ve tay TrUng VUdng), Cd Loa (kinh dd cua nUdc Au Lae eii, hien hien va i n tang sde sdng Lac Vi^t) va Me Linh (qud'c dd eua chinh quyen TrUng VUdng, ndi dat bg ehi huy d i u nao khang chien) la muc tieu sd' mgt cin phai chiem lai b i n g mgi gia Lang Bac d phia Ddng ngoai Cd Loa va bao ve cho Co Loa nhU nhieu tac gia da phan tich la hdp ly Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi Lang Bac cdn d phia ngoai ca toa Luy Lau va bao v$ cho ca niia Thanh Luy Lau vUa la qua to ldn mdi gianh lai dUde cua cugc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng, vUa la vi tri then chd't vao bac n h i t cin phai bao ve va bao ve dUdc nd la cd the chan diing va danh tan cugc t i n cdng xam lUdc eua quan Ddng Han Khdng cd ly gi chinh quyen TrUng VUdng lai dl dang bd mac va hoan toan khdng tinh den toa dae bi$t quan trgng ke hoach phdng thu qud'c dd Chung tdi diia theo sach An Nam tdc sU cua T r i n Phu (sfl t h i n nha Nguyen) chdp Van Kiep thdi thugc DUdng la Lang Chau va tien hanh khao sat khu viic Van Kiep va eac viing lan can de tim kiem md'i quan h^ gida Lang Chau va Lang Bac Khu vUc phia Van Kiep (tiie la phia Lang Chau) thugc huyen Gia LUdng tmh Bic Ninh, ndi ed gd eao ndi len giiia khu ddng triing nUde ngap (dung nhU md ta cua sach Thuy kinh chu vk sach Hgu Hdn thu ve viing Lang Bae) Day chinh la d i u md'i hgi tu cua cac ludng dUdng giao thdng thuy bd quan trgng n h i t nd'i thdng viing Ddng Bic vdi trung tam Me Linh - Qud'c dd cua chinh quyen TrUng VUdng, ndi cd "con dUdng eua nhiing ke xam lUdc" chay qua Viing tnic tiep che c h i n cho Luy Lau (va ca c d Loa, Me Linh) d phia sau Tai day cd nhieu truyen thuyet va di tich chien trUdng thdi ky d i u Cdng nguyen Ket hdp cac ngudn tai lieu thU tich va khao sat thiic dia, chung tdi dii doan vung Lang Bac, ndi Hai Ba TrUng bd' tri tran dia ddn danh quan xam lUde Ddng Han khdng n i m ngoai khu vUc phia ddng huy^n Gia Binh va phia ddng bic huyen LUdng Tai, tinh Bic Ninh Hai Ba TrUng bUdc d i u da cdng viec kim chan quan Ddng Han tai Lang Bac, chan diing va pha vd ke hoach tieu digt that nhanh ggn toan bg lUc lUdng khang chien cfla ta Ma Vien sau nhieu lin tien cdng khdng gianh dUde t h i n g ldi, lai khdng hdp thuy thd phUdng Nam, quan si m i t siic chien d i u , da cam t h i y bi quan, chan chudng Binh Luc h i u Han Vii da chet, chUa rd vi b$nh tat hay vi tran mac, nhUng cai chet cua y giiia viing chien trudng ae li$t khdng khdi lam nao nung tinh t h i n tUdng si Ddng Han Da cd luc cam canh vi noi hi sa Iiy d Lang Bac, hau k h i c nghiet, quan si dau dm, lUdng thiie thieu thdn, tinh t h i n r^u ra, lUdng trUdc kha nSng bi t h i t bai hoan toan ma Ma Vien phai tinh de'n chuydn tim each nit quan ve nUdc (25) Khu viic phia ddng huyen Gia Binh va phia bic huyen Luong Tai (Bic Ninh) kdo dai ve phia Luc D i u Giang qua khao sat thiic dia, cd r i t nhieu truyen thuyet dan gian, dia danh, di tfch lien quan den nhiing thay ma, bai xac quan xam lUde Ma Vi^n (26) Phai chang day la nhiing anh xa cdn lai cua nhiing tr^n chien d i u ae li$t giiia quan ddi TrUng VUdng vdi quan xam lUdc Cugc khdfi nghia Ijai Ba Trung Ddng Han, mgt vung chien trUdng Lang Bac mua hd nam 42, bieu tUdng tuy^t vdi cua long qua cam va tinh t h i n chien diu ngoan cUdng cua quan dgi TrUng VUdng The nhUng vi tUdng quan liic lUdng qua chenh lech va sau mdt thdi gian hdi sdc trd lai, Ma Vign da d i n d i n gianh dUdc the chu dgng Ma Vien la vien tUdng day dan kinh nghidm tran mac, cd sd quan ddng, thien chien, cd cac liic lUdng thuy bg phdi hdp, lai rat thao Id'i danh tap trung theo kieu tran dia chien Trong dd Hai Ba TrUng mdi p h i t cd khdi nghia, liic lUdng vUa tap hdp lai, cdn qua non tre va chUa cd kinh nghiem chien diu, khdng cd kha nang cim cU lau dai vdi quan xam lUdc Ddng Han d Lang Bac Quan eua TrUng Vudng cang cang bdc Id rd the yeu, bi thiet hai nang Cd den hang nghin ngUdi bi b i t va da hy sinh than minh tren chien luy 2.2 Lui ve giuf Co Loa, Me Linh va co thu fl Cam Khe Tha'y khdng the kdo dai thdi gian cim cii vdi Ma Vign dUde niia, Hai Ba TrUng quyet dinh rut quan khdi Lang Bae, lui ve giii cd Loa (huyen Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi) Thanh cd Loa, mdt toa kien cd', thuy bg lien hoan da dUdc TrUng VUdng sfl dung khai thac t i t ca cac ldi the eua nd de chan diing va tieu digt doan quan xam lUde da gianh dUdc ldi the va dang tie'n ve hudng kinh Me Linh Liic chien trUdng trai rgng k h i p vung TU Sdn, Tien Sdn, Tien Du, Ddng Anh va n h i t la khu \nlc xung quanh Co Loa Nhieu tUdng linh cua TrUng VUdng da chien d i u va hy sinh d day (27) Nhung toa Co Loa kien cd ciing khdng giup TrUng Trie bao toan dUdc liic lUdng trUdc siic t i n edng ao at cfla Ma Vign, ba danh phai dem quan ve kinh Me Linh d Ha Ldi (huygn Me Linh) Doan quan xam lUdc da ap sat qud'c dd Me Linh Khdng cdn dUdng nao khac TrUng VUdng danh phai bd Ha Ldi, lui ve cd thu d khu can cd Cim Khe - ben hiiu ngan sdng Day, doan kdo dai tU chan nui Ba Vi thugc huyen Thach T h i t cho den vung chiia HUdng, huyen My Diic, Ha Ngi (28) Liy sdng Day lam hao ngoai, liy nui Ba Vi hiem yeu lam chd diia, lai cd toan bd khu viic Cflu Chan (Thanh-Nghe-'Hnh) lam hau cii d phia sau, TrUng Trie hy vgng can eU Cim Khe se la ed sd chd che eho nghia quan trUde eac cugc tan cdng nhU vii bao cua ke thii Day ciing se la cd sd tri liic lUdng lau dai va ed thdi cd thuan ldi se la ban dap de nghia quan td chdc phan cdng gianh t h i n g ldi nhanh chdng Hai Ba TrUng va cac tudng si da chien u i u r i t anh dung, bao ve den cung can eii Cim Khe Cugc chien d i u vd eung ac liet kdo dai den ea nam trdi NhUng nui cao, hao sau ciing khdng the ngan chan ndi cac cugc t i n edng cd y nghia quye't dinh eua Ma Vign Khoang d i u hd, thang nam 43 can ed ca'm Khe bi vd, TrUng Trie cung em la TrUng Nhi da chien d i u de'n cung va anh diing hy sinh tai chien trUdng (29) Dai quan cua TrUng VUdng bi danh tan, ngUdi bi giet, ngUdi bi b i t dem ve Trung Qudc Theo Hdu Hdn thU, Md Vien truyen thi Ma Vign da dem quan dudi TrUng Trie den Cim Khe, hai ben giao chien nhieu l i n nhUng cudi cung quan cua TrUng Trie bi t h i t bai Ma Vien da giet chet TrUng Trie, TrUng Nhi rdi dUa d i u Hai Ba ve Kinh dd Lac DUdng cua nha Ddng Han Ngay tii nhiing bi vay ham d Cim Khe, ldi dung dia hinh nui rdng lien thdng, Hai Ba TrUng da chuyen mgt p h i n liic lUdng vao Cflu Chan, phdi hdp vdi Dd DUdng, Chu Ba va cae thu linh dia phUdng tie'p tue chien d i u lau dai Mae du da giet dUde ngUdi ddng d i u ehinh quyen, danh 10 tan quan dgi chu lUc cfla TrUng VUdng, nhUng Ma Vien v i n t h i y dUdng binh dinh phUdng Nam cdn vd cung gian lao vat va Y phai bd nhieu thang trdi td chflc cac cudc truy qudt nhiing liic lUdng cdn lai cua TrUng VUdng tren d i t Giao Chi Thang nam 43, Ma Vien bao cao ve trieu dinh Lae DUdng coi nhU da hoan ve ed ban nhiem vu danh dep TrUng Vudng va doan quan van ngUdi, nghin thuyen xe eua y "tii vdo Giao Chi cho de'n vdn thinh" (30) Ma Vien cd tinh che giiu nhiing tdn t h i t , mat mat d Lang Bac, d Cd Loa de tao them niem tin va tranh thu sU ung hd cua trieu dinh Lac DUdng cho y tie'p tuc tien cdng tieu diet triet de liic lUdng khang chien cdn lai cua TrUng Vudng 2.3 C h i e n d a u d e n ngUfli l i n h cuoi c u n g t r e n d a t Cflu C h a n D i u thdng 10 nam 43, v i n theo Thuy kinh chu, doku quan xam lUdc vdi hai dao thuy bd tien xudng phia Nam, dgc theo dudng qua cfla sdng Ddy cfla bien T h i n Phii (Nga Sdn, Thanh- Hda) de vao Cflu Chan (31) Ma Vien cdn phai sai quan dao sdng chay thdng qua dai nui da de hai dao thuy bg cd the phdi hdp chat che vdi bao dam an toan cudc chinh phuc cudi ciing Ngay tai vung dia d i u Cflu Chan, khdng the chdng cU ndi cugc tien cdng cua Ma Vign, thu linh dia phUdng huygn Vd Thiet da d i u hang quan Ddng Han Ciing cd ndi thu linh rut quan vao ruCng sau, kien quye't khdng chiu d i u hang quan giae nhU trudng hdp eU soai Chu Ba d huyen Du Phat (32) Khi tien quan den mien trung tam Cflu Chan, Ma Vien da gap phai sii khang cii vd eung quyet Het cua liic lUdng khang chien lao tUdng Dd DUdng ehi Rghien curu Lich sfl, sg 3.2010 huy Theo truyen thuyet dia phUdng cd hang ngan ngUdi da chien d i u va hy sinh anh diing tren manh dat que hUdng Tie'p tuc tie'n quan vao khu viic phia nam Cflu Chan, doan quan xam lUdc Ma Vien cdn gap phai sii khang cii quyet liet Quan dgi TrUng VUdng da chien d i u va hy sinh cho den nhiing ngUdi linh cudi ciing Hgu Hdn thu, Md Vien truyen cho hay la toan bg cugc hanh quan truy qudt lUc lUdng eon lai cfla TrUng VUdng tren d i t Cflu Chan, Ma Vien da giet ca thay hdn 5000 ngUdi Sach Thuy kinh chu ciing chdp rd la Ma Vien kdo quan den huyen Cu Phong thugc quan Cflu Chan, vi nhiing ngUdi thu linh cugc khdi nghia Hai Ba Tning d day da chien d i u den ciing, khdng chiu d i u hang, nen Ma Vien da lenh tan sat, chdm chet hang nghin ngUdi (33) Cugc khang chien ehdng quan xam lUdc Ma Vien da hoan toan that bai va bi dim bien mau Mua thu nam sau, nSm 44, Ma Vign dem quan trd ve Trung Qudc Chinh sfl nha Han phai thiia nhan cd de'n hdn mgt nfla tdng sd van quan dUde cfl sang chinh phat Giao Chi, Cflu Chan da vinh vien n i m lai phUdng Nam Chic h i n phat quan xam lUdc nUde ta, Han Quang Vii khdng hinh dung het cai gia qua d i t cua cuoc chien tranh xam lUdc Cudc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng la mdt hien tUdng het sdc dgc dao lich sfl dan tdc va hiem cd lich sfl the gidi cd dai That khd cd the hinh dung mgt each d i y du, chinh xac ve ngudi phu nii tudi chUa trdn ddi mUdi, dieu kien mudn van khd khSn va han che cua mgt xa hgi ndng nghiep trdng liia nUdc each g i n 2000 nam lai cd the lanh dao mgt cugc khdi nghia toan dan gianh t h i n g ldi nhanh Cugc hhfli nghla Ijai Ba Tnmg chdng den nhu vay Phai ddi phd vdi cudc chien tranh tai xam lUdc dai quy md, huy ddng de'n miic tdi da sdc ngUdi sdc eua cua mgt dai de che dang giai doan cUdng thinh n h i t , thi sii t h i t bai cua TrUng VUdng cung la dieu khdng tranh khdi Dii ket cue nhU the nao thi cugc khang chien cua TrUng VUdng v i n khdng ehi la m i u hinh tuyet vdi eua tinh t h i n yeu nUde, quye't tfl cho To qud'c quye't sinh, ma eon danh d i u bUdc trUdng vUdt bac cua tinh t h i n dan tgc, liic lUdng dan tdc va dgi quan dan tdc Cugc khdi nghia va cugc khang chien Hai Ba TrUng ddng d i u chinh la mgt cai mde ban le k h i n g dinh nhiing gia tri vinh viin eua thdi dai diing nude Hiing VUdng-An DUdng VUdng, eua nen van hoa, van minh Van Lang-Au Lac, 11 dat cd sd nen tang cho t h i n g ldi cudi ciing cfla cugc d i u tranh trUdng ky di den ddc lap hoan toan sudt mdt thien nien ky Cugc khdi nghia va cugc khang chien nay, vi the khdng chl la sii md d i u cho tUdng lai phat trien cua d i t nUdc d thien nien ky d i u tien, ma cdn la sU dinh hudng cho toan bg tien trinh phat trien cua lich sfl Viet Nam cac thien nien ky tiep theo TU thie'u nii eua ddng lua, bai dau sdng Hdng, Hai Ba TrUng da trd Anh dan tgc vi dai md dUdng eho lich sfl di len Tfl nii tUdng tdng chi huy khdi nghia va khang chien, Hai Ba Tning da trd huyen thoai, t h i n thoai, thd ca, mach ngudn cam hdng va sang tao b i t tan long nhan ddn, long dan tgc (34) CHtJTHtCH (1) Buoi diu nha Tay Han dfit ca Chau trj, Qu&n trj \k Do u^ trj Giao Chi cl huy^n Me Linh Sang diu thdi Dong Han Qufln trj Giao Chi m6i deli xuong Luy Lau (Thuan*Th&nh, Bfic Ninh) Dii da d6i Quftn trj xuong Luy Lflu, nhUng nhk Dong Han vin dftt Do uy trj tai Me Linh (l^ng Ha Loi, xa Me Linh, huyfn Me Linh, H4 Noi) nhil tni6c dSy Muc dich chfnh ciia n h i Dong Han vin gifl Do u^ trj cl Me Linh \k "de tr&'n dp miin T&y Bdc Id miin d6l vdi nhd Hdn co nhieu moi lo chinh tri han" (D&o Duy Anh: Bat nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1964, tr 50) Hiing dg'u khong phai Ik ten hp dildng thdi ciia Hai B4 TrUng Tu li$u chi cho ph6p xac nhfin Hai Bk TrUng thupc dong doi qu^ tpc Lac Vi$t (3) Gin day c6 mpt so tac gia cho ring que hUdng ciia Hai B4 TrUng \k xa Ha Bing (tiic \k hai l&ng Ha Loi \k Bing Trii) huy?n Thach Thit, Hk Npi Day la y kien mdi r i t dang dupc quan tam nghien ciiu Tiec ring d6 cung mdi chi \k nhflng udc doan khong dfla tren cd sd tfl li^u kha di c6 sflc thuyet phuc Tu lipu dieu tra khao sat thflc dia tren ca hai viing Ha Loi, Me Linh vk Ha Bing, Thach Thit, H i Npi \k md rpng khu vflc tfl H i (2) Dai Viet su" ky todn thU, Ban djch, Nxb Npi Ien Vi$t Tri deu khong cho ph6p khing djnh Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hi Npi, 1993, tr 156 Sach Hai Bi Trflng li ngfldi cua ling xa cy thl nio Tuy ch6p sau khdi nghia thing Ipi, Bh TrUng len nhien ket hdp t i t ca cac nguon tfl lipu c6 dflpc, ngoi vua m6i xUng hp Ik "TYUng" Sach Viet sii chung toi vin tin ring viing que ciia Hai Bi Trflng thdng gidm cUang muc cho biet them: B& TrUng khong ngoai pham vi doi bd song Hong, doan tfl "v6n ho Lac, lai co ten ho nCCa la Tritng, la gdi Ha Loi (Me Linh) len den phia tren thinh Sdn lac tudng huyen Me Linh" (T I, Ban djch da din, Tay tr 1140 Sich Linh Nam chich qudi cho big^t "Hai (4) Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, sdd, tr 156 Bd TrUng ho Him^' ThAt tfi't ca cac ten Lac, TrUng, 12 (5) Cung c6 t i i lieu ch6p Trflng Trio da ciing chong la Thi (Thi Sach?) noi diy tan cong cac chau quin va nim sau ca Trflng Trie v i Thi Sach deu bj Ma Vipn vay bit d Kim Khe Cflu (Lich Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chii, sdd, quyen 37, tr 694) Ciing c6 t i i liiu lai ch6p Thi Sach noi diy chong Dong Han v i tii t r i n trfldc cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng giinh dfldc thing ldi Cac nguon tfl lipu khong he ndi de'n vai tro cua Thi Sich cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng va di'y chinh l i cd sd xac nhin Thi Sach da bi To Djnh giet chet trfldc cupc khdi nghia bung no' nhfl ghi ch6p ciia Dai Viet sii ky todn thU (T I,^ Ban dich da dan tr 156), Thien Nam ngU luc, Nxb Vin hpc, H i Npi, 2000, tr 79-98), ciing nhfl nhieu thin tich vi truyen thuyet dan gian R g h i ^ ciiru Lich sfl sg 3.2010 khoi phu y cua trdi, giQ yen mieu mao vua xUa, an ui dng cha nai chin suoi" (7) D6 l i Thiiu Hoa, Xuan Nfldng (d Tam Nong), Dinh Thj P h i t Nguyet, Nhin Uyen, Nguyen Thj Hanh, Sdn Dung (d Thanh Ba), A Ning (d Thanh Sdn), Ning Npi (d thinh Vi^t Tri), Le A Lan, Le Tui'n Khanh, Hai Long, Ngfuy^t Dien Cong chua (d Ha Hoa), Mai Hoa Cong chiia (d Lam Thao), Bat Nin Cong chua, A Mj, To Lipu, Hi Td, H i Liiu (d Phil Ninh), Nguyet Cfl, Ti§'n Anh (d Cim Khe), Dim Ngoc Nga, Manh Dao, Trin Tui'n, Vfldng Dao, Cao Sdn, Hiing Dung, Hiing Lipt (d Doan Hung), Ngoc Kinh, Le Minh, Le Thi Liiu, Nguyin Chieu L$ (d Tam Dfldng) tinh Phii Thg Quach A Nfldng, VTnh Hoa (d YSn Lac), Nguyin Tui'n, Nguyen Tri, Nguyin Linh, Thvic Nfldng, (6) Thien Nam ngU luc, sdd, tr 89 Quy Lan NUdng (d Lip Thach), Xa Lai, Dong Xi (d Kim Anh), Ca Ldi, Hai Ldi, A Ching, A Cha, A La, Cho den dan ling Hat Mon van gifl Dong Vjnh, Dai Dao Song Nga (d Vinh Tfldng), A dflpc bii vin the d hpi the song Hat Hiu he't cic Dfldng, Ong Binh, Ong Bac, Tui'n Cong, Dam thin tfch, ngpc pha ve tfldng linh ciia Hai Bi Trflng d khip viing Bic Bo deu ch6p ldi the Nfldng, Hong Nfldng, Thanh Nfldng, Do La, mp hpi the song Hat v i ve cd ban deu giong vdi bii ching Vjt (d Binh Xuyen) tinh VTnh Phiic Nfl vin the d Hat Mon Mic diu vin phong vin the c6 tfldng Le Chan (d npi thinh Hai Phong), Lpnh Bi, Chfnh Trpng (d An Hai), Ta Huy Thiem, Ta A mang nhi§~u miu sic mdi ngfldi ddi sau them Rang, Ta Doan Dung, Dio Quang, Dio Lang, vio, nhflng c6 le tinh than vin the vin l i tinh thin cua hpi the xfla Chung toi xin ch6p day de Nguyin Minh (d Tien Lang), TrUdng Thj Ngpc Bing, Pham Vin Dim (d \^nh Bao) t h i n h Hai tham khao: Phong Thipn Nhan, Thi^n Khinh, Tong Pha Cong "Trdi sinh ngUcfi Id tong chu cda mudn lodi, (d Kinh Mon), Ho Dai Lipu, L^ Cong An, Tfl Giong sinh linh co c&y, thdy diu quan he Cdc ddi de (d Ninh Giang), Long Lang (d Tfl Kj^), Trin Ngpc vUOng trUdc, vua sdng toi hiin, yeu ddn lo nUdc, Tfch (d Thanh Mi^n), Nguypt Thai, Ding Dai diic hod rong khdp, thien binh, nUdc nhd Cong, Pham Gia Phap, La Thi Lfldng (d Cim v6 sU Nay co ngUdi khdc giong Id T6 Dinh, thUc Giing) tinh Hai Dfldng Tam Giang (d Vin Lim), lodi de cho bao ngUac hai ddn, trdi ddt thdnh thdn Ong Due, Hflng Tfldng c5ng, Hoa Tien, Phfldng vd ngudi diu gian Dung, Mai Hoa (d Vin Giang), La Vin At (d Yen Thiep tdi Id mot ngudi gdi ddng doi vua My) tinh Hflng Yen Thanh Thien, Trfldng Sich (d Hung, nghe noi tdi sinh linh, trdi xanh cung rai le Yen Dung), Do Thien, Minh Giang (Lang Giang), Nay nghi tdi ddn md dau Ibng, day nghla trie ke Dien Hong, Linh Giang, Linh Quang (d Hipp Hoi) bao tdn, nguyen cdc vi tdn than vi hoi ddn chiing tinh Bic Giang A La, Rong Nhj, Dio Nfldng, Doan gidm ldi thi, giup cho thiep tdi dem qudn ddnh Cong, Trfldng Quan, Thip Bat Sdn, Con Nfldng, gidc, giup nudc yen ddn, ddt sinh linh len tren nai Di Cong, Nguyet Nfldng, Chieu Nfldng, Nga chieu dem, dUa moi ngudi khoi can nUdc liCa, de Nfldng, Lang Cong, Nghiem Cong, Dfldng Cong, Cugc hhfli nghla Yjiu Ba Tnmg Chieu Hi^u, Tinh Trai (d Gia Lfldng), Tam Quang, Tam Ngp, Vi Phap Hai, Di$u Tien, Quang Khanh, Ba anh em Dong Quan, Lieu Giap (d Tien Sdn), A Tic, A Di, T?i Thong, De Nfldng, Mpc Hoin Cong, Ding Dinh Hoin, Phit Nfldng, Hflng Bin, Thien Binh (d Thuin Thinh) tinh Bic Ninh Tfldng quan hp Do d An Khe (Phu Dflc), Bat Nin, Ngpc Hing(d Duyen Hi), Kim Xa, Pham Khinh (d Hflng Hi), Cam Hoa (d Tien Hflng), Quang Cao, Dio Thi Phii (d Quj^nh Coi), Qug' Hoa, Ngpc Hoa (d Vu Thfl), Dong Lang (d Thai Thuy) tinh Thai Binh Le Thj Hoa, Chu Lien Hoa, Dung Nfldng, Phfldng Dung, Trin Cao Dao, Biii Cong Min, Dio Quy Nfldng, Hoing Dflc Cong, Do Thj Dung, Do Quang, Bach Ding, Cao Loi, Djch Triet, Cung Cai, Nguyet Thai, Nguypt Dp, Mai Thj Hong (d Vu Ban), Thuc Con, Phan Cung, Phan Lfldng (d thinh Nam Djnh), Tnnh Thi Cflc (d Nam Tri,tc) tinh Nam Dinh Cao Thj Lien, Le Thj Hing Nghj (d Thanh Liem) tinh Hi Nam Bi Chu Tfldc, VTnh Hoa (d Chfldng My), Chieu Trung, Do Ly, ChiSu Nfldng, Nguyin Hong, Nguyin Tuyen, Ong Bang (d tiTng Hoi), Ong Cai (d Thanh Oai), Hoing Dao, Do Ning Tg'(d Quoc Oai), A La (d Hoii Dflc), Hai Di§u, Nam Uyen, Sa Lang (d Dan Phflpng), Phiing Tii, Phiing Huyen, Thflpng Cit (d Phiic Thp), Dio Khang (d Thach Thi't), Qu^nh Hoa cong chiia (d Ba Vi), Dio Ky, Phfldng Dung, Thuy Hai, Ding Giang, Khong Chiing, VTnh Huy, Ta Dong Bang (d Dong Anh), Ba anh em hp Dio, Ning Quoc, Khoa Ba Sdn, Ong Dong, ong Hflu, Thinh Cong (d Gia Lam), Nguyin Tam Trinh, Ning Tfa (d Thanh Tri), Quach Lang, Dinh Bach Nfldng, Dinh Tfch Nfldng (d Tfl Liem), Dio Phfldng Dung, Dio Hien Hi^u, Dio Quy Minh (quin Dong Da), Lii Luy, Trin Nang, Hflng Bao, A Lfl Bach Trach, VTnh Gia Cong chiia (d Me Linh) viing H i Npi Nim mp b i Le Thj Hoa d Nga Sdn Thanh Hoi (8) Thien Nam ngU luc, sdd, tr 87 (9) Dgi Viet sUky todn thU, T I, sdd, tr 156 (10) Dieu niy giai thfeh tai d mien Nam Trung Quoc cho dd'n vin kha nhieu di tfch 13 thd Trflng Trie Sach Dgi Viet sii ky todn thU cho hay li d di't cii thinh Phien Ngung (Quang Chau, Quang Dong) cung c6 den thd Trflng Trie (T I, Ban djch d i din, tr 157) Hoi cuoi the ky XVIII, Ngo Thi Nhim da tflng den thim mieu Bi Trie (tflc den thd Trflng Trie) d phfa nam ho Dpng Dinh vi ghi lai cau thd: "TrUng Trdc kiem mang khai ddng phu" (Luai gUam da TrUng Trdc md mang dgng phu) Tham khao Tuyen tap tha vdn Ngd Thi Nhdm, Quyen I, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hi Npi, 1978, tr 412-413 (11) Chiing toi ciing chfla ro cin cfl vio ngudn tfl lieu nio mi Nguyin Trai lai cho ring Trflng Vfldng dit ten nfldc li Hflng L?LC (Pu dia chi Nguyen Trdi Todn tap Ban djch, Nxb Khoa hpc xi hpi, H i Npi, 1976, tr 215) (12), Cac nguon tfl lipu thfl tjch co, khao co' hpc, di tfch vi truyen thuyet phan anh kha thong nhi't khu \^^c ling Ha Loi xa Me Lnh, huyfn Me Linh li kinh cua Trflng Vfldng nim 40-43 Trong nhiing nim 1970-1980 ong Dinh Vin Nhit cho ring day l i viing di't mdi hinh thinh v i dan Ha Loi Me Linh dfldc di sang tfl ling Ha Loi goc thupc huypn Thach Thi't v i thinh Me Linh c6 thl Ii thinh Qudn thupc huypn Quoc Oai (Hi Npi) Tuy nhien gia thuyet niy khong d\la tren cd sd tfl li^u xic thflc nen khong c6 sflc thuyet phyc (13) Dgi Viet sit ky todn thU, T I, Ban djch da din, tr 156-157 (14) Dgi Viet siky todn thU, T I, sdd, tr 157 (15) Le Ngo Cat, Pham Dinh Toai: Dgi Nam qudc sii dien ca, Song mdi xui't ban, 1972, tr 56 (16) Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chd, sdd, quyen 37, tr 694 (17) Nim 1972, co tim each chflng minh (sai) ring khong c6 thdi ky An Dfldng Vfldng ljch sii Vipt Nam, ciing khong c6 sfl kipn An Dfldng Vfldng da de mit nfldc Au Lac vio tay Tripu Di, Le Manh That di tfldng tflpng giai do^in k6o dii tfl thud cac vua Hflng dflng nfldc Vin Lang cho 14 Rghi&i CUU Lich sfl s g 3.2010 de'n Trflng Vfldng Ii thdi k^ nfldc ta hoin toin dpc lip Theo tic gia, phai de'n trieu dinh TrUng Vfldng bj Ma Vipn danh b?ii, nfldc ta bj rdi vio ach thong trj ciia n h i Han, thi di'y mdi Ii sfl kipn md diu thdi ky Bic thupc cua Hch sii Vipt Nam Si? tfldng tfldng niy l i qua di, thoat Iy h i n khdi cic chflng cfl lich sii, v i nhfl the, da vo tinh phu djnh thinh qua hien nhien v i vo cflng vT dai cua cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng tiep sau chdp c6 chdp de'n Tay Vu huyen, phan biet ri't ro Tay Vu v i Tay Ly (Ljch Dao Ng^iyen, Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr 695) Gia sii Tay Ly cd bj chdp nhim l i Tay Vu di ching niia thi cung khong nhi't thie't Tay Ly doan vin tren phai Ii thinh Co' Loa vi dja bin huyen Tay Vu dong dan (cd van nghin hp) v i ri't rpng (nen nim 43 Ma Vipn mdi chia lim hai.huypn Ii Phong Khe v i Vpng Hai) (18) Theo ldi tau cila Ma Vien Ien Han Quang Vii thing nim 43 Hdu Hdn thU, Nam Man truyen, Q 116, 6a Chung toi vin dfla theo 16 gich thong thfldng xfla de trinh biy diin bid'n cupc khang chien chong quan xam Iflpc Dong Hin cua Trflng Vfldng Dd l i sau nhin thi'y khong the chin dflng dflpc quan giic d ciia bien Bach Ding, Trflng Vfldng d i chu dpng lui quan vl gifl Lang Bac, rdi sau thi't thii d Lang Bac, Trflng Vfldng mdi lui vl chin djch d Cd Loa, Me Linh v i cuoi cflng mdi nit sang Ci'm Khe d ben hflu ngan sdng Hong (19) Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, quyen 37, tr 656 (20) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T I, sdd, tr 156 (21) Sau Ma Vien, ri't nhieu cac doin quan xam Ifldc tfl phfldng Bic sang danh chie'm nfldc ta theo dfldng Dong Bic diu chpn hinh thflc phoi hpp hai dao quin thuy bp v i phfldng thflc tie chie'n cua ta li tim cich khong cho chung phoi hdp vdi nhau, CO lip chung mi tieu dipt tflng dao quan mpt (22) Dd li cac den thd nfl tfldng Le Chan d An Bien (npi thinh Hai Phong) v i An Bien (Dong Trieu Quang Ninh), Lpnh Ba, Chfnh Trpng d Quynh Cfl (An Hai, Hai Phdng), Hoing Dp d An Hoi (An Hai, Hai Phdng), vien quan lang hp Lo d Dong Ly (My Dong, Thuy Nguyen, Hai Phong) (23) Hien vin cdn nhieu quan niem khic ve diin bien ciia cupc khing chie'n chong quin xim Ifldc Dong Han cua Hai Bi TrUng Mpt so tic gia cin cfl vio cau "Md Vien thdy vung ddt ndy (vflng Lang Bac) cao, mdi tii T&y Ly tien den dong ddn d do" (Sdd, tr 695) de dfl doan c6 mpt tran Tay Vu d khu vflc Co' Loa trfldc tran Ling Bac d vilng doi tha'p thupc huypn Tien Du tinh Bic Ninh; hay Mi Vien sau thi't bai d Tay Vu mdi lui ve gifl Lang Bac (H.Masp6ro (1918), Dio Duy Anh (1957, 1964), Trin Quoc Vfldng (1963, 2001) ) Chung tdi chfla biet Tiy Ly cd phai la Tay Vu khdng vi sich Thuy kinh chu doan vin Nhieu sach nhfl Dgi Viet svC ky todn thU, Viet sd thdng gidm cUang muc cho chie'n trfldng Lang Bac thdi Hai Bi Trflng d pham vi khu viic Ho Tay (Hi Ndi) l i khong dung vdi thflc te', vi chic chin vio diu Cdng nguyen Ho Tay chfla hinh thinh v i khu vflc Ho Tay cung khong cd di'u tich chien trfldng chdng quin xam Iflpc Dong Han H.Maspdro, Dio Duy Anh, Trin Quoc Vfldng di? doin chie'n trfldng Lang Bac d khu vflc phia dong Co' Loa, tflc Ii vung cic huy^n Tfl Sdn, Tien Du tinh Bic Ninh Dinh Vin Nhit lai cho r i n g chiin trfldng Ling Bac phai d vung triing Trung Ddng gin thinh pho' Bic Ninh Moi quan diim deu khai thac kha tript di cac ngudn tfl lipu thfl tich v i nhflng die diim dia hinh tfl nhien ciia vflng Lang Bac nhfl vflng doi gd (Tien Du) hay vflng triing ngip lut (Trung Ddng) Tuy nhien dd ciing mdi chi l i nhflng gia thie't khoa hpc Chiing tdi nhin nhin diin bid'n cua cupc khang chien chong quin xim Iflpc Ddng Hin cua Trflng Vfldng theo mpt Id gich khac nen cd cich giai thfeh khdng gioiig cac tic gia tren vl mpt vflng chid'n trudng Ling Bac Vi'n dl cung cin phai dfldc tie'p tyc nghien cflu v i thao luin Cugc hhfli nghla I^ai Ba Tnmg (24) Lich Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr 695; H&u Hdn thU, Q 54, Ma Vi^n truypn (25) Sau niy chinh Ma Vipn d i kl lai tim trang thflc ciia minh vdi bpn quan thupc: "Luc ta dang d gida miin Lang Bgc vd Tdy Ly, qudn gidc chUa dep yen, trdi thi dUdi nUdc lut, tren mdy mil, dgc bdc len ngun ngut, trdng len thdy diiu hdu duang bay bdng rai xudng nUdc chet" Trong hoin canh nhfl viy Ma Vipn lien tfldng den v i td dong tinh vdi ldi khuyen ciia ngfldi em hp ring: "Ke si sinh d ddi chi cdn dn mac viia du, di cdi xe thdp, cUdi ngUa gdy, ldm mgt chdc quan nho, song dUac d gdn nhd chdm soc mo md td tien, ldng mgc, duac khen Id ngUdi tdt, the Id dd rdi" (fjgu Hdn ky, Q 7) (26) Tfl lipu khao sat thflc dia ciia cin bp bp mdn Ljch sii Vipt Nam Co trung dai v i sinh vien khoi 24 (nim 1983) (27) Nhfl Ddng Bang d Gia Lpc (Dai Hflng, Ddng Anh) Thuy Hai, Ding Giang d Dai Vi (Hi Vi, Lien Hi, Ddng Anh), VTnh Huy d ling Co' Chau (Vin Hi, Ddng Anh) (28) Trfldc diy cd ngfldi doin Ci'm Khe d huypn Lip Thach, tinh VTnh Phuc, nhflng nhfl t h l hoin toin khdng phfl hpp vdi Id gich ciia cupc khang chie'n Gin day gidi sii hpc Vipt Nam cd khuynh hfldng ddng y vdi y kid'n ciia dng Dinh Vin Nhit cho ring Ci'm Khe d chin nui Ba Vi, huypn Thach Thi't, H i Ndi Chi djnh vj tri cua Ci'm Khe d hflu ngan sdng Hdng l i hpp ly, nhien khoanh gpn Ci'm Khe khu vflc thung lung Suoi Ving d dfldi chin nui Ba Vi thi lai chfla thit chinh xic Ci'm Khd chic chin phai kdo dii tfl vflng chin nui Ba VT cho dd'n t i n khu vi?c chfla Hfldng, My Dflc, Hi Npi dd cd diiu kipn noi thdng vdi Ciiu Chin Di tfch vi truyin thuyd't cd lien quan den cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng d cic huyen Thach Thi't, Qudc Oai, Chfldng My, My Dflc (Hi Ndi) v i khu vflc dpc dai sdng Day d i phan anh thflc te niy 15 (29) Dieu niy lai bj truyen thuyet din gian giai thfeh sai Ipch di l i thi't thd' d Ci'm Khe, Hai Bi Trflng chay v l Hat Mdn roi gieo minh xudng ddng sdng Hat tfl tin Sich Dgi Nam qudc sd diin ca (da din, tr 56) cung vi the mi chdp sai di ring: "Cdm Khi den luc hiem ngheo Chi em thdt thdcUng liiu vdi sdng" (30) Ljch Dao Nguydn: Thuy kinh chd, sdd, Q 37, tr 696 (31) Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr 696 (32) Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr 696 (33) Lich Dao Nguydn: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr 696 (34) Vio thdi diem tnidc sau nhflng nim 70 ciia thd' ky XX, chiu anh hfldng cua khuynh h fldng chinh trj cflc doan, d Trung Qudc xui't hi^n nhiiu bii viet "thd'i phdng B\f xam Iflpc ciia Trung Quoc doi vdi Vi^t Nam, vi'n dl Hai Bi Trflng khdi nghia v i Mi Vidn nam chinh dflpc nhi'n manh qua mflc" Mpt nhflng tic gia dd, dng Hoing Tranh da tflng vidt vio nim 1979 ring cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng chi Ii "cupc phan lo?n ciia gidi quy tpc chu nd vflng Giao Chi choiig lai triiu dinh phong kid'n hoi vfldng triiu Ddng Hin tie'n hinh" Cung may m i dd'n nim 2005, dng di thinh thit nhin nhflng sai lim cila minh v i khing djnh: "Hai Bi Trflng thflc sfl Ii nhflng ngfldi anh hflng ri't ding kfnh trpng long nhin din Vipt Nam hing nghin nim nay, khdng thl tif n thi'p v i bdi nhp Moi nghi tdi diiu niy, tdi liin cam thi'y ldng cd nhflng hd thpn v i bit an" (Vi vdn di Md Vien nam chinh Giao Chi, Bii phit biiu tai Hdi thao hpc thuit vl vin hoi ljch sil Ma Vidn huypn Phdng Thinh, Quang Tay td' chflc thing nim 2005) ... tfldng Le Chan d An Bien (npi thinh Hai Phong) v i An Bien (Dong Trieu Quang Ninh), Lpnh Ba, Chfnh Trpng d Quynh Cfl (An Hai, Hai Phdng), Hoing Dp d An Hoi (An Hai, Hai Phdng), vien quan lang hp Lo... dg'u khong phai Ik ten hp dildng thdi ciia Hai B4 TrUng Tu li$u chi cho ph6p xac nhfin Hai Bk TrUng thupc dong doi qu^ tpc Lac Vi$t (3) Gin day c6 mpt so tac gia cho ring que hUdng ciia Hai B4 TrUng... vUc hai ben bd sdng Cim doan tii ndi Hai Phdng ngUdc trd len (22) NhUng vi ludng tnidc dUdc the dich qua manh nen Hai Ba TrUng quye't dinh khdng ddn toan bg binh liic vung dia d i u ma chl sau