English Grammar Review For The GCSE Eam

* Người ta không dùng thì tương lai trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian.Khi mệnh đề chính có động từ ở thì tương lai thì trong mệnh phụ chỉ thời gian, người ta sẽ dùng:?. - Thì HTĐ hoặc - Thì [r]

LESSON 1: PHONETICS A Pronunciation

1/ Pronunciation of -ED * / id/ : / t, d /

* / t/ : / f, k, p, s, ks, t∫ , ∫, θ /

* / d/ sau phụ âm lại nguyên âm

Note: some special adjectives ending in ED, and some adverbs pronounced / id /

Adj : naked crooked ragged wretched rugged

learned beloved wicked sacred

2/ Pronunciation of -s or -es ( present simple/ plural nouns/possessive) * /S/ : / k, t, p, f, θ /

*/ iz/ : / ks, t∫ , ∫ , ʤ, ʒ, z, s/

* / z/ : sau phụ âm lại nguyên âm

Note: */ θ / : truth, month, mouth, south, death , both, bath */ ks/ : box

*/ f / : laugh, cough */t∫ /: watch

*/ ∫/ : wash

B Stress

1.Prefixes không làm tthay đổi trọng âm từ un, im, in, ir , dis, not, en, re, over, under,

Ex: unimportant Inaccurate, irregular, dislike, nonsmoker, reorder, overcome, underweight…… Exception ( ngoại lệ) : understatement, undergrowth, underground, underpants

2 Suffixes khơng làm thay đổi trọng âm từ

-Ful,- less, -able,-al,-ous,-ly,-er/ -or, -ing, ise/ize, -en, -ment, -ness, -ship, -hood,

Ex: beautiful, thoughtless, enjoyable, dangerous, happily National, worker, memorize, widen, enjoyment, relationship, childhood,

3 Những từ tận tiếp vĩ ngữ sau có trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trước âm tiết chứa tiếp vĩ ngữ

-tion, sion, -ic, ical,-ity, ial, -ially, -itive, -logy, -grahpy, -try

Ex: protection, decision, scientific, musical, ability, essential, social, competitive, technology Exception: television, Arabic, arithmetic, politics, catholic

4 Những từ tận tiếp vĩ ngữ sau có trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết cách âm tiết : -ate , -ary

Ex: investigate, communicate, dictionary, necessary, January…… Exception: docu'mentary, ele'mentary, ex'traordinary, supple'mentary 5.Những tiếp vĩ ngữ sau thường nhận trọng âm

-ee, -eer, ese, -ain( for Verbs only ), -aire, -ique., -esque

EX: degree, engineer, nominee, Vietnamese, Japanese, remain, questionnaire, millionaire, technique, unique, picturesque

Exception: committee, coffee 6.Trọng âm từ hai âm tiết:

*Verbs and adjectives: dấu nhấn rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai âm tiết thứ hai chứa: nguyên âm dài, nguyên âm đôi ( trừ "ǝʊ" ), kết thúc hai phụ âm

Ex : escape, forget, relax, enjoy, allow, repeat, attract…… ( nhấn âm tiết thứ hai) promise, answer, enter, offer, open Happen, listen…( nhấn âm tiết thứ nhất) *Nouns: nhấn vào âm tiết thứ âm tiết thứ hai chứa nguyên âm ngắn

Ex: standard, handsome, carpet, pretty, busy table………( nhấn âm tiết thứ nhất) machine, mistake, alone ( nhấn âm tiết thứ hai)

C Một số từ hai âm tiết vừa V , N N có trọng âm âm tiết đầu tiên, cịn V nhấn âm tiết thứ hai

LESSON 2: -TENSES

tense Form Use-Example Dấu hiệu Thì Hồ hợp Thì

Simple present (HTĐ)

*BE : is , am are *Vordinary:

-I /we/ you /they + Vinf

-she / he / it + Vs/es Do/ does +S + Vinf? S +don’t / doesn’t + Vinf

1 Chân lí, thật hiển nhiên: The sun sets in the west

2 Thói quen: She usually get up at six o’clock

3 Câu điều kiện loại I , if clause Thay cho Thì HTTD số V không dùng Thì TD

5 Trong Clauses of time MDC Tương lai

Often, usually frequently, always, constantly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, everyday(week, month……) HTĐ: -HTĐ HTĐ- HTTD HTĐ : -HTHT HTĐ- TLĐ -TLTD -TLHT Present Continuous (HTTD)

Is/ am / are + Ving hành động xảy thời điểm nói xung quanh thời điểm nói

Ex: He is playing football at the moment

This month I am writing a book NOTE: số V khơng dùng với Thì

2 Kế hoạch tương lai gần (thường kèm theo thời gian tương lai : next, tomorrow….)

At the moment, now , right now, at present Sau câu cảm thán

HTTD- HTTD HTTD - HTĐ While + HTTD When +HTĐ

Present perfect (HTHT)

Has/ Have + Ved/ V3

1 Hành động bắt đầu QK kéo dài đến HT, Tương lai ( for, since) I have learned English for two years

2 hành động xảy QK thời gian không rỏ( Nhấn mạnh hành động thực xong)

EX: I have seen that film Hành động xảy nhiều lần tiếp tục xảy HT, TL: She has writen many novels 4.Hành độnh vừa xảy ( just)

Just, recently, lately Ever, never, already, yet, before

So far, until now, up to now, up to the present :

For: khoảng thời gian Since: Mốc thởi gian, Mệnh đề: ( QKĐ)

HTHT-HTD HTHT since QKĐ It is the first ( second ) time + S+

HTHT( ever) IT is the Adj so sánh + S + HTHT Present perfect continuous (HTHTTD) Has/ Have+been +Ving

1 Hành động bắt đầu QK kéo dài đến HT, Tương lai

( Giống HTHT 1) - Nhấn mạnh tính chất liên tục hành động từ lúc bắt đầu tới lúc nói

Ex: He has been writing his report for hours

For/ since

Past simple QKĐ

* Be: was/ were * S +Ved/ V2 * S+ didn’t +Vinf Did+ S + Vinf?

1 Hành động xảy kết thúc QK -thời gian xác định rỏ Chuổi hành động xảy liên tiếp QK

When she saw him , she turned away

3 Với when hỏi thời gian hành động xảy QK

4 Hành động ngắn xảy chen ngang vào HĐ xảy THÌ QKTD

5 Hành động ngắn xảy sau HĐ THÌ QKHT

6 Thói quen QK

In 1998( năm) Last night ( year, month, week Ago Yesterday… QKĐ-QKĐ QKĐ-QKTD QKĐ-QKHT QKĐ : ngắn QKTD: dài, xảy QKHT: xảy trước

Past continuous

Was/ Were+ Ving Hành động xảy vào

thời điểm xác định QK At 8pm yesterday

QKTD Eg: I was doing my homework at p.m last sunday

2 hành động xảy QK có HĐ ngắn chen vào.( QKĐ) Các HĐ xảy song song với QK

At this time yesterday While+QKTD( QK) While QKTD-QKĐ While QKTD- QKTD Past perfect QKHT

Had+ Ved/ V3 HĐ xảy trước mốc thời gian HĐ khác QK (HĐ xảy sau :QKĐ)

Eg: We had worked here for years by the end of last year When I got up this morning , my father had already left

2 Là Thì tương đương HTHT QK

He said that he had done his homework since 7am Câu ĐK loại III , MĐ IF

-Before , by + mốc tg QK

các dấu hiệu HTHT cúa QKHT QK

(-No sooner QKHT than QKđ

-Hardly QKHT when QKĐ

Vừa )

QKHT-QKĐ nối với = after, before, when, as soon as, by the time, till, until ( HĐxảy trước : QKHT, HĐ xảy sau: QKĐ)

Past perfect continuous QKHTTD

Had been + Ving HĐ xảy kéo dài thời điểm QK, HĐ khác QK xảy

{HĐ Sau ( QKĐ) }

Eg:The men had been playing cards for two hours before I came

For + Khoảng tg -QKHTTĐ

before QKĐ -When QKĐ, QKHTTD Simple future TLĐ

Will/ shall + Vinf HĐ xảy TL( quuyết tâm ý kiến) Eg: I will call you tomorrow Câu ĐK 1, MĐC

Some day, tomorrow Next week ( year, month…)

soon

TLĐ when/ as soon as/ until… HTĐ/ HTHT Future

perfect TLHT

Will/ shall have +Ved/ V3

1 HĐ hồn tất trước mơt thời điểm cho trước tương lai

Eg: They will have built that house by July next year

2 HĐ hoàn tất trước HĐ khác TL

Eg:when you come back, I will have written this letter

By / before + mốc thời gian tương lai By the time / before( HTĐ) By then

TLHT when/ by the time HTĐ

Future continous TLTD

Will/ shall + be + Ving

1 HĐ xảy vào thời điểm TL

He will be doing research at this time tomorrow

2 HĐ xảy TL có HĐ khác xảy đến ( HĐ xảy đến : HTĐ)

Eg: What will you be doing when I come tomorrow?

At am next sun day At this time next year

TLTD when HTĐ

Be going to S+is/ am/ are going to+ V-inf

1 HĐ xảy tương lai - có dự định từ trước

I've decided I'm going to buy a new bike

2 dự đoán HĐ xảy TL có sở HT

Look at the black clouds It is going to rain

*Qui tắc hồ hợp THÌ MĐC MĐTrạng Ngử thời gian

Chính MĐTrạng Ngử thời gian

1. QK QK

2 HT HT

3 TL HT: HTĐ ( thường)/ HTHT( nhấn mạnh HĐ thực hiên xong)

NOTE:

* Một số V khơng dùng THÌ TD ( thay THÌ đơn).Đó V hành động giác quan, tình cảm, sở hưủ, trạng thái

see, hear understand, be know, like , want, feel think( that), smell, love, hate, wish, remember ……… Eg: Now my mother ( be ) at home ( is being : is )

* Các cụm từ dấu hiệu Thì xét câu đơn câu có nhiều MĐ cần xem xét Sự Hồ hợp THÌ Những cụm từ dùng cho THÌ tương đương QK

Eg: I usually get up at six But I usually got up at six when I was a student. * Trong câu Tường Thuật, Vchính QK nhớ Ý Lùi THì QK bật * HTHT since + QKĐ( hành động xảy chấm dứt QK)

HTHT since + HTHT( hành động xảy QK….HT)

LESSON : Reported speech *Câu gián tiếp câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung lời nói trực tiếp

* Các thay đổi chung chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp

1 Thay đổi câu:( reported verbs in the past) (nếu V tuờng thuật Thì QK)

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

Simple present Simple Past

Present progressive Past progressive

Present perfect Past perfect

Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive

Simple Past Past perfect

Past progressive Past perfect progressive

Simple Future(will + inf Future in the past( would+ ifn)

can could

must Had to

NOTE: Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả chân lí, thật hiển nhiên khơng thay đổi Thì. Ex: Our teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.”

 Our teacher said that the sun rises in the east

2 Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng,đại từ sở hữu tính từ sở hữu:

RULE: ngơi thứ nhất-→ngơi S mệnh đề chính; ngơi thứ hai→ngơi O mệnh đề chính; ngơi thứ ba thường khơng thay đổi

3 Thay đổi nhóm từ thời gian nơi chốn:

Nhóm từ câu trực tiếp Nhóm từ câu gián tiếp

today that day

yesterday the day before/ the previous day

tonight that night

tomorrow the following day/ the next day/ the day after

this month that month

last month (week, year ) the month (week, year )before / the perious month (week, year )

next month the month after / the following month

here there

now then

ago before

This/these That/ those

* Các thay đổi cụ thể cho loại câu lời nói gián tiếp I Câu trần thuật(statement)

said

S + (that) + S + V told + O

Note:

Nếu V -tường thuật Said→ giử nguyên lại để tường thuật Nếu V -tường thuật Said to +O→ told +O

thay đổi thì,đại từ,cụm từ thời gian, nơi chốn

Ex : “I saw her this morning”, he said → He said that he had seen her that morning Mary said to Bill,“ I don’t like living here” → Mary told Bill she didn’t like living there

I Câu hỏi ( questions):

 Câu hỏi đảo ( yes/ no question)

S + asked + ( O )/ wondered/ wanted to know + if / whether + S+V  Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi:( wh-question )

S+ +asked +( O ) wondered/ wanted to know + wh- word +S+V

thay đổi thì, đại từ, từ thời gian nơi chốn cho phù hợp với văn cảnh lời nói

Ex:“ Does your brother live in London, Nam?,she asked -> She asked Nam if his brother lived in London Ex : The boy asked me, “ What time is it?” -> The boy wanted to know what time it was

III Dạng mệnh lệnh thức /câu lệnh , đề nghị(command/ requests) S+ động từ tường thuật + O + (not) + to infinitive

* động từ tường thuật : told, asked, advised, persuded, taught, directed, begged, encouraged NOTE: tuỳ theo tính chất câu mệnh lệnh mà ta sử dụng V- tường thuật cho phù hợp

Trong câu mệnh lệnh có chứa Câu phat biểu Ta củng thay đổi THÌ câu phát biểu Ex : She said to John :” Show me your paper” -> She told John to show her his paper

Ann said to him : “ Don’t wait for me if I am late” -> Ann told him not to wait for her if she was late IV.Tùy theo ý nghĩa câu trực tiếp, chuyển sang cách nói gián tiếp số cấu trúc sau

Nhóm với to-inf Nhóm với V-ing

1 S+ V+ O+ ( not) to inf Advise (khuyên)

Warn (cảnh báo) Remind ( nhắc nhở)

Encourage ( khuyến khích) Invite ( mời)

Urge (thúc giục) Order (ra lệnh) 2 S+V+ ( not) to inf Promise (hứa) Ask (yêu cầu) Agree ( đồng ý) Demand (:yêu cầu) Hope( hi vọng) , threaten (đe doạ) Offer: (đề nghị giúp) Refuse( từ chối)

Ex : @“ We’ll come back again” -> They promised to come back again

@ “You’d better get up early” -> He advised me to get up early @ “Could you close the window?” John said to Peter -> John asked Peter to close the door

@ “Remember to lock the door ” my sister said

-> My sister reminded me to lock the door

@ “Come and see me whenever you want”

-> She invited me to come and see her whenever I wanted

1 S+V+(O)+giới từ +V-ing dream of (mơ về)

object to ( phản đối)

complain about ( phàn nàn về)

Stop sb ( from) V-ing, ngăn cản khơng làm gì) Compliment sb on khen

Accuse sb of + V-ing ( buộc tội) Apologize to sb for + V-ing ( xin lỗi) Thank sb for + V-ing ( cảm ơn) Blame sb for V-ing ( đổ thừa)

Congratulate sb on + V-ing ( chúc mừng) Insist on + V-ing ( khăng khăng)

Warn sb against V-ing (khuyến cáo đừng làm gì)

Prevent sb from + V-ing ( ngăn cản khơng làm gì) 2

S+V +V-ing

Admit + V-ing ( thừa nhận) Suggest + V-ing ( đề nghị) Deny ( thú nhận) +Ving Rerget ( tiếc việc gì) Ex :

@ “I hear you passed the exam Congratulations!” John said to us -> John congratulated us on passing our exams

@ “I’m sorry I’m late” Mary said -> Mary apologized for being late @ “You stole my watch” the man said

-> The man accused me of stealing his watch @ “I’ve lost your letter” he said

-> He admitted losing my letter @ “ I didn’t break your window” -> He denied breaking my window

V Câu điều kiện lời nói gián tiếp

-Nếu lời nói gián tiếp có câu điều kiện, có câu điều kiện loại thay đổi thì, hai câu điều kiện cịn lại giữ nguyên hình thức động từ

LESSON : PASSIVE VOICE

Structure :

Active: S + V + Obj. Passive: S + (Be) + Vpp + ( by Obj)

BE: Chia theo THÌ V câu chủ đông

 S + am/ is/ are, + V pp ( by Obj.) - simple present

 S + am/ is/ are + Being + Vpp (by Obj. - present continuous/  S + was/ were + Being + Vpp (by Obj -past continuous

 S + have/ has +been + Vpp ( by Obj.) -present perfect

 S + had been + Vpp ( by Obj.) -past perfect

 S + will/ shall + Be + Vpp.( by Obj.) - simple future  S + will/ shall + have been Vpp.( by Obj.) -future perfect Modal verbs:

 S +can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ could/ have to/ be going to +Be + Vpp  S + modal verbs + have been + Vpp ( dạng hồn thành)

***Notes:+ Ta bỏ: by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by them, by someone, by people câu bị động không muốn nêu rõ tác nhân thấy không quan trọng

+ Nếu câu chủ động có trạng từ( ngữ) nơi chốn đặt chúng trước “by + tân ngữ bị động”.eg The police found him in the forest

_He was found in the forest by the police

+ Nếu câu chủ động có trạng từ( ngữ) thời gian đặt chúng sau “ by + tân ngữ bị động” eg They are going to buy a car tomorrow

A car is going to be bought by them tomorow

+ Nếu tân ngữ câu bị động vật, việc ta dùng giới từ ‘with’ thay ‘by’ trước tân ngữ

eg The bottle is filled with ink./ The bowl is fill with sugar

+ Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ hai tân ngữ dùng làm chủ ngữ câu bị động ( chủ ngữ người sử dụng nhiều hơn)

Nếu O vật chuyển làm S cụm V O người ta phải dùng giới từ TO cho " bring, send, show, give, lend , show, teach, offer FOR cho buy

Ex : Mary gave me a book

 I was given a book by Mary ⇒ A book was given to me by Mary. Một số dạng passive đặt biệt

1 causative form ( have / Get) ( nhờ bảo: muốn nói / nhờ ai/ yêu cầu làm việc gì,chứ khơng tự tay làm)

Active: S + have +O (person) + bare Infinitive + O( thing ) S + get + O (person) + to Infinitive + O( thing ) Passive ⇒ S + have / get +O (thing) + Ved/ V3 + [by + O ( person )]

Bill repaired the roof (= he did it himself) # Bill had the roof repaired (= he arranged for someone else to it)

Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday ⇒ I had my bicycle repaired yesterday I get her to make some coffee ⇒ I get some coffee made

2 Verbs of perception ( giác quan): see , watch, hear, listen, ……

S + V + O + bare infinitive / v-ing +…… ⇒ S (O ) ( be) Ved/ V3 + to infinitive / V-ing Ex: They saw her come in ⇒ She was seen to come in

3 Verbs of opinion : say, think, believe, report, rumor… Active: S1 + V1 + ( that ) S2 + V2 + O2

Passive ⇒ It + (be) + Ved/ V3 (v1) + ( That ) + S2 + V2 + O2

⇒ S2 + (be) + Ved/ V3 (v1) + to infinitive ( if V2 in simple present tenses) + to have +Ved/ V3 ( if V2 in perfect or past tenses) Ex: People say that he is a famous doctor

⇒ It is said that he is a famous doctor ⇒ He is said to be a famous doctor Ex: They thought that Mary had gone away

⇒ It was thought that Mary had gone away ⇒ Mary was thought to have gone away

A Grammar: Câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề: MĐ phụ (hay MĐ điều kiện) bắt đầu If, MĐ chính( nêu lên kết quả)

-Có loại câu ĐK :

1 Real conditional sentences ( Type 1).

Future possible ( xảy tương lai )

If + S + V (simple present) + S + will/ can/ may/ must + V inf. eg If I have time, I will visit you

Tuy nhiên có biến thể sau * Habitual ( thói quen)

If + S + V( simple present) + S + V ( simple present)

eg Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time * Command ( câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu)

If + S + V (simple present) + command form

eg Please buy me some fruits if you go to market

Present unreal conditional sentences ( Type ) ( trái ngược thực tế tại, TL) If + S + V (simple past) + S + would/ should/ could/ might + V inf

(Trong MĐ phụ có’To be’thì dùng ‘Were’ cho tất ngơi.) eg If today were Saturday , I could go to the beach

If I had time , I would write you a letter

3 Past unreal conditional sentences ( Type 3) ( trái ngược thực tế Quá Khứ) If + S + V (past perfect) + S + would/ could/ might + have + Vpp.

eg If I hadn’t lost my way, I would have arrived sooner

Note:- Có thể dùng đảo ngữ( chuyển Were, HAD lên đầu câu bỏ IF) câu ĐK loại có ‘Were’ loại

eg If I were younger, I would play tennis - Were I younger,I would play tennis

If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam

- Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam

- Unless: Trong MĐ điều kiện , ta thay liên từ If Unless( không, trừ phi) Unless = If not

eg If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam =Unless you study hard, you will fail in the exam

 Khi ta đổi If sang Unless , MĐ If thể khẳng định không đổi sang thể phủ định dùng Unless mà phải đổi MĐ sang thể ngược lại

eg If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster

=Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster

- Provided ( that) / providing ( that),On condition (that )( với điều kiện là) , As long as, so long as (miễn là, với điều kiện là), Suppose, supposing ( giả sử ), In case ( trường hợp), Even if ( khi, dùng để tương phản hay nhấn mạnh), dùng thay cho If câu điều kiện

eg Supposing it rains, what will you ?

I’ll accept your invitation provided you go with me Dạng ĐK hiểu ngầm.

1 But for ( khơng vì, khơng có)

eg But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier Without ( khơng có ): eg Without his books, he would know nothing

3 Mệnh lệnh cách + and : Do that again and I’ll call a policeman.(= If you ) 4 As if and As though : ( thể là, trái ngượcvới tình thật)

The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter * Chỉ hành động hay kiện khơng có thật q khứ

S + V (past) + As if/ As though + S + V ( past perfect) eg She looked as if she had seen a ghost

Tuy nhiên as if , as though củng * Chỉ hành động xảy tại: S + V ( present) + As if/ As though + S + V ( present)

5 Clauses after Wish, If only: (ao ước, ) Sau Wish If only thường dùng MĐ chỉ điều ao ước, điều khơng thật Có MĐ sau Wish If only:

a Future wish: S + wish + S + would/ could + V (bare inf.) ( If only)

eg I wish I would be an astronaut in the future If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday

b Present wish: S + wish + S + V past subjunctive=simple past ( V2 ;be –were). ( If only )

eg I can’t swim I wish I could swim

Marry isn’t here I wish she were here =If only Marry were here c Past wish: S + wish + S + past perfect/ could have + Vpp. ( If only)

eg She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house ( She hadn’t have enough money to buy the house) If only I had met her yesterday.( I didn’t meet her)

LESSON : COMPARISONS (so saùnh) 1.So sánh Adj / Adv

Types Models

1/ Equal Degree (So sánh bằng)

S1 +V1 AS + adj / adv + AS + S2 +V2 ( câu phủ định AS thay SO)

2/Comparitive Degree

(So sánh hơn)

Adj / adv(NGẮN) + ER

S1 +V1 MORE + adj / adv(daøi) THAN S2 +V2 LESS + adj / adv ( hơn)

3/Superlative Degree(So sánh

nhaát)

THE + adj / adv(ngắn) + EST IN( Nsố đếm được) S +V THE MOST + adj / adv(dài) + (N) The Least adj / adv ( nhất) OF(NSố nhiều đếm đươc)

Examples: 1/ a) You are as tall as I am (=me)

b) John doesn’t work as/so effectively as Tom (does)

2/ a) The letter will probably arrive sooner than you expect. b) Mr Smith can drive more carefully than his wife (can). 3/ a) She works (the) hardest of anyone in the class. b) That’s the most beautiful girl of the three girls Notes:

1 S2 +V2 Có thể thay O

2/ Short Adj / Adv (ngaén): - vần - Adj vần tận = -y,-er, -le,-ow,

Ex: happy, clever, simple,… early

3/ Long Adj /Adv (dài): - vần trở lên, trừ trường hợp 4/ So Sánh Nhất : Dùng cho đối tượng trở lên.

5/ So Sánh Bất Qui Tắc:

many/much more the most little less the least

- late later the latest( thời gian)/ the last( thứ tự) far farther/further the farthest /furthest

farther/ farther nói khoảng cách # further/ furthest nói thời gian, N trừu tượng

6) So sánh nhấn mạnh cách thêm “much, far, a lot, a bit, a little trước hình thức so sánh

Ex: You speak English much more fluently than Lan does A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon

2 So sánh N :Danh từ dùng so sánh:

- So sanh S + V + the same + (noun) + as +noun(pronoun). eg My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his Marry is as old as Tony = Marry and Tony are the same age

S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun +as + noun/ pronoun. (nhiều, như)

eg He earns as much money as his brother

-So sánh S + V + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun. ( nhiều, hơn)

I have more books than she does 3) Double copmparative(so saùnh keùp)

a) So sánh đồng tiến : (càng ……thì càng)

The + comparative + S + V, The + comparative + S+ V ( từ so sánh hơn) ( từ so sánh hơn)

Ex: The hotter it is, the more uncomfortable I feel b) So sánh lũy tiến ( ngày caøng )

adj / adv + er + and + adj / adv + er ( ngaén)

more and more + adj / adv ( daøi) Ex: You are younger and younger

My mother becomes more and more beautiful

LESSON 7: RELATIVE CLAUSES( MĐQH)

- MĐQH : -Là MĐ phụ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước - Được mở đầu đại từ quan hệ

- Vị trí : MĐQH đứng sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:

Functions (Tiền từ)

Antecedents

Subject Object Poss.(sở hữu) Adv

Things Which/ That Which/ That Whose + N

(of which)

People Who/ That Whom/ Who/ That Whose + n

Place Where

Time When

Reason Why

Types: loại MĐQH Defining relative clauses ( giới hạn)

Non-defining relative clauses ( Không giới hạn)

A Defining relative clauses ( giới hạn, xác định) :là MĐ cần thiết để xác định N trước, rỏ người , vật mà người đề cập đến Vì khơng thể lược bỏ.( Khơng dùng dấu phẩy trường hợp này)

-Các ĐTQH : THAT, WHO, WHOM, WHICH làm O( tân ngữ) lược bỏ loại MĐ eg -The man is my teacher He’s standing overthere

=The man who(that) is standing overthere is my teacher EX - The book is very interesting I bought it yesterday =The book which(that) I bought yesterday is very interesting

Or The book I bought yesterday is very interesting ( That, which lược bỏ) B.Non-defining relative clauses ( Không giới hạn) :

Là MĐ bổ sung thông tin, chức xác định N trước thân N tự xác định rõ Nó tách khỏi MĐC dấu phẩy

EX: Mr Robin still works very hard.He is 64 years old = Mr Robin, who is 64 years old , still works very hard

NOTE: -Không dùng THAT ; không lược bỏ ĐTQH loại MĐ

Những tiền danh từ sau N xác định MĐQH sau chúng làMĐQH giới hạn, xác định - Danh từ riêng

- Danh từ bổ nghĩa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

- Danh từ bổ nghĩa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S HOUSE,…) - Danh từ bổ nghĩa = nhóm từ ( EX: The man from Hanoi,…) Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away

ĐTQH với giới từ:

*Giới từ bình thường sau động từ ta đem trước ĐTQH

*WHICH WHOM sau giới từ ,cịn chữ khác THAT ,WHOSE khơng thể

EX: This is the house I live in it => This is the house in which I live ( which I live in ) *các cụm từ định lượng với of : both of ,none of ,one of ,two of ,neither of ,most of phải đem cụm trước which ,whom

EX: I have many dogs You like none of them => I have many dogs none of which You like

Những giới từ khơng thể đem phía trước Đó trừong hợp giới từ hợp với động từ thành cụm động từ kép ( thành ngữ) nên ta tách rời chúng

Ví dụ : Come across ( tình cờ gặp ) ,look after ( chăm sóc ), put up with ( chịu đựng ) ,give up ( từ bỏ ) This is the man I came across him yesterday

=> This is the man across whom I came yesterday (sai ) => This is the man whom I came across yesterday (đúng )

RelativeAdverbs

*Where = In / On/ At Which sau Nplace

Thay cho In / On/ At + Nplace HERE , THERE Ex: That is the house we are living in that house now

That is the house where / in which we are living now *When = In / On/ At Which sau Ntime

Thay cho In / On/ At + Ntime THEN eg I’ll never forget the day I met her on that day./ then

==> I’ll never forget the day when/ on which I met her

*Why = For Which sau N- The reason ; thay cho for the( this , that) reason eg Please tell me the reason you are so sad for that reason

==> Please tell me the reason why / for which you are so sad NOTE:

-Whose: ĐTQH, đứng sau danh từ người thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ Whose cũng dùng cho vật ( =of which) Sau Whose danh từ

EX The woman is my sister Her wallet was stolen yesterday ==>The woman whose wallet was stolen yesterday is my sister

*‘THAT’: -thay cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” mệnh đề có giới hạn -khơng dùng MĐQH khơng giới hạn(MĐ nằm dấu phẩy) -Không dùng sau giới từ

*dung sau cụm từ hỗn hợp ( vật + người) Rút Gọn Mệnh Đề

A.MĐQH ( có ĐTQH làm S)

- Nếu Verb MĐQH động -> bỏ who, whom, which, that dùng hình thức V-ing - Nếu Verb MĐQH bị động -> bỏ who, whom, which, that dùng hình thức V3/ed - Nếu N trước MĐQH có the last, the second… so sánh

* rút gọn MĐQH to-inf ( câu động) * Rút gọn MĐQH to be V3/ ed ( câu bị động)

Ex : I live in a house which was built 30 years ago -> I live in a house built 30 years ago The boy who is playing guitar is Ben -> The boy playing guitar is Ben

3 The first person that can help me is Mr Smith -> The first person to help me is Mr Smith 4 This is the second person who was killed in that way -> This is the second person to be killed in that way

B MĐQH có ĐTQH làm O ( nói mục đích) ==> to inf

EX: English is an important language which we have to master ==> English is an important language to master LESSON : VERB FORM

A To Infinitive

1 to inf as subject ( làm S)

Ex: To make mistakes is easy ( It's easy to make mistakes)

To wait for people who were late made him angry ( It made him angry to wait for people who were late 2 to inf as complement ( làm bổ ngữ)

Ex: My ambition was to retire at thirty.( It was my ambition to retire at thirty)

Your task is to get across the river without being seen ( It is your task to get across the river without being seen )

3 to inf as object of verbs: ( làm tân ngữ cho V)

Agree arrange ask attempt begin care cease

Choose come decide determine demand desire expect

Fail hope intend learn manage mean offer

Plan prepare promise refuse seem tend want

Wish afford appear happen hesitate would like

Claim pretend volunteer

4 to inf after verbs + object ( sau V + tân ngữ)

Ask enable encourage force get invite order beg forbid tempt

Tell teach urge implore want warn wish expect Persuade

5 to inf after question words ( sau từ hỏi): what / where/ who / whom/ which/ when / how……… Ex: I don't khow what to do, where to go

6 S + be + adj +( for +O) to-inf

-……Too + adjective/ adverb + ( For O ) + to infinitive

-…… adjective/ adverb Enough + ( For O ) + to infinitive (Chú ý : enough + noun + to- inf ) 7 To -inf = In order to –inf = So as to – inf : to express purpose (diễn tả mục đích )

Ex: she learns English to go abroad

8 Noun / pronoun + to-inf (sau N, đại từ thay cho mẹnh đề quan hệ) Ex : I have a lot of work to ( which I have to )

To- inf dùng sau the first/ the last/ the only or The superlative ( so sánh nhất) :để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ

EX: He was the first students to find the answer ( who could find the answer) B/ Bare Infinitive

1 after modal auxiliary verbs: will/Shall/ should / could/ can / may / must/ might/ had better/would rather why not

Ex: I can swim why not phone me tomorrow night?

2 let/ make +O + bare infinitive (but in passive( câu bị động) : be made to infinitive ) EX: He made me work hard - I was made to work hard

3 help +O + bare infinitive / to infinitive Ex : we both heard him say that I was leaving 4 feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch + O + bare infinitive (diễn tả hành động kết thúc toàn hành động) (But in passive : felt, found + to infinitive)

EX: I saw him steal her bicycle - He was seen to steal her bicycle 5 Do anything/ nothing/ everything But/ Except + bare infinitive

1 after some verbs: ( OBJECTS ) ( sau số V)

Admit appreciate consider delay detest keep mind

recall resent involve postpone risk avoid dislike

deny enjoy feel like imagine miss practice suggest

Ex : I enjoy watching T.V

2 after some expressions: ( sau số cụm từ)

be worth It's no good It's no use can't stand can't help There's no point in have difficulty/ trouble Ex: It's worth learning English

3 after prepositions ( sau giới từ) (Prepositional Object )

Ex: she is interested in listening to music

Note : look forward to / be ( get) used to / be accustomed to/ object to / confess to / contribute to / take to + Ving ( to here :preposition)

4 gerund can be used as Subject or complement ( làm chủ ngữ bổ ngữ)

Ex: swimming is a good sport My hobby is going for a walk after dinner

5 In compound noun(trong N ghép): Ex :weigh-lifting, lorry-driving, dining-room, swimming pool 6 Adverbial Modifier ( trạng ngữ)

By/Without + V-ing ( thể cách) He earns money by doing manual work He looked at me without saying anything

For + V-ing ( mục đích) Money is used for buying things

After/at/in/on/before while/ upon + V-ing ( thời gian)

On returning home I found that the door was open We ate while listening to the radio

D/ To infinitive or Gerund

1 advise/ allow/ recommend/ permit / forbid + O + to Infinitive advise/ allow/ recommend/ permit ( no Object) + Gerund (V-ing )

Note: câu bị động S O, be advised/ allowed/ recommended/ permitted + to INF 2 remember/ forget/ regret + to infinitive ( happened after main verbs)( xảy sau HĐ chính)

V-ing ( happened before main verbs)(xảy trướcHĐ chính) Ex : I regret spending so much money.= I'm sorry I spent so much money ( spending is the first action, regret is the second) EX: I regret to say that you have failed your exam

3 stop + to infinitive Ex: We stopped to ask the way ( dừng để làm gì)

V-ing EX: We stopped talking when he came in ( dừng làm gì) 4 try + to infinitive ('attempt')( cố gắng)

V-ing ('make the experiment' ) ( thử )

5 S ( person) + Need + to infinitive Ex: They need to cut the grass.

S ( thing) + Need + to be Ved/ V3 The grass needs to be cut

V-ing The grass needs cutting E The participles ( phân từ)

I/ The present (or active) participle ( Hiện phân từ)

1 To form the continuous tenses ( hình thành THÌ tiếp diễn)

2 As adjectives (active meaning) : ( làm tính từ: mang nghĩa chủ động, thường dùng để miêu tả tính

chất vật) Ex: The film is interesting

4 A present participle can sometimes replace a relative pronoun + verb

( hình thức rút gọn MĐQH mang tính chủ động có ĐTQH làm Chủ Ngữ)

people who wish/wished to visit the caves = people wishing to visit the caves

5 After verbs of sensation see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice , watch +O+ Ving

EX: She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising

NOTE : see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice , watch +O+ bare Infinitive ( Khi muốn nhấn mạnh hành động hoàn tất)

EX: I saw him enter the room

6 After catch/find/leave + object Ex: I left him talking to Bob = He was talking to Bob when I left. 7 After go, come, spend, waste, be busy

EX They are going riding/skiing/sailing

* spend/waste + an expression of time or money + Ving

8 Present participles can sometimes replace subject + verb in other main or subordinate clauses ( hình thức rút gọn mệnh đề mang tính chủ động)

We take off our shoes we creep cautiously along the passage = Taking off our shoes, we creep cautiously along the passage

II/ The past participle ( khứ phân từ)

1 Hình thành cơng thức THÌ Hồn Thành, Câu Bị Động

he has seen it was broken

2 As an adjective:(passive meaning )( làm tính từ: mang nghĩa bị động, thường dùng để miêu tả tình

cảm người)

EX: I’m interested in the film

3 The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb ( hình thức rút gọn mệnh đề mang tính bị động)

She enters She is accompanied by her mother = She enters, accompanied by her mother As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything

=Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything. 4 A past participle can sometimes replace a relative pronoun + passive verb ( hình thức rút gọn MĐQH mang tính bị động có ĐTQH làm Chủ Ngữ) EX: The chair which was broken yesterday has just been repaired

= The chair broken yesterday has just been repaired

LESSON : PHRASES and CLAUSES REASON.(nguyên nhân)

because/ since/ as +S+V = because of / due to/ owing to/ thanks to + N- phrase/ V-ing phrare Ex : He couldn’t go to school because he was sick

-> He couldn’t go to school because of his sickness Concession ( mặc dù….)

* Although In spite of

Even though + S + V = + N- phrase/ V-ing phrare

Though Despite

Ex : Although he was sick, he went to school = In spite of his sickness, he went to school * No matter what/ where/ who/ when/ why/ how

= whatever/ wherever/ whenever/ whoever/ why ever/ however ( dù gì, dù đâu, )

Note : - Whatever ( pro) ( đại từ) - whatever you , I believe you

Whatever + N -Whatever clothes she wears, she looks beautiful -No matter how +Adj / Adv =however Adj / Adv

However hard I worked, she was never satisfied. Purpose ( mục đích)

so that to

S + V = so as to + infinitive

In order that in order to

EX: she learns hard so that she can get good marks = she learns hard to get good marks

4 CAUSES & EFFECTS ( nguyên nhân & kết quả) A So/ such … that: đến nỗi

S + V

so adj / adv

that S+ V

such (a / an) + adj + N so many

so few

(adj) + N số nhiều

so much so little

(adj) + N soá

Ex: The weather was so cold that we couldn’t go out. It was such cold weather that we couldn’t go out. There are so many people that we can’t find Tom. He ate so much meat that he got fat.

There is so little water that people couldn’t leave here. B Too to ( nên không thể…)

Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.

He drove too badly to pass the driving test C Enough (đủ… để có thể…)

S + V + adj/adv + ENOUGH + (for +O) + TO inf Ex: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test. 5 Adverbial clause of time

* Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian đóng vai trị tương đương với trạng ngữ câu Mệnh đề đứng mà phải ln kèm với mệnh đề

*Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian thường bắt đầu với từ sau:

When (khi) - I was watching TV when it began to rain.

While ( khi) - While Tommy was having a bath, the telephone rang. As ( khi) - As I was watching TV, it began to rain.

As soon as ( sau khi) - As soon as I finish reading this book, I will return it to you. Until ( khi) - Please wait for me until I come back.

Before ( trước khi) - You must remember to turn all lights off before you go out.

After ( sau ) - After my parents have dinner, they often watch TV till late at night. by the time(ngay trước khi) - I will have cooked dinner by the time he comes

Since ( từ khi) - Since I move here, I have never met my next-door neighboor As long as: (lâu chừng nào) - You can stay here as long as you want to

NOTE:

* Người ta khơng dùng tương lai mệnh đề thời gian.Khi mệnh đề có động từ tương lai mệnh phụ thời gian, người ta dùng:

- Thì HTĐ - Thì HTHT ( muốn nhấn mạnh hành động hoàn tất.) * Sau As While ta hay dùng động từ tiếp diễn

LESSON 10: ARTICLE (Mạo từ)

I Indefinite Articles( Mạo từ bất định) : a/ an

- Dùng trước danh từ ( số ít) chưa xác định / đề cập lần đầu

* Dùng “an” trước nguyên âm ( u, e, o, a, i) phụ âm “h” câm Ex : an hour, an honest person

* Dùng “a” trước danh từ/ tính từ bắt đầu “u” đọc /ju:/ Ex : a unit ( an unofficial strike)

- a/ an thường dùng trường hợp sau

+ với danh từ nghề nghiệp Ex : a doctor ; an engineer + danh từ đếm số Ex : We had an argument

+ từ số, số lượng Ex : A hundred, a million, a pair of shoes - Không dùng a/ an trước danh từ không đếm

II Definite Article ( Mạo từ xác định) : the 1 Các trường hợp dùng “the”

- Những vật Ex : the sun, the moon, the world…. - Các danh từ xác định qua ngữ cảnh

hoặc đề cập trước - I have a book and an eraser The book is now on thetable - Các danh từ giải trí Ex: the theater, the concert, the church

- Trước tên tàu thuyền, máy bay Ex: The Titanic was a great ship.

- Các sông, biển, đại dương, dãy núi… Ex: the Mekong River, the China Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas

- Một nhóm đảo quốc gia Ex: the Philippines, the United States. - Tính từ dùng danh từ tập hợp Ex: You should help the poor.

- Trong so sánh Ex: Nam is the cleverest in his class. - Tên người số nhiều (chỉ gia đình) Ex: The Blacks, The Blues, the Nams - Các danh từ đại diện cho loài Ex: The cat is a lovely home pet.

- Số thứ tự Ex: the first, the second, the third…. - Chuỗi thời gian không gian Ex: the next, the following, the last 2 THE không dùng:

- Trước danh từ số nhiều nói chung Ex: They build houses near the hall. - Danh từ trừu tượng, không đếm Ex: Independence is a happy thing. - Các danh từ màu sắc Ex: Red and white make pink.

- Các môn học Ex: Math is her worst subject.

- Các vật liệu, kim loại Ex: Steel is made from iron.

- Các tên nước, châu lục, thành phố Ex: Ha Noi is the capital of VietNam. - Các chức danh, tên người Ex: President Bill Clinton, Ba, Nga - Các bữa ăn, ăn, thức ăn Ex: We have rice and fish for dinner - Các trò chơi, thể thao Ex: Football is a popular sport in VN. - Các loại bệnh tật Ex: Cold is a common disease.

- Ngôn ngữ, tiếng nói Ex: English is being used everywhere - Các kì nghỉ, lễ hội Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine…

- Caùc cụm từ “at work/ at home/ at school/ go to work/ go home”

NOTE :

* Không dùng "the" trước số danh từ home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, univercity v.v với động từ giới từ chuyển động đến mục đích khỏi mục đích

Ex: Students go to school everyday

Ex: The patient was released from hospital

*Nhưng đến khỏi khơng mục đích bắt buộc phải dùng "the" Ex: I went to the hospital to visit her

LESSON 11 : SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

I SINGULAR SUBJECT: ( ch ng s ít) + ủ ử ố V- s ítố

Singular subject Examples

1 Indefinite pronouns: (đại từ bất định)

- anybody (any one), anything, anything, nobody (no one), nothing, everybody (everyone), everything.

- Something is under the armchair - Everyone wants to go home early

2 Uncount nouns: Các chất rắn, chất lỏng, chất khí, danh từ trừu tượng …

- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, - ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass - steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen, - rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand, - happiness, pollution, love, health, patience, - work, homework, advice, information,

Happiness is one of the most important things in life

3 Subjects, sport, languages, natural phenomena, nations, diseases: (Môn học, thể thao, ngôn ngữ, tượng tư nhiên, tên quốc gia bệnh)

- mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics, - swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis, - Chinese, English, Spanish, German, … - weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog,

- Mathematics is a basic tool

- Many people take up gymnastics because it is good exercise

4 Số đo lường, lượng tiền, thời gian: -

- Ten kilometres is a long distance to walk - Two million dollars is a large sum of money - Eight hours of sleep is enough for me 5 Who/ what làm chủ ngữ: - Who uses English?

- What has happened to you? 6 That + Clause làm chủ ngữ:

“Wh” + clause làm chủ ngữ: To inf/ V-ing

- That he is naughty makes his father sad - What he says is unreliable

- listening to music is interesting 7 Some determiners: (Một số định từ )

- Each, every, one of,

- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of, …

- Either , Neither,

- Each student has a pencil

- There is a little wine in the bottle

- Neither student does homework

- Neither of the students is well prepared 8 The + N and + N: người kiêm chức vụ: - The assistant and secretary is very busy now 9 Hỗn hợp:

- bread and butter: bánh mì bơ - The horse and carriage : xe ngựa

- Bread and butter is my favourite food

- The horse and carriage is coming round the corner

II PLURAL SUBJECT ch ng s nhi u) + V- s nhi uủ ử ố ề ố ề

Plural subject Examples

1 The + adj : ( nhóm người có tính chất tính từ) - The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind,

- The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese, ……

- The poor need our help

- The Vietnamese are very brave

2 Danh từ dạng số nhiều:

- police, cattle, goods, clothes, belongings, wares, - The police are looking for themissing child 3 Some determiners: (một số định từ)

- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several, a great many, a good many, the majority…

A few students are playing football

III Các dạng hồ hợp chủ từ đơng từ: 1 Hoà hợp với danh từ sau:

Either ………… or ……… + V ……

Neither ……… nor ……… + V …… ( Theo N2) Not only ……… but also …… + V ……

- Either I or John is going to the housework

- Not only the boy but also his friends like to play football

2 Hoà hợp với danh từ trước:

- N1 + along with + N2 + V (theo N1) as well as/ with/ accompanied by

not

- Miss Hang, along with her friends, wants to meet the boss

- Nam, not Tam, has just come

LESSON 12 : PREPOSITIONS

- Giới từ từ dùng để mối quan hệ danh từ đại từ với từ khác câu

- Giới từ trước danh từ đại từ danh từ đại từ gọi tân ngữ giới từ - Đại từ nằm sau giới từ phải hình thức tân ngữ: him, her

- Động từ đứng sau giới từ ln hình thức Danh động từ( Ving) A Prepositions used for Time and for Places

1 AT: a For time:

- at night/ noon/ midnight - at the moment

- at Christmas, at Easter - at present

- at once - at the age of - at sunset/ sunrise

- at weekends - at the same time b For places:

- at home/ school/ work - at the theatre - at the seaside - at the corner of the street - at the grocer’s, at the doctor’s

- at the top - at the bottom - at the foot of the page - at the beginning of/ at the end of: vào đầu/ cuối - at the shop

- ( To arrive) at the airport/ rainway station 2 IN:

a For time:

- In dùng trước năm, tháng, mùa, buổi nói chung ( trừ at night, at noon) eg in 1990, in August, in Spring, in the morning

- In time: b For places:

- In: in the living room/ in the box

- In dùng trước thành phố, đất nước, miền, phương hướng: in London, in Hanoi, in France, in the east

- in the street/ sky - in my opinion - in good/ bad weather - in the newspaper - in the middle of - in English/ German

- in the rain/ sun - in the dark - in + time( in days)

- in the water/ river/ sea - in a line/ queue - in a picture/ mirror/ photo - in bed/ hospital/ prison - in the end:( cuối cùng) - in love with

3 ON a For time:

- On dùng trước thứ ( ngày tuần), buổi cụ thể eg on Sunday, on Sunday mornings - On dùng trước ngày tháng eg on August 12th

- On time : giờ( xác) - On Christmas day - On holiday/ on a trip/ on a tour - On the occasion of:

b For places:

- On : eg on the table - on the phone - On horseback: lưng ngựa - on a diet - On foot : chân( bộ) - on fire

- On TV / on radio - on the left/ right - On the beach - on the 1st floor 4 BY

- By dùng câu bị động nghĩa ‘bởi’

- By dùng để phương tiện lại( by bike, by car )

- By the time : trước - By chance : tình cờ - Learn by heart: học thuộc lòng 5 TO:

- TO (đích đến) thường dùng sau động từ GO( go to the cinema GO HOME) - TO thường dùng để di chuyển : My father takes me to the cinema

Marry invited me to her birthday party 6 INTO:

- INTO có nghĩa vào trong, dùng sau động từ : GO, PUT, GET, FALL( rơi ngã), JUMP( nhảy), COME

eg go into the room, get into the train, put the pen into the bag, fall into the river, jump into the river and swim, come into the house

- INTO dùng để thay đổi điều kiện kết quả: The rain changed into snow

7 OUT OF: khỏi.

eg He came out of the house / He is looking out of the window 8 WITH:

- With dùng để liên hệ đồng hành, có nghĩa ‘ với’ I’m living with my parents - With cịn có nghĩa ‘ với’ Do you agree with me?

9 UNDER:

- Under: có nghĩa dưới, để vị trí phía vật eg The cat is under the table - Under cịn có nghĩa hơn, thấp - Children under fourteen years of age shouldn’t see such a film B Prepositions following Adjectives:

1 OF:

- ashamed of: xấu hổ - hopeful of/ about : hy vọng

- afraid of: sợ, e ngại - independent of: độc lập

- ahead of: trước - proud of: tự hào

- aware of: nhận thức - jealous of: ghen tỵ với

- capable of: có khả - guilty of: phạm tội( về), có tội

- confident of :tin tưởng - sick of: chán nản

- doubtful of: nghi ngờ - joyful of: vui mừng

- fond of: thích - full of: đầy

2 TO:

- acceptable to: chấp nhận - likely to:

- accustomed to: quen với - lucky to: may mắn

- agreeable to: đồng ý - next to: kế bên

- addicted to: đam mê - open to: mở

- delightful to smb: thú vị - pleasant to: hài lòng

- familiar to sb with sth: quen thuộc ai/cái - preferable to: đáng thích

- clear to: rõ ràng - profitable to: có lợi

- contrary to: trái lại, đối lập - rude to: thô lỗ, cộc cằn - equal to: tương đương với, - similar to: giống, tương tự - favourable to: tán thành, ủng hộ - useful to smb: có ích cho

- grateful to sb for sth : biết ơn việc - necessary to smt/ smb:cần thiết cho ai/cái - harmful to smb/ for smt:có hại cho ai/ - available to smb/ for smt: sẵn cho ai/cái - important to: quan trọng - responsible to smb: có trách nhiệm với 3 FOR:

- difficult for: khó - sorry for: xin lỗi

- late for: trễ - qualified for: có phẩm chất

- dangerous for: nguy hiểm - helpful/ useful for: có lợi/ có ích

- famous for: tiếng - good for: tốt cho

- greedy for: tham lam - grateful for smt: biết ơn việc - necessary for: cần thiết - convenient for: thuận lợi cho - perfect for: hoàn hảo - ready for smt: sẵn sàng cho việc

- suitable for: thích hợp - responsible for smt: chịu trách nhiệm việc 4 AT:

- good at: giỏi (về ) - excellent at: xuất sắc

- bad at: dở( ) - present at: diện

- clever at: khéo léo, thông minh - surprised at: ngạc nhiên - skilful at: khéo léo, có kỹ - amused at: vui

- quick at: nhanh - clumsy at: vụng

- amazed at: ngạc nhiên - annoyed at sth : khó chịu điều 5 WITH:

- delighted with: vui mừng với - busy with: bận

- aquainted with: làm quen( với ) - familiar with: quen thuộc

- crowded with: đông đúc - furious with: phẫn nộ

- angry with: giận - pleased with: hài lòng

- friendly with: thân mật - popular with: phổ biến

- bored with: chán - satisfied with: thỏa mãn với

- fed up with: chán - contrasted with: tương phản với

6 ABOUT:

- confused about: bối rối (về ) - serious about: nghiêm túc

- excited about: hào hứng - upset about: thất vọng

- happy about: vui, hạnh phúc - worried about: lo lắng

- sad about: buồn - anxious about: lo lắng

- disappointed about smt: thất vọng 7 IN:

- interested in: thích, quan tâm - successful in: thành công - rich in: giàu - confident in smb: tin cậy vào 8 FROM:

- isolated from: bị cô lập - far from: xa

- absent from: vắng mặt ( khỏi ) - safe from: an toàn

- different from: khác - divorced from: ly dị, làm xa rời 9 ON: - keen on: hăng hái

10 Notes: - be tired of: chán eg I’m tired of doing the same work every day. - be tired from: mệt eg I’m tired from walking for a long time

- be grateful to sb for st: biết ơn vấn đề eg I’m grateful to you for your help - be responsible to sb for st: chịu trách nhiệm với việc

eg You have to be responsible to me for your actions - good/ bad for: tốt/ xấu cho , good/ bad at: giỏi/ dở eg Milk is good for your health / She is bad at mathematics C Prepositions following verbs/ two-word verbs.

- apologize to sb for st: xin lỗi việc - approve of st to sb: đồng ý việc với - admire sb of st: khâm phục việc - participate in: tham gia

- belong to sb: thuộc - succeed in: thành công

- accuse sb of st: tố cáo việc - prevent sb from: ngăn khỏi

- blame sb for st ( sth on sb): đổ lỗi cho việc - provide sb with sth: ( sth for sb)cung cấp

- differ from: khác với - agree with: đồng ý với

- introduce to sb:giới thiệu với - beg for st: xin, van nài cho

- give up: từ bỏ - borrow st from sb: mượn

- look at: nhìn vào - depend on/ rely on: dựa vào, phụ thuộc vào - look after: trơng nom, chăm sóc - die of( a disease): chết

- look for: tìm kiếm - join in: tham gia vào

- look up: tra từ.( từ điển) - escape from: thoát khỏi - look forward to: mong đợi - insist on: khăng khăng - put on: mang vào, mặc vào # take off : - change into, turn into: hóa

-take off : cất cánh -wait for sb: chờ

- stand for: tượng trưng - arrive at( station, bus stop, airport ) đến

- call off: hủy bỏ, hoãn địa điểm nhỏ

- object to sb/ Ving: phản đối ai/ việc - arrive in( London, Paris, England ) đến

- infer from: suy từ thành phố hay đất nước

- congratulate sb on st: chúc mừng việc - put off: hoãn lại C VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:

1 catch sight of : trông thấy

2 give place to : nhường chỗ cho give way to : nhượng ,tránh đường cho keep pace with : theo kịp, sánh bước keep track of: theo dấu vết

6 lose sight of : hút, không thấy lose touch with : liên lạc với lose track of : dấu vết make allowance for: chiếu cố đặc biệt 10 make fun of : chế nhạo

12 make a contribution to : phụ giúp đóng góp

13 make a fuss over / about: làm om sòm, to chuyện 14 make room for : dọn chỗ cho

15 make use of : sử dụng 16 pay attention to : ý đến 17 put a stop to : làm dừng lại 18 put an end to : chấm dứt 19 set fire to : châm lửa, đốt 20 take account of : ý đến 21 take advantage of : lợi dụng 22 take care of : chăm sóc 23 take note of : ý đến 24 take notice of : ý tới

LESSON 13 : WORD FORM( Từ Loại )

I N( Noun phrase): : laøm S cho V : laøm O cho V : laøm O cho prep

: làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ)

* Notes: Basic Noun phrase structure ( cấu trúc ngữ danh từ ) - a, an ,the

- this, that, these, those

- some, any, many, … -ADV - ADJ - N - Nhead

- my, your, Tom’s, … ( danh từ đứng cuối , thành phần bổ nghĩa đứng trước N

Cách thành lập N ghép

II Adjective (adj.)( Adj phrase): 1) adj + N

2) adv + adj

3) be (thì, ), look có vẻ), feel, become, taste (có mùi), smell ( có vị), get, grow,remain, stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj

III Adverb (adv): từ dùng để diễn tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, trạng thái dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường, tính từ, trạng từ khác cho câu

1) S + Vi + adv Ex: They arrived safely

2) S + Vt + O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly 3) S + Vaux + adv + Vmain Ex: He can surely it

4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right 5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly

6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently ( or: adv + S + V + … ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.) * Trạng từ thường thành lập cách thêm hậu tố ‘ly’ vào sau tính từ.

beautifully, carelessly, strongly, mainly * Một số trường hợp đặc biệt:

+ good – well late – late : trể ( lately: gần đây)

+ ill – ill fast – fast hard – hard ( hardly: khơng )

Một có nhiều trạng từ câu, vị trí trạng từ nằm cuối câu có thứ tự ưu tiên sau: [ Nơi chốn - Cách thức - Tần suất - Thời gian]

Chủ ngữ

/động từ Nơi chốn/địa điểm Cách thức Tần suất Thời gian

I went to Bankok by plane yesterday

I walked to the library everyday last month

He flew to London by jet plane once a week last year

Những trạng từ phẩm chất cho câu Luckily, Fortunately, Eventually, Certainly Surely thường đặt đầu câu

LESSON 14:EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY( CỤM TỪ CHỈ SỐ LƯỢNG)

Nghĩa Dùng với N

không đếm dược

Dùng với N đếm

Cách dùng Ví dụ

nhiều much many - phủ định , nghi vấn

- sau " as, too Very, so"

There's not much sugar in the jar I have so many problems

nhiều A great deal of A large number of

- khẳng định He has a great deal of money A large number of students are in the room

Bao nhiêu How much How many + N -How many books you have?

-how much money you want?

một it/ vài A little A few -nghĩa khẳng định ( có

đủ)

I have a little money( enough to live on )

rất little few - nghĩa phủ định( khơng có)

I had little money ( almost no money)

Few tourists visited the area because of the oil spill

mỗi X Each - + N đếm số Each student needs a book

mỗi , X every -N đếm số Every student must learn hard

không X neither - không số người

hoặc vật Neither of the two children wants to go to bed

hoặc X either -trong số người

vật

Either he or she is wrong

cả hai X both - nhóm người vật both my parents work hard

một vài Some - câu kđ/ câu mời yêu cầu Could I have some books, please?

any -câu pđ/ hỏi/ điều kiện There isn't any reason tocomplain no- none -enough- all-

half-a lot of- lots of- plenty of ( nhiều) - most -more

* using OF after quantifiers before specific Nouns.{ ( the, this, that, these ,my, his, her ) + noun} trước N xác định cụ thể.{ ( the, this, that, these ,my, his, her ) + noun} ta phài dùng OF sau từ số lượng

Some people - some of the people - some the people some of people

Each child - each of my children

Note: -Sau Both/ half/ all ta bỏ of : all of her friends = all her friends

- cụm từ có OF : a great deal of , a large number of ta không thêm OF LESSON 15 : QUESTION TAGS ( CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI)

S + V, aux + Pronoun ?

General rule : negative statements ⇒ affirmative interrogative Câu phủ định ⇒ đuôi khẳng định

2 affirmative statements ⇒ negative interrogative Câu khẳng định ⇒ đuôi phủ định

Ex : you didn’t see him, did you? Peter helped you , didn’t he ? Note:

1 I ‘m late , aren’t I ?

2 Câu đề nghị: Let|s +(not) + V …, shall we? Let | s listen to some music, shall we? Câu mệnh lệnh:

Do/don|t smt, will you? Open the door , will you? Don| t be late, will you? Câu mệnh lệnh :nhắc nhở nguy hiểm sảy dïng (won’t you)

Be careful with that dog, won’ t you ?

4.Những câu văn có từ mang nghĩa phủ định : Neither, no , noone, nobody, nothing , scarcely , barely, hardly ever, seldom… Có câu hỏi khẳng định.

Ex: no salt is allowed, is it?

5 Khi S = anyone, no one , anybody, nobody, none , neither - dung “ they” làm S câu hỏi đuôi. Ex : Everyone had recognized him , hadn’t they?

6 phần câu chủ ngữ nothing, something, everything, this, that phần ta dùng đại từ it“ ” Everything will be all right, won’t it ?

LESSON 16 :MODAL VERBS

MODAL VERBS nghóa Ví dụ

Can (be able to) +V0 Có thể ( khả naêng) Can you speak any foreign languages?

Could +V0 -Có thể ( khả qk)

-trong câu đề nghị , xin phép -My grandfather could speak fivelanguages -could you tell me theway to the post office?

Must +V0 Phải (cần thiết, bổn phận phải làm )

Mustn't+V0 Khơng phép( cấm )làm You mustn't smoke in here May/ might +V0 Có thể, có lẽ ( tương lai)

May : dùng để xin phép ( may I )

"There's someone at the door "- " It may be Tom"

-May I go out?

Needn'tV0 Không cần thiết làm We'v got plenty of time we needn't leave yet

Must have + Ved / V3 Ắt hẳn (diễn tả suy đoán gần kiện khứ)

She won the game She must have been very happy

Should have +Ved / V3 Đáng lẽ phải (diễn tả lời khiển trách hành động khứ nên làm mà lại không làm)

It was a great party last night.You should have come.Why didn’t you?

Needn’t have Ved / V3 Đã không cần thiết làm khứ ( đãù làm):

I needn't have written to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards LESSON 17 : CONJUNCTION( LIÊN TỪ) : But/ Yet/ However/ so/ therefore

1 But/ Yet/ However ( nhưng, nhiên - nêu đối lập) : giống nghĩa nhưng khác dấu câu.

Clause 1, but/ yet + clause 2 Sentence However, sentence 2. Clause 1; however, clause 2.

I tried my best to pass the exam, but I still failed. = tried my best to pass the exam;however, I still failed. =I tried my best to pass the exam.However, I still failed.

2 so/ therefore ( v y, th ) : ậ ế giống nghóa khác dấu câu. Clause 1, so + clause 2

Sentence Therefore, sentence 2. Clause 1; therefore, clause 2.

Tim was too angry, so he left without saying anything.

=Tim was too angry;therefore, he left without saying anything.

=Tim was too angry.Therefore, he left without saying anything. LESSON 18: OTHER COMMON STRUCTURES

It + takes / took + (O ) + Ktg + to V0 : (ai) ktg để S + spend / spent + Ktg + (in) + Ving … : trải qua ktg làm Ex: It takes me hours to homework every day

I spend hours doing homework every day

S + would rather + (not) + V0 (HT) : muốn, thích S + would rather + V0 + than + V0 … (HT) : thích S + would rather + S + V2 / were +…. (HT) : muốn, thích Ex: She would rather go to the cinema

2 I would rather watch TV than go out I would rather he didn’t smoke here

I prefer to cook than (to) clean the floor.

The last time + S + V2 … was + in + 1993 when S’+ V2

two years ago

Lần cuối … …

S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3 … since 1990 since S’ + V2 for two years

Đã không …

It is + KTG + since + S (last) + V2 Đã kể từ Ex: The last time we met him was in 1990  We haven’t met him since 1990

2 The last time I talked to him was when I was at school. → I haven’t talked to him since I was at school 3 The last time we played football was ten years ago.

→ We haven’t played football for ten years → It’s ten years since we (last) played football

This is the first time + S + have/has + V3 Lần làm

S + have never( not) + V3 + before Chưa làm trước Ex: This is the first time I have met him.= I have never met him before

S + began / started + to V0/ Ving when + S + V2 ago

bắt đầu làm… cách S + has /have + V3 … since + S + V2

Has/ have + been + Ving for khoảng thời gian

Đã làm kể từ ktg Ex: He started to learn English when he was years old

 He has learned English since he was years old

Ex: He began working here years ago= he has been working here for years 7

It’s (high / about) time + for + O + to V0 : đến lúc It’s (high / about) time + S + V2

Ex: It’s time she went to bed It’s time for her to go to bed

Ex: I shouldn't have stayed up last night ( I stayed up last night and now I regret) The woman might have gone home

8 a)

It + be + adj + (for O ) + to-inf … Ving … + be + adj ….

To-inf

Ex: It is important (for us) to study English

To study English is important. Studying English is important. b)

nice polite

It’s + kind + of + sb + to-inf … : considerate

rude

c)

nice polite

Sngười + be + kind to + sb / sth considerate

rude

tử tế lịch tử tế chu đáo thô lỗ

EX: He is kind to everyone You are a little rude to customers 9 Extra object “it”:

find

consider to-inf … S + make + it + adj / noun + that + clause

think ‘Wh’

believe prove

: tìm thấy : xem : nhận định : nghĩ : tin : chứng tỏ Ex: He finds it difficult to maths.

My sister made it her duty to housework. 10 USED TO/ BE USED TO

USED TO: ( ĐÃ TỪNG ) S + Used to +V0 S + didn't use to +V0 Did +S + use to +V0 ?

BE / GET USED TO ( QUEN VỚI) S + (be) Used to + V-ing

11 Lối nói phụ họa khẳng định phủ định ( củng vậy, củng thế)

1 Khẳng định S + auxiliary + too

Affirmative statement + and +

So + auxiliary + S Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too

Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you Phủ định S + negative auxiliary + either

Negative statement + and +

Neither + positive auxiliary + S Ex: I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either

Ex: I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John

LESSON 19 :MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP

1) CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH:

đề nghị trả lời đồng ý trả lời không đồng ý

- V0 , please

- Can you / Could you + V0 - Would you please + V0 -will youV0

- I wonder if you'd/ could +V0

- Certainly - Of course - Sure - No problem

- What can I for you? - How can I help you?

I'm sorry (I'm busy ) I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't

- Would / Do you mind V-ing - No I don't mind

- No, of course not - Not at all - I'm sorry, I can't 2 ) CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

trả lời đồng ý trả lời không đồng ý Shall I

Would you like me to Do you want me to

-Yes Thank you

-That's very kind of you Yes, please

- What can I for you ?

- May I help you ? - Do you need any help? - Let me help you - Can I help you ?

Oh, would you really? Thanks

a lot No, there's no need But thanks all the same Well, that's very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks 3 ) CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

trả lời đồng ý trả lời không đồng ý

- May I ? - Can I ?Could I May I go out ?

Do you think I could I wonder if I could Is it all right if I

- Certainly - Of course - Please - Please go ahead

-Yes, by all means - I'd rather you didn't - I'd prefer You didn't -No, I'm afraid you can't -I'm sorry, but you can't - Would you mind if I + QKĐ

Would you mind if I smoked ? - Do you mind if I + HTĐ Do you mind if I smoke ?

- No, of course not - Not at all

- Please - Please go ahead 5 ) CÁC MẪU CÂU"RỦ":

trả lời đồng ý trả lời không đồng ý - Let's + V0 - why don't we + V0 ?

- Shall we +V0 ? - How about + V-ing ? - What about + V- ing?

Yes, let's That's good idea Sure, why not? Yes, definitely By all means Good idea!

No, let's not

6 ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN:

trả lời - Thank you - Thank you very much.

- Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for

- You're welcome - That's all right - Not at all - It's my pleasure 7 ) CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe không rõ:

- Pardon? ( chữ thông dụng em cần nhớ) - Please say that again

) CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI:

a) Mời ăn uống: - Would you like + ăn/uống

Ví dụ: Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà) Đáp lại: - Yes, please / - No, thanks

b) Mời đâu: - Would you like + to inf.

Ví dụ: Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn xem phim với tôi) Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc)

Giving warnings Don't move! Mind you head! Watch out!

Look out! Be careful! Take care!

Showing interest Uh-huh! Right! Really? That's interesting! And? What then? Oh? What happened next?

Showing that you're listening

1 Now, you mentioned So, that's how ?

3 Yes, I was going to ask you about that Could you give me / us an example of ? Could you explain in more detail ?

Thanking and responding

1 Many thanks Thanks a lot Cheers! That's very kind of you Thank you very much Not at all It's a pleasure / My pleasure You're welcome Don't mention it 10 Any time

Apologizing Sorry I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry Excuse me Sorry, (it was) my fault

5 I apologize Please accept my apologies

Accepting an apology

1 That's all right/OK Not to worry

3 That's quite/perfectly all right No reason/need to apologize Don't worry about it

Giving instructions

1 Make sure Remember (to do) Be careful (not to do) Don't forget (to do) Giving directions Go straight on

7 Take the first/second on the left / right Turn left / right Go along as far as 10 Take the number bus / tram 12 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) 13 Carry on until you see

14 Look out for

Checking someone has understood

1 Are you with me? Did you follow that? Have you got that? Is everything clear so far? Does that seem to make sense

Sequencing actions

1 First of all, Next, Then, After that, Finally,

Talking About Actions

?

Making suggestions

1 Shall I / we (do)? Let's (do)

3 Why don't I / we (do)? How about (doing)? What about (doing)? I think we should (do) I suggest that we (do)

8 It might be a good idea if we / you (do)

9 I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to (do) 10 If you ask me, I think we / you should (do)

12 We could

Agreeing to a suggestion Yes, I think that's a good idea That's probably the best option Sure, why not?