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expensive. If he weren’t away from home, I would tell him the answer. If the weather were better now, we could go for a walk. If I knew his address,I would give it to you ... If he worke[r]
(1)ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP TIẾNG ANH
Chương 1: Các đại từ tiếng anh(pronouns) 1,Đại từ nhân xng: I, You He, She It, We, You, They
đợc chia thành ngơi
Ng«i Sè Ýt Sè nhiỊu
1 I We
2 You You
3 He,She,It They
Đại từ nhân xng làm chủ ngữ câu She is a teacher
2, TÝnh tõ së h÷u: My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Your, Their
Luôn kết hợp với danh từ để tạo thành ngữ danh từ,đứng trớc danh từ
My pen is in the bag
3,Đại từ sở hữu:Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Its, Ours, Yours, Theirs Luôn thay cho danh từ hay ngữ danh từ để tránh lặp lại This is your book Mine is on the table
4,Tân ngữ : Me, You, Him, Her , It, Us, You, Them
Luôn đứng sau động từ va sau giới từ để bổ nghĩa cho động từ I want him
5,Đại từ phản thân:Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself ,Itself,Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves
- Luôn đứng sau động từ sau giới từ
- Nó đứng sau chủ ngữ nhằm để nhấn mạnh hành động ngời làm Ex: I cut myself
Chơng 2: Các tiếng anh(tenses) 1.Thì thường (present simple)
a.Với động từ Tobe: - is : He/ She /It /Mai
- are : They / You/ We / Mai and Lan - am : I
(2)He is a teacher They are students
* form (+) S + am/is/are + N/ O
(-) S + amnot/isn’t/aren’t +N/O (?) Am/Is/Are +S + N/O?
Yes, S+ am/is/are
No,S+ amnot/isn’t/aren’t Wh-qs +am/is/are + S?
S+ am/is/are + b Với động từ thường:
* do: You,We,They,Lan and Mai -V *does: He,She,It,Lan,Mai -V-s/es
* form (+) He/ She/ It + V- s/es + O (+) You/ We/ They / I + V + O
(-) He/ She/ It + does n’t + V + O (-) You/ We / They / I + n’t + V + O
(?) Does + He/ She/ It + V + O ? (?) Do + They / You/ We + V + O ?
Yes,S+ do/does
No,S+ don’t/doesn’t Wh-qs +do/does + S + V? S+ V/V-s,es +
(3)-Những động từ tận y:
+Trớc y nguyên âm ta thªm “s”
+Trớc “y” phụ âm ta đổi “y” thành “i” thêm “es” *Cách đọc “s,es”:
/iz/: víi V-ces,ses,ges,shes.ches,xes,zes /s/: víi V-t,p,k,f , âm vô
/z/: với V- âm hữu
* eg: He watches TV everynight They watch TV
She does not watch TV Do you watch TV?
c Các trạng từ thường với hiên thường (Adv) Always,frequently,Usually
Often,sometimes,seldom,never,ever , every
day/week/night/month,almost once,twice,s®+times… d Cách dùng :
Diễn tả hành động:- thường xuyên xảy - hành động lặp lặp lại - Một thật hiển nhiên 2.Thì tiếp diễn.(present progressive)
- is : He/ She /It /Mai
- are : They / You/ We / Mai and Lan - am : I
* form : (+) S + am/is/are + V-ing + O
(-) S + amnot/isn’t/aren’t + V-ing + O (?) am/is/are + S + V-ing + O?
Yes, S+ am/is/are
(4)S+ am/is/are +V-ing * cách thêm ing
-Thông thờng ta thêm ing vào sau V
-Những động từ tận là: “e” ta bỏ “e” thêm “ing”
-Những động từ có cấu tao (phụ âm –nguyên âm –phụ âm) ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối thêm “ing”
Một số động từ cảm giác không tồn dới dạng tiếp diễn(want,need,love,like )
* eg: He is reading book now
They are listening to music What are you doing now ? * Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm nói * Adv : now, at the moment, at present, right now
3.Thì hồn thành.(present perfect tense) * have: They / You/ We / Mai and Lan
* has: He/ She /It /Mai
* form : (+) S + has / have + V- ed /p2 + O
(-) S + hasn’t /have n’t + V- ed /p2 + O (?) Has / have + S + V- ed /p2 + O ?
Yes, S+ has/have No,S+ hasn’t/haven’t Wh-qs +have /has + S V-ed/p2? S+ has/have +V-ed/p2 * cách thêm ed
-Thông thờng ta thêm ed vào sau V
-Nhng ng t tận là: “e” ta thêm “d”
(5)+Trớc y nguyên âm ta thªm “ed”
+Trớc “y” phụ âm ta đổi “y” thành “i” thêm “ed” *Cách đọc “ed”:
/id/: víi V-t/d
/t/: víi V-s,sh,p,k,f ,ch, âm vô /d/: với V- âm hữu
eg: I have just seen my sister in the park
She has finished her homework recently
Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả hành động vừa xảy
- Hành động xảy khứ mà không rõ thời gian - Hành động xảy khứ liên quan đến
hiện
Adv : just, recently, ever, never, already, since, for, so far,
yet, up to now
4Thì khứ thường(past simple) a.Với động từ Tobe:
* Was : I/ He / She / It * Were: You / We / They
(+) S + was/were + N/ O (-) S + wasn’t/weren’t +N/O (?) Was/Were +S + N/O? Yes, S+ was/were No,S+ wasn’t/weren’t Wh-qs +was/were + S? S+ was/were +
(6)Were they in hospital last month? b.Với động từ thường:
*did : dùng chung cho tất
form: (+) S + V- ed/p1 + O
(-) S+ did n’t + V + O ) (?) Did + S + V + O ?
Yes, S+ did No,S+ didn’t
Wh-qs +did + S + V? S+ V-ed/p1 +
* cách thêm ed
-Thông thờng ta thêm ed vào sau V
-Nhng ng t tn là: “e” ta thêm “d”
-Những động từ có cấu tao (phụ âm –nguyên âm –phụ âm) ta gấp đơi phụ âm cuối thêm “ed”
-Những động từ tận “y”:
+Trớc y nguyên âm ta thêm ed
+Trớc “y” phụ âm ta đổi “y” thành “i” thêm “ed” *Cách đọc “ed”:
/id/: víi V-t/d
/t/: víi V-s,sh,p,k,f ,ch, ©m vô /d/: với V- âm hữu
eg: Tom went to Paris last summer
He did not watch TV last night Did you go to HCM city ?
c.Adv
(7)- Diễn tả hành động xảy khứ 5.Thì khứ tiếp diễn( past progressive)
* Was : I/ He / She / It/Mai
* Were: You / We / They/Lan and Mai
* form (+) S + Was/ were + V- ing + O
(-) S + Was/ were + not + V- ing + O (?) Was/ were + S + V- ing + O? Yes, S+ was/were
No,S+ wasn’t/weren’t Wh-qs +was/were + S + V-ing? S+ was/were +V-ing * cách thêm ing
-Thông thờng ta thêm ing vào sau V
-Nhng động từ tận là: “e” ta bỏ “e” thêm “ing”
-Những động từ có cấu tao (phụ âm –ngun âm –phụ âm) ta gấp đơi phụ âm cuối thêm “ing”
Một số động từ cảm giác không tồn dới dạng tiếp diễn(want,need,love,like )
eg: I was doing my homework at p.m last Sunday
I was cooking while my sister was washing the dishes
Cách dùng :
- Diễn tả hành động xảy khứ thời gian xác định cụ thể
(8)- Diễn tả hành động xảy hành động khác đến
6
Thì q khứ hồn thành.(past perfect tense) * had: dùng chung cho tất
* form : (+) S + had + V- ed /p2 + O
(-) S + had + not + V- ed /p2 + O. (?) Had + S + V- ed /p2 + O.?
Yes, S+ had No,S+hadn’t
Wh-qs +had + S +V-ed/p2? S+ had +V-ed/p2
* c¸ch thêm ed
-Thông thờng ta thêm ed vào sau V
-Những động từ tận là: “e” ta thêm “d”
-Những động từ có cấu tao (phụ âm –ngun âm –phụ âm) ta gấp đơi phụ âm cuối thêm “ed”
-Những động từ tận “y”:
+Tríc “y” lµ mét nguyên âm ta thêm ed
+Trc y phụ âm ta đổi “y” thành “i” thêm “ed” *Cách đọc “ed”:
/id/: víi V-t/d
/t/: với V-s,sh,p,k,f ,ch, âm vô /d/: với V- âm hữu
* eg: We had lived in Hue before 1975
After the chrildren had finished their homework, they went to bed
(9)- Diễn tả hành động xảy hoàn thành khứ
(- Trong câu có hai hành động hành động xảy trước dùng q khứ hồn thành cịn hành động sau dùng khứ thường )
7 Thì tương lai thường.(future tense) * Shall: I, We
* Will: They / You/He/ She /It /Mai / Mai and Lan * form : (+) S + Shall/Will + V + O
(-) S + Shan’t Won’t + V + O (?) Shall/Will + S + V + O ?
Yes, S+shall/ will No,S+ shan’t/won’t Wh-qs +shall/will + S + V? S+ shall/will +V * eg: I will call you tomorrow He ‘ll come back next week
Adv Tomorrow, next week/ month …, soon Cách dùng :
- Diễn tả hành động xảy tương lai Một dự định, kế hoặch
8 Thì tương lai gần. - is : He/ She /It /Mai
- are : They / You/ We / Mai and Lan - am : I
(10)(-) S +amnot/isn’t/aren’t + going to + V +O. (?) am/is/are +S + going to + V + O?
Yes, S+ am/is/are
No,S+ amnot/isn’t/aren’t
Wh-qs +am/is/are + S +going to + V? S+ am/is/are +going to +V *eg: My father is going to visit Ha long Bay
* Cách dùng :
- Diễn tả hành động sửa xảy dự định tới (thường câu khơng có cụm từ thời gian)
9 Bài tập
A Chia động từ ngoặc thích hợp. 1.Be quiet ! The baby ( sleep)
2 The sun ( set) in the West
3.Mr Green always ( go) to work by bus It ( not rain ) in the dry season
5 They ( have ) lunch in the cafeteria now My little sister ( drink) milk every day
7 The doctor sometimes ( return) home late He ( write) a long novel at present
9 Look ! The bus ( come)
10 The earth (move) around the sun
11.Sometime ( smell) good in the kitchen now
12.His uncle ( teach) English in our school five years ago 13 The old man( fall) as he (get) into the bus
(11)16 It (take) me minutes to walk to school last year 17.They ( not speak) to each other since they quarelled 18 I (try) to learn English for years, but I ( not succeed) yet 19.I (not see) her since last week
20 Jonh( do) his homework already
21.The train (start) before we arrived at the station
22 There (be) an English class in this room tomorrow evening 23 The film already (begin) when we got to the cinema
24 You (stay) at home tonight?
25.I( be) twenty years old next June
26.Where are you?- I’m upstairs I (have) a bath 27.All of them (sing) when I( came)
28.What you( do) at p.m yesterday?
29 Where you ( spend) your holiday last year? 30 Why didn’t you listen while I (speak) to you? II Chia động từ ngoặc
1.A: I …………( not see) Andrew for weeks
B: Nor me, It’s weeks since I last …….( see) him 2.A: What……( you/do) last night?
B: Well, I …… ( be) very tired, so I … ( go) to bed very early
3.A: ……….( you/ meet) Julie recently? B: Yes, I …….(see) her a few days ago A: Are you still playing tennis?
(12)5 A: What part of Birminggham…… ( you/live) when you … (be) a student?
B: A place called Selly Oak ………( you/ever/be) there? Keys
I
1.is sleeping sets
3 goes does not rain are having drinks
7 returns is writing is coming 10 moves 11 smells 12 taught 13 fell / got 14 was sitting 15 was 16 took
17 have n’t spoken 18 have tries 19.have not seen 20.has done 21.had started 22 will be 23.had already begun 24 will you 25 will be 26 am having 27 were singing 28 were … doing 29 did … spend 30 was speaking II
1 haven’t seen – saw
2 did you – was – went have you met – saw haven’t been – broke
(13)Chương 3: Câu điều kiện (conditional sentences) I Lý thuyết.
- Một câu điều kiện thường có hai mệnh đề mệnh đề mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề phụ đặt trước mệnh đề
- Có loại câu điều kiện:
1.Câu điều kiện 1: điều kiện xảy
* form: mệnh đề If , mệnh đề Simple present( HT) , Simple future( TL) Simple present
If + S + V(HT) +O , S + Will/ Shall + V(inf) + O S + V(HT) + O
* eg: If I have time, I shall visit you
Jonh usually walks to school if he has enough time If she eats much, she will be over weight
Câu điều kiện : điều kiện có thật * form : mệnh đề If , mệnh đề
Past simple (QKT) , would, could, should, might If + S + V–ed /p1 + O, S + would/ could + V + O
note: Tobe dùng Were cho tất
* eg: If I had much money , I would buy a new bicycle
If you practised English every day , you could speak it fluently
If I were you, I would not tell him about that Câu điều kiện 3: điều kiện khơng có thật q khứ * form: mệnh đề If , mệnh đề
(14)If + S + had + ed/p2 + O, S + would/ could + have + V-ed/p2 + O
* eg: If he had driven more carefully, he could have had fewer accidents
4 Note: Unless = if…not ( không ) Eg: Unless it rains, we will go to the movie ( If it does not rain , we will go to the movies) 5 Bảng tóm tắt câu điều kiện.
Loạ i
Mệnh đề Mệnh đề phụ
1 Will
Can + V May
Shall
V(HT)
2 Could
Would + V Should
Might
V- ed/p1 were Could
Would + have + V- ed/ p2 Should
Had + V- ed/p2
II Bài tập
A.Chia động từ ngoặc.
1.If you ( go) away, please write to me
(15)4 I ( not ) that if I (be) you
5 If he (take) my advice, everything can go well
6 I would have come sooner if I ( know) you were here He never does homework If he ( do) his homework, he (not worry) about his examination
8.It’s too bad we lost the game If you (play) for us, we( win) 9.What you (do) if she refuses your invitation?
10 If today (be) Sunday, we (go) to the beach
11 Unless they (pass) their examinations, they would join the army
12 You (be) ill if you drink that water
13 If Tom (go) to bed earlier, he would not be so tired 14 Had we known your address, we( write) you a letter 15 If it’s raining heavily, we (not go) for a donkey ride 16 If he (try) hard, he’ll pass the axamination
17 I could understand the French teacher if she (speak) more slowly
18.If she (not be) busy, she would have come to the party 19 If I (finish) the work in time, I ( go) to the football game 20 If you( see) Mary today, please ( ask) her to call me B.Viết lại câu sau cho nghĩa câu không thay đổi.
1 That man doesn’t work hard.He can’t earn more money 2.I don’t tell him the answer because he is from home
3 My friend and I don’t have enough money , so we will not buy a house of our own
(16)5 I don’t know his adress, and I don’t give it to you 6.He does not work slowly enough, so he makes many mistakes
7 I am not sent to prison She doesn’t visit me
8 I don’t win a big prize in a lottery, so I don’t give up my job The doctor can’t see many patiens because he is so late 10 We don’t visit them in Hanoi because tickets are
expensive
Keys A
go had been eats wouldn’t do/ wer 5.takes had known
did/ wouldn’t worry had played/ would have won will ….do 10 were /would go
11.passed 12 will be
13.went 14 would have writen 15.won’t go 16 tries
17 spoke 18 hadn’t been 19 finish/ will go 20 see / ask B
1.If the man worked hard , he could earn more money
If he weren’t away from home, I would tell him the answer 3.If my friend and had enough money, we would buy a house of our own
(17)If he worked slowly enough, he would not make many mistakes
If I were sent to prison, I would visit me
If I won a big prize in a lottery, I would give up my job If the doctor weren’t so late, he could see many patients 10 If ticket weren’t expensive, we would visit them in Hanoi Chương Cách dùng động từ “ Wish”
I. Lý thuyết.
- Động từ Wish= If only ( ao ước) thường dùng để diễn tả ước muốn, điều thật khó thực
- có loại câu ước
1 Future wish:( ước muốn tương lai)
* form: S + wish + S + would/ could + V + O If only + S + would/ could + V + O * eg:- I wish I would be an astronaut in the future - Tom wishes he could visit Paris next summer - If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday 2 Present wish( ước muốn tại)
* form: S + wish + S + V- ed/p1 + O
Were + adj / n Could + V
* eg:- I wishI were rich (but I am poor now) - I can’t swim I wish I could swim
(18)- We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today( we have go
to class)
3 Past wish : ( ước muốn khứ)
* form: S + wish + S + had + V- ed /p2 + O
could have + V- ed/p2 + O * eg :- I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year
( I failed my exam )
- She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house
( she didn’t have enough money to buy it ) - If only I had met her yesterday
( I didn’t meet her )
- She wishes she could have been there ( she couldn’t be there)
II. Bài tập :
A Chia động từ ngoặc
1 She wishes her father ( be) here now to help her I wish they ( visit) us when they were in town I wish someone ( give) me a job next month
4 If only I ( can take) the trip to Hanoi with her next summer I wish they ( know) the truth yesterday
6 I wish I (see) that film on TV again
7 We wish she (be) our teacher of English
(19)10 I wish I ( spend) my last summer vacation in the mountains
11.I wish she (come) to see me yesterday 12.If only I ( have) more time to this job
13.He missed an exceiting football match on TV last night He wishes he ( watch ) it
14.I wish you ( not give ) them my phone number yesterday 15.We wish we ( understand) all the teacher’s explanation yesterday
B Viết lại câu sau cho nghĩa câu không thay đổi.
1 What a pity the weather isn’t nice Your cousin doesn’t tell you the truth I’m sorry you don’t study hard
4 I can’t lend you any money
5 What a pity he doesn’t invite us to the party I’m sorry I can’t easily give the answer
7 Tom isn’t here now
8 We don’t buy that house They never visit us
10 She is often late for school Keys A.
(20)4 could take 5.had known would see
7.were had not wasted had come
10 had spent 11 had come 12 had 13 had watched 14 had not given 15 had understood
B.
1.I wish the weather were nice
2 I wish your cousin told you the truth 3.I wish you studied hard
4 I wish I could lend you some money I wish he invited us to the party
6 I wish I could easily give the answer I wish Tom were here now
8 I wish we bought that house I wish they visited us
(21)Chương 5: Câu bị động ( The pasive voice) A Lý thuyết.
Quan sát:
- Câu chủ động: Mr Smith teaches English - Câu bị động: English is taught by Mr Smith
Qui tắc:
- Lấy tõn ngữ câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ câubị động - đặt đông từ “be” câu chủ động
- Đặt động từ câu chủ động sau động từ “be” kh phõn t (ed/p2)
- Đăt bổ ngữ (M)sau khứ phân từ( có)
- Ly ch ngữ câu chủ động làm tân ngữ câu bị độngtrớc có từ “by”
Sơ đồ: S V O
(22)HT Am, is, are + V- ed/p2 QK
Was, were + V- ed(p2) HTTD
Am,is, are + being + V- ed/p2 QKTD
Was, were + being + V- ed/p2 HTHT
Have, has + been + V- e/p2 QKHT
Had + been + V- ed/p2 Say,
believe, know, think
report
It + to be+V-ed/p2 +that + clause
S + to be +V-ed/p2 +to +V/to have +V-ed/p2
V+to+V S +want to/have to +be +V-ed/p2 V +V-ing S + hate/like/love + being + V-ed/p2 MODEL
VERBS Can,may,might,should,will
Have to, used to, + be + V- ed/p2 *eg:
1.I learn English everyday
=> English is learnt by me everyday 2.My mother wrote that letter
=> That letter was writen by my mother 3.He is asking me a lot of questions => I am being asked a lot of questions
(23)6 They had prepared a dinner before we came => A dinner had been prepared before we came My friend can answer this question
=> This question can be answered by my friend Chuyển đổi sang chủ động:
-Lấy tân ngữ câu bị động (sau “by”)làm chủ ngữ câu chủ động -Bỏ động từ “be “
-Đặt động từ câu bị động động từ “be” -Lấy chủ ngữ câu bị động làm tân ngữ câu chủ động -Đặt bổ ngữ (M) nu cú
chú ý:nếu tân ngữ sau by ta lấy chủ ngữ theo tình ,people, they
B. Bài tập
Chuyển câu sau sang câu bị động They can’t make tea with cold water
2 The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant
3 Somebody has taken some of my books away They will hold the meeting before May Day They have to repair the engine of the car
6 The boys broke the window and took away some pictures
7 People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday They may use this room for the classroom
9 The teacher is going to tell a story
(24)11 The children looked at the women with a red hat
12 They have provided the victims with food and clothing 13 The teacher explains the lesson
14 Mrs Green is cooking the food in the kitchen 15 The doctor examined the patients
16 These boys made that noise
17 People speak English all over the world 18 He gave him back the money last Sunday 19 I can’t these exrcises quickly
20 She had finished the report by noor 21 Should they help Jane with the sewing ? 22 The mechanic is repairing Judy’s car
23 We must something before it’s too late 24 They make these artificial flowers of silk 25 Did they LuLu feed last night?
26 Nick will bring the pizzas to our house
27 They used to dring beer for breakfast in England years ago 28 They were cleaning the floor when I arrived
29 Has anyone ever asked you for your opinion ? 30 Where will your company send you next year ?
Keys.
1.Tea can’t be made with cold water
2 All the workers of the plant were being instructed by the chief
(25)5 The engine of the car has to be repaired
6 The window was broken and some pictures were taken away by the boy
7 A lot of money is spent on advertising everyday This room may be used for the classroom
9 A story is going to be told by the teacher
10 The cake is being cut with a sharp knife by Mary 11 The woman with a red hat was looked at by the children
12 The victims have been provided with food and clothing 13 The lesson is explained by the teacher
14.The food is being cooked in the kitchen by Mrs Green 15.The patients were examined by the doctor
16.That noise was made by these boys 17 English is spoken all over the world
18 He was given the money back last Sunday 19 These exercises can’t be done quickly 20.The report had been finished by noon 21.Should Jane be helped with the sewing?
22 Judy’s car is being repaired by the mechanic 23.Something must be done before it’s too late 24 These artificial flowers are made of silk 25 Was LuLu fed last night ?
26 The pizzas will be brought to our house by Nick
27.Beer used to be drunk for breakfast in England years ago
(26)
Chương 6: Câu trực tiếp – Gián tiếp (reported speech)
A.Lý thuyết
- Lời nói gián tiếp tờng thuật l¹i ý cđa ngêi nãi
Cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp:
Bá dÊu
Đổi
I He,She We They
You He, She (they) He,She,It He,She,It
Lùi
Đổi tr¹ng tõ:
Trực tiếp(direct) Gián tiếp(indirect)
is/are/ am was/were
Was/were had been
is/are/am + V- ing was/were + V- ing
Will Would
Can Could / be able to
Shall Should
Must Had to / would have to
Have to Had to
V/V-s,es V-ed/p1
V-ed/p1 had+V-ed/p2
may Might
(27)- thứ nhất: (I,we, me, mine,us,our) đổi sang thứ ba ( He, She, It,They, him/ her, his/ hers, its, their, them)
*eg: Jane said,” I live in the suburbs”
-> Jane said that she lived in the suburbs
- thứ hai ( You, your, yours ) đổi theo tân ngữ mệnh đề tường thuật
*eg: He said to me,” You can take my book” -> He said me that I could take his book
- thứ ba ( He, She, It, They, him, his, her ,them ,their) giữ nguyên( không đổi)
*eg: Mary says,” They come to help the pupils.”
-> Mary said that they came to help the pupils 3.Trạng từ thời gian
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
now Then
ago Before
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day/the following day yesterday the day before/the previous day
Last the before
last week/month/year the previous week/month/year next week/month/year the following week/month/year *eg: - “I’m going now” He said
-> He said he was going then
- She said “ I was at Hue yesterday”
(28)4 Trạng từ nơi chốn
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
here There
this That
these Those
*eg:- He said,”Put the books here”
-> He told me to put the books there
- Tom said to me,” I’ll meet you this Friday”
-> He told me that he would meet me that Friday *Form:
-Statement:
S+ said S+V+O -Command:
S+told/ask/advised+sb+to V +not to V -Yes-No qs:
S+asked +if/whether+S+V+O -Wh-qs:
S+asked+Wh-qs +S+V+O
III Câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp
Trong li núi giỏn tiếp loại câu đợc bắt đầu động từ: asked, told, ordered/warned/…
Eg: -“ Hurry up, Lan”
(29)- “ Shut the door”
-> He ordered them to shut the door - “ Don’t leave the room”
-> He told them not to leave the room. * C«ng thøc :,
TT:“V + O” => GT: S + told/ordered/asked + to-inf + O TT“Don’t/ doesn’t + V + O” =>GT:S + asked/told + not + to-inf + O
IV Câu nghi vấn
1. Yes/ No – questions
Trong lời nói gián tiếp loại câu hỏi mở đầu động từ “ ask, wonder …” theo sau có “if/ whether” *eg: - “ Have you seen that film?” he told her
-> He asked if she had seen that film - “ Will Tom be here tomorrow?.” She told
-> She wonder whether Tom would be there the day after
* Công thức:
TT: S + tell / told + “ Do/does/was/will/are/is + S + V + O ?”
GT => S + asked/wondered + (O) + If/ whether + S + V(lùi thì) + O.
2 Wh – questions ( who,what, where, why, when,how much/ many/ long” câu gián tiếp loại câu mở đầu động từ “ ask, require, wonder, ”
* eg: - “ What time does the film begin?.”
(30)- “ What will you tomorrow?
-> She wondered what I would the next day * Công thức:
TT: S + tell/ told + “ wh- qs + ( do/was/will) + S + V + O ?” GT :S + asked/wondered + (O) + wh – qs + S + V(lùi thì) + O.
B.Bài tập
Chuyển câu sau sang câu gián tiếp. He said to her, “You are my friend.”
2 Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to this exercise.”
3 “ Don’t come back before one o’clock”, advised my brother
4 “Cook it in butter”, Mrs Brown said to her daughter
5 The pupils said “ Teacher, give us better marks, please.” My friend said, “ Are you going to leave tomorrow?”
7 “ Have you done your homework?”, said my mother I asked Bill,” What time did you go to bed last night?” Paul said, “ I must go home now.”
10 “ There is an accident ”, said the policeman
11 “ We are waiting for the school bus”, said the children 12 “ Must you go now?”, said Mr Brown
13 “ Are you going to visit your aunt tomorrow?” asked Tom
14 “ Listen to me and don’t make a noise,”said the teacher to his students
(31)17 “ I didn’t steal your fur coat yesterday,” said Samny to Jean 18 “ You must your homework everyday”, said Miss Lan
to us
19 “ Will we read the story?”, Bill asked his teacher 20 “ I don’t know where Alice is,” said Vicky
21 “ There isn’t much rain in the south of the coutry,” said Harry 22 “ Would you mind turning the music down?”Andrew said
to Anne
23 “ How much you think it will cost?” He asked
24 “ Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand,” He said to me
25 “ Have you already reviewed all your lessons?” she said to me
26 “ Come in and look around There’s no obligation to buy,” said the shopkeeper
27 “ I’m sorry I’m late,” she said.” The bus broken down” 28 Mary asked me “ Can you tell me why you are so sad?” 29 “ Will you please find out when he last wrote to me?”
Jane said to her friend
30 “ You must decide what you want to do”, she said to her daughter
Keys.
He said to her she was his friend
2 Johnny said to his mother he didn’t know how to that exercise
(32)3 Mrs Brown told her daughter to cook it in butter
4 The pupils asked their teacher to give them better marks My friend asked me if I was going to leave the day after My mother asked me if I had done my homework
7 I asked Bill what time he had gone to bed the night before
8 Paul said that he had to go hpme then
10.The policeman said that there was an accident
11.The children said that they were waiting for the school bus
12 Mr Bown asked me if I had to go then
13 Tom askedif I was going to visit my aunt the next day 14 The teacher asked his students to listen to him and not to make any noise
15.Mary said Helen she was tired of eating fish 16.Peter said the sun always rises/rose in the east
17.Sammy told Jean that he didn’t steal/hadn’t stolen her coat the day before
18 Miss Lan told us that we must/ had to our homework every day./ Miss Lan asked us to our homework every day
19 Billy asked his teacher if they would read the story 20 Vicky said she didn’t know where Alice was
21 Andrew asked Anne to turn the music down 22 He asked how much I thought it would cost
(33)24.She asked me if I had already reviewed all my lessons 25 The shopkeeper invited us tocome in and look round and told us that there was no obligation to buy
26.She apologized for being late and explained that the bus had broken down
27 Jane advised me to take the course
28.Mary asked me if I could tell her why I was so sad 29.Jane asked me to find out when he last wrote to her 30.She urged her daughter to decide what she wanted to
Chương 7: Đại từ quan hệ. A.Lý thuyết.
I Relative pronouns
Chức Chỉ người Chỉ vật
Chủ ngữ Who Which
Tân ngữ Whom Which
(34)Mệnh đề quan hệ hay cịn gọi la mệnh đề tính ngữ dùng để phụ nghĩa hay nói vê danh từ ngời (person)hay vật(thing)đứng trớc Mệnh đề quan hệ thờng bắt đầu đại tữ quan hệ.Who, Whom,Which,Whose,That trạng từ quan hệ When,Where
-Who : thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ngêi víi chøc làm chủ ngữ câu
-Whom :thay thé cho danh từ ngời với chức làm tân ngữ câu
-Which : thay cho danh từ vật với chức làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ
-That : thay th cho c Who,Whom,Which mệnh đề co “a few,only,last,every ,everyone
+that dùng đứng trớc chủ ngữ vùă ngời vật(hỗn hợp)
+dạng so sánh cấp tuyệt đối , số thứ tự +sau đại từ bất định someone, +sau cấu trúc It is/was
+b¾t đầu cua danh từ Wh N That không dïng Who, Whom, Which./
-Whose thay thÕ cho danh từ với chức làm tính từ sở hữu sở hữu cách
-When thay cho danh từ chØ vÒ thêi gian -Where thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ vỊ n¬i chèn
* MĐQH đợc chia làm hai loại : MĐQH không xác định MĐQH xác định
-MĐQH (defining relative clause)xác định mệnh đề cần thiết để xác định danh từ đứng trớc làm rõ nghĩa cho câu
-MĐQH (none defining relative clause)không xác định dùng để cung cấp thêm thông tin phụ không cần thiêt để xác định danh từ trớc thân danh từ rõ ràng ,xác định
* Danh từ đứng trớc MĐQH thờng đợc xác định +danh từ danh từ riêng
(35)+danh từ có tính từ sở hữu đứng trớc +danh từ có nhóm từ để phụ nghĩa
-Trớc sau MĐQH khơng xác định phải có du phy
-Đại từ quan that không dùng MĐQH không xác
nh(that khụng bao gi ng sau dấu phẩy, ta phải dùng đại từ quan hệ Which, Who thay thế)
- That, Who kh«ng theo sau giíi tõ
Vì nên MĐQH xác định muốn giới từ lên đầu ta phải dung Which, Whom
None of/Some of/many of/much of/
Each of/One of /Both of/ Afew of + Whom/Which Neither of/Either of /Any of/Half of
Eg: I saw the woman She wrote the book ->I saw the woman who wrote the book
2. I know the man You want to meet him ->I know the man whom you want to meet 3.The pencil is mine The pencil is on the desk -> The pencil which is on the desk is mine
The dress is beautiful She is wearing that dress -> The dress which she is wearing is beautiful The girl is my sister You took the girl’s picture -> The girl whose picture you took is my sister
He showed me his car The engine of the car is good -> He showed me his car, the engine of which is good * “That” dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trường hợp không theo sau dấu phẩy giới từ
(36)1 Monday is the day We will come then -> Monday is the day when we will come I never forget the village I was born there -> I never forget the village where I was born B Bài tập.
Kết hợp câu sau dùng đại từ quan hệ. Alice is my friend Alice’s mother died last year 2.The boy will be punished He threw that stone Ann is very friendly She lives next door
4.The man is a famous actor You met him at the party last night
5.There are some words They are very difficult to translate 6.I was looking for a book this morning I’ve found it now 7.Is that the car? You want to buy it
8.Sandra works in advertising You were talking to her
9.The little girl ate sweets the whole way She sat next to me on the coach
10.Lan is a journalist Her tape recorder was stolen
11.I don’t know the name of the woman I spoke to her on the phone
12 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol It’s only 30 miles away
13 This is Mr Carter I was telling you about him
14 That is the room The meeting is held in that room
15 I’ll always remember the day I first saw that sight on that day
(37)17.No one knows the school My uncle taught at that school 10 years ago
18 Please ask them the time The train stared the trip at that time
19 New Year’s Day is a day All family members gather and enjoy a family dinner then
20 There are many hotels Tourists can enjoy their holidays there
21.India is a country.The earthquake occured in this country last month
22 Bac giang is a city I was born and grew up there
23 We have not decided the day We’ll go to London on that day
24 The man made me sad the most I love him with all my heart
25.The thief was caught This was a really good news
26 The gentleman was very young He was introduced as the most successful businessman
27 His book became the best seller.It was punished last year 28 Neil Armstrong lived in the USA He walked on the moon 29 Nam is very intelligent He learns in our class
30 Ha Long has grown into a big city over the past few years I visited the city last year
Keys.
(38)4.The man who/ that you met at the party last night is a famousactor
5.There are some words that/ which are very difficult to translate
6.I’ve found the book that/which I was looking for this morning 7.Is that the car that/ which you want to buy?
8.Sandra, who you were talking to, works inadvertising 9.The little girl who/ that sat next to me on the coach ate sweets the whole way
10.Lan, whose tape recorder was stolen, is a journalist
11 I don’t know the name of the woman who/ that I spoke to on the phone
12 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is only 30 miles away
13 This is Mr Carter, who I was telling you about 14 That is the room where the meeting is held
15 I’ll always remember the day when I first saw that sight 16 She was born in Malaysia, where rubber trees grow well 17.No one knows the school where my uncle taught 10 years ago
18 Please ask them the time when the train stared the trip 19 New Year’s Day is the day when all family members gather and enjoy a family dinner
20 There are many hotels where tourists can enjoy their holidays
(39)22 Bac Giang is the city where I was born and grew up 23 We have not decided the day when we’ll go to London 24.The man whom I love with all my heart made me sad the most 25 The thief was caught, that was a really good news
26 The gentleman who was introduced as the most successful businessman was very young
27 His book, which was punished last year, became the best seller 28 Neil Armstrong, who walked on the moon, lived in the USA 30 Ha Long, which I visited last week, has grown into a big over the past few years
Chương 8: Dạng động từ. A Lý thuyết
I.To – infinitive.
Sử dụng trường hợp sau:
- sau động từ: want, intend, decide, expect, hope, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish,
- sau tính từ: glad, happy, ready, kind, - sau phó từ:enough, too,
- cấu trúc: - It + take + O +(time) + to-inf - S + V + O +(not) + to-inf ( V: ask, get, tell, want, advise, request, )
* Eg: I want to buy a new house I’m glad to pass the exam
II.Bare infinitive
Sử dụng trường hợp sau:
- sau Model Verbs như: can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, would rather , had better,
(40)- cấu trúc với V động từ tri giác: see, hear, notice, feel,
*Eg: I can speak English very well I hear him come in
III Verb- ing.
Sử dụng trường hợp sau:
- sau số động từ như: avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish,keep, mind, practise, stop
- sau Phrasal verbs: to be used to, to get accustomed, to look forward to, to have a good time/difficulty, to be busy, to be worth,
- cấu trúc với V động từ tri giác biểu đạt hành động tiếp diễn
- cÊu tróc : would you mind …
- sau giới từ như: about, of, with, without, *Eg: I enjoy fishing
Alice is fond of dancing IV.Past participle V- ed( P2)
Được dùng trường hợp sau:
- hoàn thành: have + V- ed(p2) - câu bị động: be + V- ed(p2)
*Eg: She has lived in this town for years B Bài tập.
Chia động từ ngoặc:
1.Tourists could see fish ( swim) along the brook 2.We enjoy (swim) along this river
3.The form teacher has asked Jack (write) an essay on the Thames
4.It sometimes may be difficult (get) a taxi during rush- hours 5.The rain has made the children ( stop) their games
6.She tells the driver( take) her to the railway station 7.Does Mrs Green have them ( carry) those books back home?
8.The principal noticed those pupils (try) harder and harder 9.Children have just stopped ( play) football
(41)13 They’ve finished ( do) their homework
14.They had their house (paint) before Tet holiday 15.I advised him ( wait) for me at the airport
16 Would you mind ( help) me with this work? 17.Do you smell something ( burn) in the kitchen?
18 Mother requests her daughter not ( come) back home late 19 We shall have the grass ( cut) tomorrow
20.They noticed lots of sheep( graze) in green meadows 21.When I’m tired, I enjoy( watch) TV.It’s relaxing
22 Would you like(have) something to eat?
23.It started( rain) an hour ago Has it stopped ( rain) yet? 24 My family is trying (decide)where to go on holiday 25.Our teacher made me (answer) all the questions 26 I’ve enjoy ( meet) you I hope ( see) you again 27 I hate ( see) a child(cry)
28.They prefer( play) in swimming pool all day 29.They refuse ( go) out on trips if it’s too hot
30 I used ( smoke) 20 cigarettes a day, but now I give up ( smoke)
31.We decided( rent) a house with a swimming pool 32.Can you help me (get) the dinner ready?
33 When we arrived, the people next door invited us ( have) a drink with them
34 We began (talk) about next year’s holiday two months ago 35.I remember (lock) the door when I left but forgot ( shut) the window
36.He agrees( start) the job as soon as possible 37 I finished ( read) the book and went to bed
38 My teachers always expected me ( do) well in exams 39.Let me ( pay) for the meal.You paid last time
40 It’s difficult ( get) used to ( eat) with chopsticks Keys.
1 swim / swimming 11 visited
2 swimming 12 park / parking to write 13 doing
(42)5 stop 15 to wait
6 to take 16 helping
7 carry 17 burn / burning
8 try / trying 18 to come
9 playing 19 cut
10 talking 20 graze / grazing
21 watching 31.to rent 22 to have 32.to get / get 23.to rain / raining – raining 33.to have
24 to decide 34 talking / to talk 25 answer 35 to lock – to shut 26 meeting – to see 36 to start
27 seeing / to see - crying 37 reading 28.playing / to play 38 to 29.to go 39 pay
30 to smoke – smoking 40 to get - eating Chương 9: Cấp so sánh.
A Lý thuyết. I.So sánh bằng:
* form: S1 + V + as + adv + as + S2 S1 + Be + as + adj + as + S2. * eg: - She runs as quickly as her brother - John is as tall as Tom
*so sánh không bằng/
* form: S1 + not + be/V + as/so + adj/adv + as + S2 S1 + be/V + less + adj/adv + than + S2. *eg: - He is not so good as his brother
- I am less rich than you II
So sánh
Đối với tính từ, trạng từ ngắn
*form: adv/adj + ER + than
*eg: Mr Brown is older than Mr Peter He drives runner than I (do)
Đối với tính từ, trạng từ dài
* form: more + adv/adj + than
*eg: A car is more expensive than a bicycle Ha writes more carefully than Hai III.So sánh nhất.
Đối với tính từ, trạng từ ngắn
(43)*eg: Ha is the tallest in the class Lan runs the fastest in the class
Đối với tính từ, trạng từ dài
*form: the + most + adv/adj
*eg: This is the most difficult lesson ih the book
Huong speaks English the most fluenlty in my class *Những tính từ có âm tiết tính từ ngắn (short adjectives)
Adj comparatives surperlatives
S+be+ Adj –er+than S+be+the+Adj-est long
short wet tall
*Những tính từ có ba âm tiết tính tõ dµi (long adjectives)
Adj comparatives surperlatives
S+be+more +Adj+than S+be+the+most+Adj expensive
beautiful dangerous
*Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ có hai âm tiết
-Tận y tính từ ngắn:
happy,busy,noisy,dirty,funny,hungry,sexy,easy
-Còn lại tính từ dài: handsome,famous, narrow,clever, well-known
* Các trường hợp ngoại lệ
So sánh So sánh Good/ well (tốt) better best
Bad/ badly (xấu) worse worst Many/ much
(nhiều)
more most
Little (ít) less least
Far (xa) farther/further farthest/furthest
Near (gần) nearer nearest/next
*Like *Alike
*(not) the same as * To be different from
*Thứ tự tinh tu cau
(44)*Thong thuong chung ta dung tinh tu sau dong tu TOBE ,tuy“ ” nhien tinh tu cung di voi mot so dong tu nhu
be,get,become,have,smell
“ ”
B.Bài tập.
I.Chọn từ cụm từ ngoặc.
1.Of the four dresses, I like the red one(better/best) Bill is the (happier/happiest) person we know Pat’s cat is (faster/fastest) than Peter’s
4.This poster is (colourfuler/more colourful) than the one in the hall
5.Does Fred feel ( weller/better) today than he did yesterday?
6.This vegetable soup tastes very( good/best)
7.Jane is the ( less/least) athletic of all the women My cat is the ( prettier/ prettiest) of the two
9.This summary is ( the better/ the best) of the pair
10 The colder the weather gets,(sicker/the sicker) I feel II.Dùng hình thức tính từ/ trạng từ ngoặc. 1.Mary is (pretty) as her sister
2 A new house is (expensive) than an old one His joib is( important) than mine
4 Of the four ties, I like the red one(well) Nobody is (happy) than Miss Snow
6.Today English is the ( international) of languages 7.Jonh is much( strong) than I thought
8 Benches are ( comfortable) than arm- chairs Bill is (good) than you thought
10.Mr Bush is the (delightful) person I have ever known 11.Dick is the ( careful) of the three workers
12.Is the book( interesting) than the one you read last week?
13 Gold is ( preciuos) than iron
14.The weather today is ( warm) than the weather yesterday
15.This film is not (good) as the one we saw last week 16.Holidays are( pleasant) than working days
17.Which is ( high) mountain in your coutry? 18 A house is ( strong) than a dog
19 Robert is ( fat) than his brother
(45)III Viết lại câu sau, bắt đầu từ cho sẵn.
1.Yesterday the temperature was nine degreea Today it’s only six degrees
=> It’s
……… 2.The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train
=>It
takes……… …
3 We were very busy at work today We are not as busy as that every day
=>
We……… ……
4 Jane cooks better than her sister => Jane’s
sister……… 5.Tom is the best football player in this team
=> Nobody in this
team……… Keys
I
1.best 2.happiest 3.faster
4 more colourful better
6 good 7.least prettier the better 10.the sicker II
1.as pretty 11 most careful more expensive 12 more interesting more important 13.more precious best 14.warm
5 happier 15.so good
(46)8.more comfortable 18 stronger better 19 fatter 10 most delightful 20.the largest III
1.It’s colder today than it was yesterday
2 It takes more time to travel by train than by car 3.We were busier at work today than usual
4 Jane’s sister doesn’t cook as well as Jane
5 Nobody in this team plays football as well as Tom
Chương 10: So …that & such …that. A Lý thuyết.
I. So …that : …đến nỗi
- Bắt đầu cho mệnh đề phụ kết * form: So + adj/adv + that- clause
*eg: The weather is so bad that I have to stay at home He spoke so fast that I didn’t understand him
*note: muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa” nhiều … ®ến nỗi” ta dùng: So many + danh từ đếm được, số nhiều + that – clause So much + danh từ không đếm được,số + that –
clause
*eg: He was so many books that he can’t read all of them There was so much noise that I couldn’t sleep
(47)- Cũng bắt đầu cho mệnh đề phụ kết Tuy nhiên Such …that dùng với danh từ thường có tính tõ bổ nghĩa đứng trước
*form: such + (a/an) + adj + noun + that – clause
*eg: She is such a beautiful girl that everybody admires her It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it
They are such interesting books that we want to look at them again
B.Bài tập.
Kết hợp cặp câu sau, dùng “ so …that” “ such … that”
1.My friend is too sick He can’t go to school
2.The food was very good We finished it up just a few minutes
3.New York was a very big city Jane was lost in it
4.My neighbours are very bad persons They made noise all day
5 She bought too many things She couldn’t bring them home at a time
6.She is quite poor She can’t buy bicycle
7 He gave us very good advice All of us are thankful to him 8.There is too much furniture in the room We don’t have enough space for the meeting
9.Lan was very busy She couldn’t go to the movies with us 10 Mr Green drank too much wine He got sick
Keys
1.My friend is so sick that he can’t go to school
2.The food was so good that we finished it up in just a few minutes
3.New York was such a big city that Jane was lost in it
4 My neighbours are such bad persons that they made noise all day
5 She bought so many things that she couldn’t bring them home at a time
(48)7 He gave us such good advice that all of us are thankful to him
8 There is so much furniture in the room that we don’t have enough space for the meeting
9 Lan was so busy that she couldn’t go to movies with us 10 Mr Green drank so much wine that he got sick
Chương 11“ Too … to” or “enough to”
A.Lý thuyết.
I.Too ….to : …không thể.
- Được dùng để nguyên nhân đưa tới kết phủ định
*form: Too + adj/adv + to –V *eg: He is too young to go to school
She ran too slowly to catch the train
- Nếu động từ theo sau diễn tả việc thực chủ ngữ khác với chủ ngữ động từ trước ta dùng:
*form: Too + adj/adv + for + somebody + to –V *eg : The questions are too difficult for us to answer The box was too heavy for the children to carry II.Enough to …: đủ …để có thể.
- Được dùng để nguyên nhân đưa tới kết tất nhiên
*form: adj/adv + enough + to – V *eg: He is sick enough to need a docter
The policeman ran fast enough to catch the thief - Nếu động từ theo sau diễn tả việc thực
bởi chủ ngữ khác với chủ ngữ động từ trước ta dùng :
*form: adj/ adv + enough + for + somebody + to – V *eg:The exercises are easy enough for you to
(49)I.Kết hợp câu sau dùng “too … to” “enough to…”
1 These oranges are ripe You can eat them 2.He is strong He can carry this table
3 The house is large My family can live in it 4.It was very late They didn’t go to the party 5.The dress is so dirty She can’t wear it 6.She is tall She can reach the top shelf 7.Mr Brown isn’t rich He can’t buy car
8.My grandmother is very weak She can’t lift the box 9.The film is very good The children won’t miss it 10 Those shoes are large You can wear them
II Kết hợp câu dùng “ … too + adj + for + …+ to – V” 1.The child can’t drink this milk It’s too hot
2.We can’t lift this weight It’s too heavy
They can’t push the piano through that door, it’s too narrow
4.You can’t hang the picture on that wall It’s too small She can’t watch this programme It’s too boring
III Nối câu dùng “ adj + enough + (for) + to – V”
1.You shouldn’t wear this coat in winter It’s not warm enough 2.Don’t stand on that chair It’s not strong enough
You can’t sleep in this bed It’s not wide enough for you two I couldn’t make coffee for everyone There weren’t
enough cups
He didn’t finish the examination He didn’t have enough time Keys
I
1 These oranges are ripe enough for you to eat He is strong enough to carry this table
3.The house is large enough for my family to live in 4.It was too late for them to go to the party
5 The dress is too dirty for her to wear 6.She is tall enough to reach the top shefl Mr Brown isn’t rish enough to buy a car My grandmother is too weak to lift the box 9.The film is too good for the children to miss
(50)1.This milk is too hot for child to drink This weight is too heavy for us to lift
3 That door is too narrow for them to push the piano through That wall is too small for you to hang the picture on
5.This programme is tooboring for her to watch III
1.This coat is not warm enough for you to wear in the winter That chair is not strong enough ( for you) to stand on This bed is not wide enough for you to sleep in
4 There weren’t enough cups for me to make coffee for everyone
5 He didn’t have enough time to finish the examination các cấu trúc câu thờng gỈp
1.suggest ( đề nghị làm việc gì) S + susgest + V-ing + O Eg: I suggest learning English
S + susgest + that + S + should + V- inf Eg: I suggest that we should save energy
2.Sau giới từ động từ phải thêm đuôi Ing On/in/of/by…… + V- ing
Eg: We can save reduce garbage by collecting plastic bags 3.Các liên từ:
A,Mnh ch nguyờn nhõn : Because, as, since, for, now that –
Because
As + clause Since
Eg:They can’t go out becauce it’s very cold outside
note: For : đứng sau mệnh đề chính,
because, as, since đứng đầu hai mệnh đề ngăn cách dấu phẩy
because, as,since đứng khơng có dấu phẩy eg: The old man gets tired for he walks a long way
B, Mệnh đề nhợng bộ: Although, even though, though Though
Although + clause Even though
Eg: Although it’s raining, Peter goes to the fields
* note: Nếu mệnh đề nhợng đứng trớc, phải có dấu phẩy Peter goes to the fields although it’s raining
-Despite
(51)Eg: Despite working hard, he can’t support his large family Athough he works hard, he can’t support his large family 4.Mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên nhân.
Because of
Due to ( bëi v×) + noun/ gerund phrase Owing to
Eg: She got ill because he worked hard She got ill because of working hard
Tom didn’t go to the movies due to having seen the film * Sự khác Because & Because of:
*, …….because + pronoun/ noun + be + adj
*,…… because of + poss/the + adj + noun ( tÝnh tõ së h÷u) Eg: This man can’t see well because he’s old
This man can’t see well because of his old age 5.Tõ nèi :
- And( và): dùng thêm thông tin
Eg:His father is a docter and he works in hospital -Or hoặc): diễn tả lựa chọn
Eg: Do you study Maths or Chemistry? -But(nhng): nối hai ý tơng phản Eg: He is fat but his brother isn’t -So(do đó, thế): diễn tả hậu Eg: He is busy, so he can’t help you
- Therefore(do đó) đồng nghĩa với So, hậu quả. Eg: He is busy; therefore he can’t help you
*Kh¸c víi So: Therefore - cã thÓ theo sau dÊu phÈy(,) dÊu chấm phẩy(;) dấu chấm câu(.)
- However(Tuy nhiờn): diễn tả tơng phản, đồng nghĩa với But, nhng nối liền hai mệnh đề
Eg: He’s over seventy; however, he’s still active It’s raining hard; the game is, however, going on _ Moreover :
Mạo từ (article) Cách dïng :a,an,the
(52)+Dïng “a” danh từ bắt đầu âm phụ âm,trớc âm “ju”,tr-íc ©m “o” cã ©m “w”
+ Dùng ankhi danh từ bắt đầu âm nguyên
âm(u.u:, ),trớc âm “h” câm(mẫu tự đặc biệt nh nguyên âm),trớc âm tiết khơng có trọng âm bắt đầu
-dïng tríc qc tÞch ,nghỊ
- Dùng trớc từ”dozen,hundered,thousand,million,little,few ” - Dùng để nói ngời mà ngời nói cha biết tên
- Dïng sau tõ “many,such,quite,half ” - Dùng câu cảm thán
*Khụng dựng a,antrc damh từ đếm đợc số nhiều,trớc tính từ ,môn học,bữa ăn,
***mạo từ xác định “the”:dùng chung cho số ít,số nhiều đếm đợc không đếm đợc
-khi danh từ đợc xác định
-danh từ ngời vật riêngkhông phải nghĩa chung -danh từ đợc nhắc đến lần vừa nói tới
-têncác tỉnh, thành phố ,thị xã ,làng không dùng “the” -tên đờng phố,quảng trờng khơng có “the”
-tên đại dơng,sơng biển có “the”: the hong river -tên vịnh khơng có “the”,có “the” “Bay of”
Ha Long Bay, the Bay of biscay
-tên hồ lakethì có the có lake “the”: Ho Tay lake, the Truc Bach
-tên cơng trình : xây dựng, khách sạn,nhà hàng ,rạp chiếu phim ,viện bảo tàng,nhà ga, trờng học,chùa,cung điện có “the” Những cơng trình mang tên ngời sáng lập mà tận “’s’,hoặc “s”thì khơng có”the”,ten hai từ (nhiều hơn)mà tên thứ ngời địa danh khơng có “the”: The White Hall, LonDon zoo
-tên lục địa quốc gia ,tiểu bang không dùng “the”
có the có ( of, republic,Union,State,và nh÷ng níc ë sè nhiỊu: Philipines , the United state of American,,the socialist republic of Viet nam,the soviet Union
-tên núi the,dÃy núi có “the”: Mount Everest,the truong son
Cách chuyển danh từ số sang danh từ số nhiều Trong tiếng anh có hai loại danh từ :danh từ đếm đợc danh từ không đếm đợc
- danh từ khơng đếm đợc ln ln số
- chuyển danh từ số sang danh từ số nhiều phụ vào danh từ đếm đợc
thông thờng ta thêm s vào sau danh từ
danh từ tận N-s,sh,ch,x ta thªm “es”
danh từ tận “f,fe”thì ta đổi “f,fe”thanh “v” thêm “es”
danh tõ tËn cïng lµ “y” :
(53)+trớc “y” phụ âm ta đổi “y”thành “i” thêm “es”
danh tõ tËn cïng lµ “o” :
+trớc “o” nguyên âm ta thêm “s” +trớc “o” phụ âm ta thêm”es” danh từ đặc biệt đổi sang số nhiều: louse lice man men woman women child children tooth teeth foot feet goose geese ox oxen mouse mice
mét sè danh tõ chung cho c¶ sè Ýt ,sè nhiÒu: “fish,sheep,people ”
mét sè danh tõ ë sã nhiÒu:
“glasses,trousers,clothes,gloves
só danh từ có hình thức đếm đợc nhng lại số ít: “news,work,meales,billiards
*Cách đọc “s,es”:
/iz/: víi N-ces,ses,ges,shes.ches,xes,zes /s/: víi N-t,p,k,f , âm vô
/z/: với N- âm hữu
cỏc t hi What? ,cái gì( tên, nghề,đồ vật, )
What time?mấy (giờ) What color?màu sắc What size? cỡ
What like? thêi tiÕt What + N? = Which+N? Who?ai ( chủ ngữ)
Whom? (tân ngữ)
Which+N?cái nào( lựa chọn)What +N? When? nào( ngày)
Where?ở đâu( nơi chốn) Why ? ( lý do) How?thế (sức khoẻ) How many+N-đ ®? sè lỵng How much+ N-k ® ®?sè lỵng How much ? giá
(54)Câu hỏi ®u«i(Tag-questions)
Câu hỏi dạng câu hỏi mà ngời nói biết chăc chắn muốn ng-ời nghe đồng ý với
Nêu câu trần thuật câu khẳng định câu hỏi câu phủ định Nếu câu trần thuật câu phủ định câu hỏi đuôi la câu khẳng định S+am/is/are+ ,amnot/isn’t/aren’t+S?
S+V-s/es+ ,don’t/doesn’t+S? S+was/were+ ,wasn’t/wrern’t? S+V-ed/p1+ ,didn’t +S?
S+have/has+V-ed/p2+ ,haven’t/hasn’t+S?
S+have/has+N/have/has to + ,don’t/doesn’t+S? S+can/could/may/might/should/ shouldn’t/won’t
will/shall/must/ + ,can’t/couldn’t/maynot S+ amnot/isn’t/aren’t+ ,am/is/are+S?
S+ don’t/doesn’t+V+ ,do/does +S? S+wasn’t/weren’t+ ,was/were+S? S+didn’t+V+ ,did+S?
S+haven’t/hasn’t+V-ed/p2+ ,have/has+S? S+don’t/doesn’t+have/have to+V+ ,do/does+S? can’t/couldn’t/maynot can/could/may
S+ won’t/shan’t/shouldn’t+ V+ ,will/shall/should +S? mustn’t/mightnot must/might
Let’s+V+ ,shall we? Let me +V+ ,shall I? Let +O+V+ ,won’t +S? I am + ,aren’t I?
Chó ý:
(55)V+ N ,Would you? Don’t +V+ ,Will you? -dùng They câu hỏi đuôi sau từ : everybody,everyone,nobody,noone
Eg: someone is singing in the room ,aren’t they” -dïng “It”sau nothing,something
các loại câu đề nghị Let’s+V
Let+ O+V
Why don’t you/we+V ? Shall+ I/We+V+ ? Can +I/You+V ? Could +I/We+ ? How about +V-ing ? What about + V-ing ? Will /Won’t you + V ? Would you + V + ? May I/You + V + ? Would you mind + V-ing ? Would you mind If +S + V-ed/p1 ? Do you mind If + S + V/V-s,es ? Do you need any help?
I need a favor
Can/Could you me a favor? Let me help you
Can/Could you help me, please? S + suggest + V-ing
(that)+ S + should + V What can I get for you ?
Would you like + to V? I think We should + V
It would be better if you Why not ?
*Lời đáp:
Certainly,O.K,Sure, Great,Of course, No problem,Allright
How can I help you? What can I for you? Yes , that’s very kind of you Yes, please
That would be nice That’ a good idea No ,I don t mind’ No,of course not Not at all
Please do
(56)I m sorry that is not possible’ I d rather you didn t’ ’
I d prefer you didn t’ ’
No, thanks/thank you.I’m fine I’m sorry I can’t
I’m sorry I’m really busy I’m a fraid not
No, I don’t want to I prefer to
Let’s Lêi høa :