An analysis of errors related to adjective noun collocations made by 3rd year english majored students at ussh and implications for teaching translation m a

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE  AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS RELATED TO ADJECTIVE–NOUN COLLOCATIONS MADE BY 3rd YEAR ENGLISH MAJORED STUDENTS AT USSH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING TRANSLATION A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in TESOL By NGUYỄN LÊ BÁ TÒNG Supervised by LÊ HOÀNG DŨNG, PhD HO CHI MINH CITY, MAY 2017 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS RELATED TO ADJECTIVE–NOUN COLLOCATIONS MADE BY 3rd YEAR ENGLISH MAJORED STUDENTS AT USSH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING TRANSLATION in terms of the statement of Requirements for the Thesis in Master’s Program issued by the Higher Degree Committee The thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other situation Ho Chi Minh City, _ 2017 Nguyễn Lê Bá Tòng i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Nguyễn Lê Bá Tòng, being the candidate for the degree of Master in TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research in accordance with the normal conditions established by the library for the care, loan or reproduction of the thesis Ho Chi Minh City, _ 2017 Nguyễn Lê Bá Tòng ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratefulness to my teacher and supervisor, Dr Lê Hoàng Dũng, for all of his invaluable guidance, encouragement and dedication Without his wholehearted support and valuable advice, the completion of this thesis would have been impossible I am greatly indebted to all teachers who taught me invaluable knowledge, which was essential for the fulfilment of this thesis Specially, I would like to extend my gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Tô Minh Thanh, who inspired me to choose the thesis topic and helped me form the very first ideas to carry out the study My sincerest thanks also go to the Board of Administrators and other members of the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, who directly or indirectly contributed to the implementation of this thesis I am deeply thankful to my colleagues and friends, especially Ms Vân Di, Mr Thiên Lộc, Mr Khôi Nguyên and Ms Bảo Ngọc, whose constant support and valuable experience have led me through times of difficulty Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my family, my loving mother, my dedicated father, my aunts and uncles, and my beloved one, whose unconditional love and care have been the very reason for every achievement I have had Without them, this thesis would have never been completed iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Rationale for the study 1.3 Aim of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Scope of the study 1.7 Overall structure of the study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Collocation 2.1.1 Definition of collocation 2.1.2 Categorization of collocations 11 2.1.3 Components of collocations 13 2.2 Collocation and translation 14 2.2.1 The significance of collocations in translation 14 2.2.2 Difficulties in translating collocations 15 2.2.3 Influences of L1 on learners’ use of collocations 17 2.2.3.1 English collocations vs Vietnamese counterparts 17 2.2.3.2 Congruent and incongruent collocations 18 2.2.4 Strategies in translating collocations 20 2.3 Collocation and error analysis 21 2.3.1 Theory of error analysis 21 2.3.2 Types of errors related to adjective-noun collocations 23 2.3.3 Causes of collocational errors 25 2.4 Collocation and language teaching 28 2.5 Methods for testing collocational knowledge 33 2.6 Conceptual framework 35 iv CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 39 3.1 Research questions 39 3.2 Research design 39 3.2.1 Context of the study 39 3.2.2 Participants 40 3.2.2.1 Student participants 41 3.2.2.2 Teacher participants 42 3.2.3 COCA 42 3.2.4 Research instruments 44 3.2.4.1 Students’ midterm exam papers in Basic Translation 44 3.2.4.2 Translation test 45 3.2.4.3 COLLEX test 48 3.2.4.4 Interview 49 3.2.4.5 Questionnaire 50 3.2.5 Pilot study 53 3.3 Data collection procedure 54 3.3.1 Collection of adjective-noun collocational errors 54 3.3.1.1 Collection of errors from students’ midterm exam papers 55 3.3.1.2 Collection of errors from the translation test 57 3.3.2 Collection of additional data 58 3.3.2.1 Questionnaire 58 3.3.2.2 COLLEX test 58 3.3.2.3 Interviews to the teachers 59 3.4 Data analysis procedure 59 3.4.1 Analysis of adjective-noun collocational errors 59 3.4.2 Questionnaire 60 3.4.3 COLLEX test 60 3.4.4 Interview 61 3.5 Summary 61 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 62 4.1 Data analysis and discussion 62 4.1.1 Analysis of collocational errors from students’ exam papers 62 4.1.1.1 Types of errors 64 4.1.1.2 Causes of errors 66 4.1.2 Analysis of collocational errors from the translation test 73 4.1.2.1 Types of errors 75 4.1.2.1 Causes of errors 77 v 4.1.3 Summary of the error analyses 84 4.1.4 Learners’ receptive knowledge of collocations 86 4.1.5 The teaching and learning of collocations in Basic Translation 89 4.1.5.1 The teaching of collocations 90 4.1.5.2 The learning of collocations 93 4.2 Major findings 100 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 108 5.1 Conclusion 108 5.2 Suggestions and recommendations 110 5.2.1 Suggestions to teachers 110 5.2.2 Suggestions to students 116 5.2.3 Recommendations for future research 118 REFERENCES 119 APPENDIX 126 APPENDIX 129 APPENDIX 130 APPENDIX 131 APPENDIX 134 APPENDIX 135 APPENDIX 140 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BNC the British National Corpus COCA the Corpus of Contemporary American English EF the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature EFL/ESL English as a Second/Foreign Language FREQ Frequency LA the Lexical Approach L1 First Language L2 Second Language MI Mutual Information Ss’ Students’ SV Subject – Verb SVO Subject – Verb – Object TESOL Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages Ts’ Teachers’ USSH University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Ho Chi Minh City vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Seven types of lexical collocations (Farrokh, 2012) 12 Table 2.2: The revised six types of lexical collocations 12 Table 2.3: Types of collocational errors (Nesselhauf, 2003) 23 Table 2.4: Useful collocations to teach students (Hodne, 2009) 30 Table 3.1: Description of the questionnaire items 52 Table 3.2: Summary of the research instruments 52 Table 3.3: Reliability statistics of the translation test 53 Table 4.1: Lexical combinations from the midterm-exam papers 63 Table 4.2: Types of collocational errors from the midterm-exam papers 65 Table 4.3: Causes of collocational errors from the midterm-exam papers 66 Table 4.4: Summary of students’ responses to the translation test 74 Table 4.5: Types of collocational errors from the translation test 75 Table 4.6: Causes of collocational errors from the translation test 77 Table 4.7: Comparison between productive test and receptive test 87 Table 4.8: Students’ performance on each item of the two tests 88 Table 4.9: Student’s statement about the teaching of collocations in basic translation 91 Table 4.10: Strategies used by the teachers to teach collocations 92 Table 4.11: Sources of students’ knowledge about collocations 94 Table 4.12: Students’ opinions on the roles of collocations in translation 94 Table 4.13: Students’ strategies to broaden knowledge about collocations 95 Table 4.14: Students’ strategies to deal with difficulties in translating collocations 97 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework of the study 38 Figure 3.1: The COCA search interface 55 Figure 3.2: The COCA result interface 56 Figure 4.1: Summary of types of collocational errors 85 Figure 4.2: Summary of causes of collocational errors 85 Figure 4.3: Students’ responses to Q6, Q7 and Q8 96 Figure 4.4: Summary of the major findings 106 ix APPENDIX TRANSLATION TEST Name: Class: INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks by translating the underlined words in the Vietnamese sentences into English For each blank, you will need two words (one Adjective and one Noun) If you not like to fill in the blanks, you can provide complete translations of your own Karlow chân chiến tranh lắp chân giả mới Karlow lost his leg in the war and was fitted for a new Ơng ta tồn phải mang giả ăn He became totally toothless and had to wear to eat Nếu muốn súp đặc, thêm bột vào nồi súp If you want , add some flour to the stock Cho súp tô lớn, thêm nước vào ba ̣n muốn có súp lỗng Transfer soup to a large bowl, and add more water if you want “Trà lỗng” loại trà có màu vị nhạt " " means the tea that is light in color and taste Sữa đặc sữa bò loại bỏ nước is cow's milk from which water has been removed 126 Người đàn ơng tìm thấy tin ̀ h tra ̣ng mũi gãy, mắ t bầ m, và nhiề u vế t thương ở đầ u The man was found with a broken nose, , and wounds on his head Uố ng quá nhiề u nước ngo ̣t, chẳ ng ̣n Coca Cola, không tố t cho sức khỏe của ba ̣n Drinking too much , such as Coca Cola, is not good for your health Neptune nhãn hiệu dầu ăn tiếng Neptune is a famous brand of 10 Dân số đông và thiế u đấ t là những nguyên nhân tiề m ẩ n gây nên xung đô ̣t and scarce land resources were the underlying sources of conflict 11 Cô nàng mua mô ̣t tấ m bùa may mắ n để tố ng khứ vâ ̣n đen của ̀ h She bought a lucky charm in order to get rid of her 12 Vì có chất lượng kém, nên xe có giá rẻ Because of its , the car is very cheap 13 Gió lớn (lên đến 60 dặm giờ) có khả gây thiêṭ ̣i về tài sản (up to 60mph) have the potential to cause property damage 14 Ghế điện trở thành biểu tượng cho án tử hình Mỹ The electric chair has become a symbol of the in the United States 15 Mặt trăng biến mất, có gió nhẹ hệt thở người hấp hối The moon disappeared, and there was a(n) , like the breath of a dying man 127 16 Hít thở điều kiện cần khơng phải điều kiện đủ để bạn tồn Breathing is a necessary but not a(n) of your remaining alive 17 Lise đầu bếp đào tạo qua trường lớp, có nhiều kinh nghiệm q báu bắt nguồn từ việc giúp đỡ mẹ khách sạn nhỏ Copenhagen Lise is not a trained cook, but has a wealth of which began with helping her mother in a small hotel in Copenhagen 18 Dù cịn trẻ, ơng phải nghỉ hưu sức khỏe Although he was still young, he had to retired due to 19 Chính sách mang lại điều kiện thuận lợi cho phát triển du lịch The new policy provides for the development of tourism 20 Được mời vào Nhà Trắng gặp tổng thống Mỹ vinh dự lớn lao It was a to be invited to the White House and to meet the president of the United States Thank you for your cooperation! 128 APPENDIX COLLEX TEST Name: Class: INSTRUCTION: For each pair of word combinations below, choose the one that, in your opinion, is the correct collocation (frequently used by native speakers) In some cases, both combinations given are correct A Thick soup B Dense soup C Both are correct A Thin soup B Weak soup C Both are correct A False teeth B Artificial teeth C Both are correct A Artificial limb B Fake limb C Both are correct A Weak tea B Washy tea C Both are correct A Thick milk B Condensed milk C Both are correct A Cooking oil B Edible oil C Both are correct A Dense population B Crowded population C Both are correct A Soft drink B Sugared drink C Both are correct 10 A Black eyes B Bruised eyes C Both are correct 11 A Low quality B Bad quality C Both are correct 12 A Powerful wind B Strong wind B Both are correct 13 A Bad fortune B Black fortune C Both are correct 14 A Capital punishment B Dead punishment C Both are correct 15 A Weak wind B Light wind C Both are correct 16 A Valuable experience B Precious experience C Both are correct 17 A Poor health B Weak health C Both are correct 18 A Ample condition B Sufficient condition C Both are correct 19 A Advantageous condition B Favorable condition C Both are correct 20 A Big honor B Great honor C Both are correct Thank you for your cooperation! 129 APPENDIX QUESTIONS FOR INTERVIEWING TEACHERS A Perception of collocation Do you know about collocation? (types, uses, etc.) What you think about the role of collocation in translation and translation teaching? B Teaching of collocation Do you teach (lexical) collocations in your class of Basic Translation? If the answer is ‘Yes’ a How you teach collocations? b Do you have any problems in teaching collocations? If the answer is ‘No’ a Why you not teach collocations in your class of Basic Translation? b Do you think that the teaching of collocations should be required in translation classes? C Observation of Ss’ performance Do the students have any difficulties/problems in translating collocations? (What are they?) How does your teaching of collocations help the students in dealing with the difficulties/problems? (Only ask if the answer to Q3 is ‘Yes’) What are the strategies the students usually use when facing problems in translating collocations? In your opinion, what are the main causes of collocational errors in the students’ translations? 130 APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE Name: _ Class: INSTRUCTION: For each response, please circle or specify the choice(s) that best corresponds to your view A Perception of collocations Do you know what a collocation is? a Yes b No If your answer is No please stop the questionnaire here Thank you for your time and cooperation! How you know the concept of collocation? a Studied in university’s compulsory curriculum b Introduced by teachers out of compulsory curriculum c Reading reference materials on this issue d Others: (please specify) _ Do you think that knowledge about collocation is important in translation? a Yes b No (Please move to Question 5) What does knowledge about collocation help you in translation process? (You can choose more than one option) a Increase written fluency, which allows more time to discover the source text’s meanings b Providing alternative and richer ways of expression c Producing more precise and more natural language d Maintaining and strengthening cohesion of the text e Others: (please specify) _ _ 131 B Acquisition and use of collocations What you often to broaden your knowledge about collocations? (You can choose more than one option) a Reading reference materials b Paying attention to collocations used in texts (i.e reading texts, translation texts, etc.) c Memorizing groups of words that often go together when learning vocabulary d Looking up for collocations in dictionaries e Using linguistic corpora f Others (please specify) How often you care about choosing right word combinations during your translations? a Very often b Often c Sometimes d Rarely e Never How often you face the problem of selecting the right collocations during your translation? a Very often b Often c Sometimes d Rarely e Never How often are you aware of erroneous combinations in your translations? a Very often b Often c Sometimes d Rarely e Never 132 What you often when facing difficulties in translating collocations? (You can choose more than one option) a Using word-for-word translation b Trying to paraphrase or find other words to express the idea c Using a synonym of the correct word which you not remember d Avoiding translating the difficult collocations if possible e Checking dictionaries f Other (please specify) C Teaching of collocations 10 Did your teacher of Basic Translation teach collocations in class? a Yes b No (Please finish the questionnaire here Thank for your time and cooperation!) 11 How did (s)he teach collocations? (You can choose more than one option.) a Introducing the term collocation b Introducing the role of collocation c Directing your attention to collocations in translation tasks/texts d Choosing some collocations to teach/introduce in class e Encouraging you to collect and study collocation on your own f Mentioning already-taught collocations for a few times g Using collocation dictionaries h Using linguistic corpora i Identifying your errors and ask you to look for corrections j Identifying your errors and give corrections in your translations k Others: (please specify) _ Thank you for your cooperation! 133 APPENDIX ACTIVITESS FOR TEACHING COLLOCATIONS (Lewis, 2000) Type 1: Fill in column with an adjective which is opposite in meaning to the adjective in Column and also makes a correct collocation with the word in Column Column Column Column helpful suggestion efficient system careful piece of work safe choice light green light suitcase light rain light work Type 2: One word in each group does not make a strong word partnership with the word in capitals Which is the odd one? BRIGHT idea green smell child day room CLEAR attitude need instructions alternative day conscience road LIGHT traffic work day entertainment suitcase rain green lunch NEW experience job food potatoes baby situation year HIGH season price opinion spirits house time priority MAIN point reason effect entrance speed road meal course STRONG possibility doubt smell influence views coffee language SERIOUS advantage situation relationship illness crime matter 134 APPENDIX SAMPLES OF COLLOCATIONAL ERRORS EXTRACTED FROM STUDENTS EXAM PAPERS IN BASIC TRANSLATION Source text Việc phá rừng, phá hủy tầng ozone hay thải chất phóng xạ biển gây nhiễm mơi trường tồn cầu Bị tác động mạnh nạn ô nhiễm phương thức đánh bắt cá mang tính hủy diệt… Nhân tài nguyên khí quốc gia… …rất nhiều bãi đá ngầm san hơ bị phá hủy, khơng cịn môi trường sống cho cá Thomas Edison tin bệnh điếc ông làm tăng thêm sức tập trung ông Thái Lan nước Đông Nam Á chưa bị cai trị cường quốc Âu Châu Nhờ dược phẩm đại, bệnh lao bệnh sốt rét khơng cịn nguy hiểm trước .chuyên trang du lịch báo The Guardian (Anh Quốc) bình chọn bánh mì Sài Gịn… Students’ translations Approximation Deforestation, ozone damaging or radioactive release result in global environmental pollution Global pollution is caused by forest destruction, ozone layer ruin and radiation rejection to ocean Be strongly influenced by pollutants and destructive fish-catching methods… Being strong impacted by pollution and destructed means of catching fishes… Being strongly affected by the pollution and some fish-hunting methods Talent people are life-sustaining element of a country… Talented man is a precious core of a country… …many stretch of aqueous rock and coral have been destroyed They are not the habitat for fish anymore Thomas Edison believed that his deaf disease had strengthen his focus ability Thomas Edison believes that his deaf increased his focusing ability Thailand is the only country that has never been governed by any super western countries in Eastern Asia Thanks to the modern pharmacy, tuberculosis and malaria are not as dangerous as before Thanks to modern chemical, tuberculosis and malaria haven't been dangerous like before …the diligent travelling web of The Guardian (U.K) selected banh mi Sai Gon… …the tourist column of The Guardian newspaper (UK) chose Sai Gon bread… 135 Suggested corrections ozone (layer) destruction fishing methods - the (source of) power - the essence underwater coral reefs concentration - powerful European countries - European superpowers modern medicine the Travel section Tim mạch bệnh phổ biến nhân loại… Bị tác động mạnh nạn ô nhiễm phương thức đánh bắt cá mang tính hủy diệt… …rất nhiều bãi đá ngầm san hô bị phá hủy, khơng cịn mơi trường sống cho cá …bằng chế độ dinh dưỡng hợp lý khống chế bệnh Những người chiến sĩ vô danh chết để đồng bào họ sống tự Để có nguồn nhân lực dồi có lực có tài để phụng cho đất nước nhân dân… …rất nhiều bãi đá ngầm san hơ bị phá hủy, khơng cịn môi trường sống cho cá …Tuy nhiên, chế độ dinh dưỡng hợp lý khống chế bệnh Ở nước ta, từ ngày mở cửa kinh tế… Use of synonyms Heart disease is one of the most popular disease of human beings Cardiovascular is one of the popular diseases of human being Cardiovascular trouble is one of the human common diseases Being strongly affected by pollution and devastating fishing method common disease cardiovascular problems destructive fishing methods …many submarine coral reefs have been destroyed and no longer fish's habitat underwater coral reefs …healthy, suitable diet can help controlling the disease appropriate diet/regimen The unnamed soldiers died for freedom of their countrymen Those unname soldiers had sacrificed themselves for their countrymen to live in freedom L1 transfer …so that there could heave a talented and potential human resource to help other people and develop the country In order to have a rich talented, potential, full of ability human resource to serve country and citizens a lot of underground coral reef has been destroyed, which limits living environment for fishes …many underground rock of coral are damaged and are not environment of fish unknown soldiers Many rocky field underwater and coral reef are destroyed … …However, suitable nutrient system can control this disease …However, with a proper nutrition system can constrain this disease In our country, since economy-door open day… In our country, from the beginning of opened-economic day… 136 a rich resource of able and talented people underwater coral reef diet/regimen Since the government opened the economy / the economy was opened .mối quan hệ tương phản môi trường phát triển ln tốn đặt cho nhà kinh tế… Thomas Edison tin bệnh điếc ông làm tăng thêm sức tập trung ông Bạn khơng nên làm hỏng tình bạn hữu tiền nhỏ .Mèo học chẳng mang thứ Chỉ mang bút chì Và mang mẩu bánh mì con chuyên trang du lịch báo The Guardian (Anh Quốc) bình chọn bánh mì Sài Gịn… bánh mì Sài Gịn thuộc 10 ăn đường phố ngon hấp dẫn du khách giới Mèo học Phan Thị Vàng Anh tác phẩm bánh mì xuất hiện… Việc phá rừng, phá hủy tầng ozone hay thải chất phóng xạ biển gây nhiễm mơi trường tồn cầu …bằng chế độ dinh dưỡng hợp lý khống chế bệnh the contrast relation between environment and development always be considered as a mathematic problems for economists paradoxical relationship Thomas Edison believed that his deaf disease had strengthen his focus ability - deafness - hearing loss Thomas Edison believed that is his deaf disease increasing more his concentration You should not break the friendship because of a small money You should not make a damage for your friend ship because of only small money .Petty cat don't bring anything to school Only bringing one pencil And bringing with a small bread Baby cat goes to school with nothing A pencil is in his hand only And just with a small bread Bring nothing Kitty attends school Except one little pencil And one little bread .the major tourist page of the Guardian (UK) voted for Sai Gon bread… …the tourism page of the Guardian (England) voted Sai Gon bread… Sai Gon bread was voted to be one among ten most attractive street food in the world Banh Mi Sai Gon (Saigon Bread) 10 most delicious and attractive street food in the world …the little small cat go to school of Phan Thi Vang Anh is the only work bread food is appeared Word coinage The destruction of forest and ozone layer or radio-active emition to oceans can lead to the global pollution Deforestation, ozone destroyment or radioactive emition are all cause global pollution of environment …it is possible to prevent this disease by sensible nutritional diets 137 small amount of money small/tiny piece of bread The Travel section (top 10) most delicious and tasty street foods that attract tourists around the world the emission of radioactive substances …destruction of ozone layers or emission of radioactive waste… nutritious diet Những người chiến sĩ vô danh chết để đồng bào họ sống tự Vì thuốc khơng hiệu nên cơng ty dược phẩm ngỏ lời xin lỗi rút lại vắc-xin Nhân tài nguyên khí quốc gia… Việc phá rừng, phá hủy tầng ozone hay thải chất phóng xạ biển gây nhiễm mơi trường tồn cầu… Thái Lan nước Đông Nam Á chưa bị cai trị cường quốc Âu Châu Vì thuốc khơng hiệu nên cơng ty dược phẩm ngỏ lời xin lỗi rút lại vắc-xin Rất khó chụp hình Kim thường xuyên bị che đám mây dày đặc …thì ăn phổ biến Sài Gịn có số phận "hẩm hiu"… ăn đường phố ngon hấp dẫn du khách giới .Mèo học chẳng mang thứ Chỉ mang bút chì Và mang mẩu bánh mì con …dù tuổi học Sài Gòn đô thị miền Nam - Those noname soldiers dead in order that their countrymen can live in freedom unknown soldiers Because of uneffected medicine the pharmacy company Because of uneffective medicines, so pharmacist company gives respectful apology and returns their vaccine Formal confusion Talent people are life-sustaining element of a country… Cutting down forest, destroying ozone layer or releasing radioactivity into seas all cause global environment pollution… Forest devastating, ozone layer destroying or radiation substance emitting causes the global pollution Thailand is the only country in South East Asia which has never been dominated by a Europe developed country Thailand is the only country in South East Asia which has never been dominated by a developed Europe country Since the medicine doesn't work effectively, the pharmacy company apologized and took back the vaccination Since the medicine did not work effectively, the pharmacy company apologized and took it back It is difficult to take a photo of Venus because it is usually veiled by densely fog It is hard to take picture of Venus because it is usually veiled by densely clouds …Banh mi Sai Gon which is the most popular food in Sai Gon has a unfortune fate 10 most delicious and tasteful street food which attracts tourists most in the world Little cat went to school, bringing nothing except for: A small pencil And a small load of bread …the medicine was not effective… .Althoug ages of school - for instance in Saigon and the south city also at least once time eat bread cities/towns in the South of Vietnam 138 talented people environmental pollution radioactive substances a powerful European country the pharmaceutical company dense clouds unfortunate fate tasty street food a small loaf of bread lần gặm bánh mì …thì ăn phổ biến Sài Gịn có số phận "hẩm hiu" văn nhân thi sĩ đưa vào tác phẩm …rất nhiều bãi đá ngầm san hô bị phá hủy, khơng cịn mơi trường sống cho cá Bị tác động mạnh nạn ô nhiễm phương thức đánh bắt cá mang tính hủy diệt Mối quan hệ tương phản môi trường phát triển ln tốn đặt cho nhà kinh tế… chuyên trang du lịch báo The Guardian (Anh Quốc) bình chọn bánh mì Sài Gịn thuộc 10 ăn đường phố ngon hấp dẫn du khác giới …thì ăn phổ biến Sài Gịn có số phận "hẩm hiu" văn nhân thi sĩ đưa vào tác phẩm No matter what age you are, especially when you live in Sai Gon and south town you certain ate bread at least one time …the most popular food in Saigon Saigon bread - is partially pitiful because it is not brought into literature work much Others …many coral oust ranges were destroyed, unabling fish from living literary works Underwater coral reefs (Many coral supplants are destroyed) by the heavily impact of pollution and fishing determinant devastation destructive fishing methods the contrary relationship between environment and development is always the asked problem for economists a problem / dilemma …the diligent travelling web of The Guardian (U.K) selected banh mi Sai Gon as one of the ten most delicious and attractive street foods to tourists in the world …the diligent travelling web of The Guardian (UK) selected it as one of the ten most delicious street foods attracting visitors best in the world the Travel section …the dish is popular in Saigon to have dim name as poet let into poem …the most popular food in Sai Gon is bread which has a bad view when it appears a little in interature term an unfortunate fate 139 APPENDIX 140 ... translator understand and translate texts more accurately and easily 2.2.2 Difficulties in translating collocations While collocations play an important role in translation, translating them... made by 3rd year EF students at USSH in their translations?” and (2) “what are the possible causes of adjective- noun collocational errors made by 3rd year EF students at USSH in their translations?”... The gaps between cultures and languages are a universal problem for translators and language learners; and thus, are also observable in the case of English and Vietnamese A Vietnamese translator,