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The Architect’s Portable Handbook 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page i This page intentionally left blank. McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page iii Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data- base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-142889-5 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-140981-5 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071428895 ebook_copyright 8.5 x 11.qxd 6/27/03 9:41 AM Page 1 Dedicated to: • Bill Mahoney of BNI (Building News Inc.) who encouraged me in the first edition • Joel Stein, editor of the first edition • My family (Jan, Eric, and Erin) • The memory of my parents 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page v The author wishes to thank Bill Mahoney of BNI Building News for providing many of the costs in this book. 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page vi Contents Preface to the Third Edition xiii How to Use This Book xv Use this table as a checklist for the design of buildings. PART 1. GENERAL A. Practice (schedule of A/E services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B. “Systems” Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 C. Specifications (CSI Format) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 D. Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 E. Construction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 F. Construction Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 G. Practical Math and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 H. Building Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 1. Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2. Code Requirements for Residential Construction (2000 IRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3. Building Code (2000 IBC and NFPA 5000) . . 93 a. Occupant Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 b. Occupancy Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 c. Allowable Floor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 d. Allowable Building Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 e. Construction Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 f. Hourly Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 g. Occupancy Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 h. Sprinkler Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 i. Fire Areas, Walls, Barriers, and Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 vii 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page vii Copyright 2003, 1998 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. For more information about this title, click here. j. Fire Protection of Exterior Walls and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 k. Exiting and Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4. Accessibility (ADA requirements) . . . . . . . . . . . 157 I. Structural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 1. Construction Type by Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 2. Long vs. Short Spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 3. Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4. Low- vs. High-Rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 5. Lateral and Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6. Structural Components (A Primer) . . . . . . . . . 172 7. Rules of Thumb for Estimating Structural Sizes (Span-to-Depth Ratios) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 J. Energy: Passive and Active Approaches to Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 1. Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 2. Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 3. Energy Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 K. Green Architecture (Sustainable Buildings) . . . . . . . . 217 L. Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 1. Room Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 2. Sound Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 PART 2. SITE A. Land Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 1. Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 2. Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 3. Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 4. Streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 5. Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 6. Open-Space Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 B. Grading and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 1. Grading for Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 2. Maximum Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 3. Desirable Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 4. Grades at Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 5. Retaining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 6. Earthwork Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 7. Earthwork Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 8. Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 C. Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 viii Contents 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page viii D. Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 1. Storm Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 2. Sanitary Sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 3. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 4. Power and Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 5. Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 6. Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 E. Site Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 F. Landscaping and Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 2. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 3. Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 PART 3. CONCRETE A. Concrete Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 B. Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 C. Concrete Members (Sizes and Costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 PART 4. MASONRY A. Masonry Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 B. Masonry Members (Sizes and Costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 PART 5. METALS A. Metal Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 B. Steel Members (Sizes and Costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 PART 6. WOOD A. Wood Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 B. Wood Members (Sizes and Costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 PART 7. THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION A. Attic and Crawl Space Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 B. Water and Dampproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 C. Vapor Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 D. Radiant Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 E. Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 F. Exterior Insulation and Finishing Systems (EIFS) . . . 384 G. Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 H. Flashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 I. Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Contents ix 10210_Guthrie_00fm_qxd.k 2/27/03 4:37 PM Page ix