Schaum s french grammar

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SCHAUM’S outlines French Grammar This page intentionally left blank SCHAUM’S outlines French Grammar Fifth Edition Mary E. Coffman Crocker French Editor and Consultant Toronto, Ontario Schaum’s Outline Series New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009, 1999, 1990, 1981, 1973 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-154606-5 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-154605-7. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. Professional Want to learn more? PREFACE Like the previous editions, the fifth edition of this review book has been designed and developed in order to facilitate the study of French grammar. The book is divided into nine chapters. Each one con- centrates on the basic problem areas of the language: nouns and articles; adjectives and adverbs; preposi- tions; numbers, dates, and time; verbs; interrogatives; negatives; pronouns; and special meanings of certain verbs. Each grammatical or structural point is introduced by a simple explanation in English. The explana- tion is further clarified by many concrete examples. It is recommended that you first read the explanation and then study the illustrative examples. You should then write out the answers to the exercises that follow. You should rewrite the entire sentence in fill-in-the-blank exercises even though only one or two words are required. It is recommended that you correct yourself immediately before proceeding to the next exercise. An answer key appears at the end of the book. In this fifth edition, the grammar explanations have been revised for greater clarity, possible answers have been given as guidelines for answers to personalized questions, and the content has been updated to include new technology and the conversion from the franc to the euro. Many of the exercises have been put into authentic, meaningful contexts and involve practical, real-life situations to which students can relate. Some of the exercises will require you to understand meaning as well as form in order to successfully complete them. Other exercises have been added to provide for open- ended and personalized answers. These exercises will help you develop proficiency in French and prepare for communicative activities in your classroom. One of the most difficult and tedious tasks in acquiring a second language is learning the many forms that exist in the language, whether they are noun, adjective, or verb forms. In Schaum’s Outline of French Grammar, all forms have been logically grouped in order to make their acquisition as simple as possible and also to minimize what at first appear to be irregularities. In many texts, the verbs courir, rire, rompre, and conclure are treated as separate irregular verbs in the present tense. You will note, however, that these verbs have a lot in common. The same endings as those for regular -re verbs are added to the infinitive stem except in the third person singular: courir—il court, je cours, tu cours, nous courons, vous courez, ils courent rire—il rit,jeris,turis, nous rions,vousriez, ils rient rompre—il rompt, je romps, tu romps, nous rompons, vous rompez, ils rompent conclure—il conclut, je conclus, tu conclus, nous concluons, vous concluez, ils concluent This can be done with many verbs in all tenses. Making such groupings will greatly facilitate your task of mastering the many forms. v Copyright © 2009, 1999, 1990, 1981, 1973 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Click here for terms of use. Schaum’s Outline of French Grammar can be used as a review text, as a companion to any basic text, or as a reference book. In order to reinforce each point you are learning in your basic text, you may wish to get additional practice by doing the clear, logically organized exercises provided throughout this book. Each chapter contains review exercises. These sections are indicated by the gray bar in the outer margin. For a review of vocabulary organized by topic, see Schaum’s Outline of French Vocabulary, Third Edition. MARY E. COFFMAN CROCKER vi PREFACE CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Nouns and Articles 1 Gender and the Definite Article 1 Singular Forms. Gender Identification by Word Endings 2 Nouns Indicating Occupations, Nationalities, Relationships and Domestic Animals 3 Words with Different Meanings in Masculine and Feminine Forms 4 Plural Forms of Nouns 4 Regular Plurals. Nouns Ending in -s, -x or -z. Nouns Ending in -au, -eau, -eu or -œu. Nouns Ending in -ou. Nouns Ending in -al. Nouns Ending in -ail. Irregular Plurals. Singular or Plural 7 Compound Nouns 8 Special Uses of the Definite Article 9 With General or Abstract Nouns. With Titles. With Languages and Academic Subjects. With Days of the Week, Seasons, Dates and Time Expressions. With Names of Continents, Countries, Provinces, Regions, Islands, Mountains and Rivers. With Weights and Measures. With Parts of the Body or Clothing. Omission of the Definite Article 14 Contractions of the Definite Article 14 The Indefinite Article 16 Omission of the Indefinite Article 16 After the Verb e ˆ tre. Other Omissions of the Indefinite Article. The Partitive Article 18 The Partitive Article Versus the Definite and Indefinite Articles 19 Exceptions to the Rule for Using the Partitive Article 19 When the Sentence is Negative. When an Adjective Precedes a Noun in the Plural. After Expressions of Quantity and Expressions with de. vii For more information about this title, click here CHAPTER 2 Adjectives and Adverbs 24 Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives 24 Regular Forms. Adjectives Ending in a Vowel, Pronounced Consonant or Mute -e. Adjectives Ending in -el, -eil, -il, -en, -on, -et and -s. Adjectives Ending in -er. Adjectives Ending in -x. Adjectives Ending in -eur. Adjectives Ending in -f. Adjectives Ending in -c. Irregular Adjectives. The Adjectives beau, nouveau, vieux. Plural of Adjectives 31 Regular Forms. Adjectives Ending in -s or -x. Adjectives Ending in -eu or -eau. Adjectives Ending in -al. Agreement Problems of Certain Adjectives 33 Adjectives of Color. Compound Adjectives 35 Position of Adjectives 36 Adjectives That Change Meaning According to Position 39 Formation of Adverbs 41 Regular Forms. Adverbs Formed from Adjectives Ending in a Vowel. Adverbs Ending in -e ´ ment. Adverbs Ending in -amment and -emment. Irregular Adverbs. Position of Adverbs 46 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 47 Regular Comparisons. Comparative Followed by a Noun. Superlative of Adjectives and Adverbs 49 Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives 50 Adjectives without Comparative and Superlative Forms. Useful Phrases with Comparatives and Superlatives. Possessive Adjectives 54 Use of the Definite Article as a Possessive. With on, personne, tout le monde. With chacun. Demonstrative Adjectives 58 Indefinite Adjectives 59 CHAPTER 3 Prepositions 70 Uses of Certain Prepositions 70 Prepositions to Indicate Location or Direction to or from a Place 71 A ` , de, dans, en, chez. Prepositions with Geographical Names 73 A ` . En. Au. Dans. De. Prepositions with Modes of Transportation 76 Prepositions with Expressions of Time 77 A ` , at. Dans, en, in. Avant, before and apre ` s, after. Prepositions Used to Join Two Nouns 79 To Indicate Function or to Join a Noun that Modifies Another Noun. To Mean with. To Introduce the Material from Which an Object is Made. viii CONTENTS