Phonetics and phonology

Khoa Sư Phạm Phonetics & Phonology Tác giả: Trần Thị Thái Biên mục: sdms Lesson 1: Mechanisum of speech production General Speech sounds are waves in the air, so they cannot be made without air In the introduction of such a language as English., it is necessary to have the air going out of the lungs, where the air is stored (this is call egressive air) In some languages, there are speech sounds produced along with the rushing of the air into the lungs (this is called inegressive air) No organs in the human body are used solely for producing speech The mouth, lips, and tongue are used primarily for the disgestive function The lungs, which produced breath necessary for speech sounds are essentially for breathing However, they are also used as speech organs Organs of speech No organs of speech can be divided into articulators and points of articulation (Here is a picture) A Articulators: These are movable speech organs 1.Tongue: The tongue is an essential articulator and can move into many different places and different shapes; e.g., touching the upper teeth/ alveolar ridge/ the palate, or curving to form a groove It is usually divided into four parts (without clear dividing lines): tip, front, mid and back When the mouth is closed, the parts of the tongue can be as follows: • • • • tip of tongue: opposite the alveolar ridge Front of tongue: opposite the part just behind the alveolar ridge mid of tongue: opposite the hard palate Back of tongue: opposite the soft palate Lips: The lips are important in speec They can be spread, pressed together, brought into contact with the teeth, or merely rounded and protruded Uvula: It is at the end of the palate and is often raised to block the passage to the nose (the nasal cavity) when we speak It is lowered (when we breath, of course) to let the egressive air go out through the nose when nasal sounds are made Lower jaw: It can move up or down to change the size of the mouth (oral cavity) for different sounds Vocal cords: They are in the throat, just behind the Adam’s apple They can slit wide open to let the air go out freely for voiceless consonants, or come close together and hinder the air stream, which results in the vibration marking voiced sounds During a whisper, they are half apart, and it is difficult to distinguish voiced sounds from voiceless ones B Points of Articulation: These are fixed points on the roof of the mouth towards which articulators move in sound production Upper teeth: The lower lip may be pressed against the upper teeth for labio-dental consonants The tip of tongue may be raised to touch the upper teeth for dental consonants Alveola ridge: It is between the front teeth and the hard palate That’s why it is also called the tooth ridge It is covered with little ridges, which mark the upward rise of the palate 3 Hard palate: It is immediately after the alveolar ridge and often called the “roof of the mouth”, with a smooth curved surface Soft palate: The formal name of this soft part of the palate is the velum The back of tongue comes in contact with it for velar consonants C Other organs: Lungs: These are the organs that send out the air necessary for speech production Larynx: It is the boxlike space at the top of the widepipe and contains the vocal cords Oral cavity: The opening between the tongue and the roof of the mouth is called the oral cavity, acting as a resonator to increase the intensity of the original sounds Nasal cavity: The opening just inside the nostrils through which air is called the nasal caity It also functions as an amplifier Speech organs in action As the air travels upward froms the lungs, if passes through the larynx where the vocal cords are located It then goes between the vocal cords and leaves either through thr oral or nasal cavity Usually the uvula is up, the nasal cavity is closed, and the air must exit through the oral cavity ( = mouth) Only for nasal sounds is the uvula lowered to make way for the egressive air through the nasal cavity (= nose) As the air gose through the mouth, it may escape past both sides of the tongue, or over the surface of the tongue It may also be stopped at the lips, the alveolar ridge, or the velum The outermost part of the mouth, the lips, may com together to stop the air, or form a round shape, especially for back vowels (and some semi-vowels) Lesson 3: Front vowels I DESCRIPTION: Tongue position: Only the Front of tongue moves up or down Tongue height: a When it is close to the palate ( = high), the vowel /i:/or /i/ is made b When it is very low, the vowel /æ/ is produced c When it is between the high and low positions ( = mid), the vowel /e/ is heard Lip rounding: In producing the front vowels, the lips are unrounded 4 Muscular tension: • • /i:/ is tense /i/, /e/, and /ỉ/ are lax Length: • • /i:/ is long /i/,/e/, and /æ/ are short II DRILLS: PRACTICE SENTENCES He’s really reaching peak performance A special team cleaned up the toxic leaks 3 It’s still cheaper to ship it than deliver it The dip in the stock market hit the chip industry hard Even if she sees it, she still won’t balieve it He gives his employees good feedback and a little leeway to make decisions PRACTICE DIALOGUE HOW ARE YOU FEELING ? A: How are you feeling ? B: I’m beat I didn’t sleep well last night I think I’m getting sick A: Yeah, your cheek is warm Why don’t you take some aspirin ? B: Good idea Maybe some hot tea with lemon, too ! TONGUE TWISTER Tim trimmed teak tree tips till tea time TEST YOURSELF That’s the largest [sheep/ship] I’ve ever seen You’ll ruin it by [heating/hitting] it Did Jim take the [lead/lid] ? She [peeked/licked] at the food on the tray He [beat/bit] the top off She’s going to make a large [bead/bid] Don’t [sleep/slip] His [cheeks/chicks] are very pale Have you seen her [leap/lip] ? 10 The warehouse was full of [beans/bins] PRACTICE SENTENCES: We haven’t had access to the ad manager A disaster like that can’t happen here I guess that they’ve selected an engineer to head the project team We kept everything except the defective elements We’ll have a mess on our hands if they cancel the technical class Len asked some helpful questions after the panel’s comments PRACTICE DIALOGUE: A: Why didn’t you get that ball? It landed right in front of you! B: I thought I had it A: What you think you’re doing out here? Getting a tan? B: Well, that would be nice… Anyway, how are we doing? A: Well, I wouldn’t place a bet on this team TONGUE TWISTER: Tad lent Nat ten tan nets TEST YOURSELF: The authorities made [landing/lending] difficult There were [tan/ten] folders on the desks, weren’t there? Did he [bat/bet] this month? I [had/head] a company in Sunnyvale They’re reluctant to [sand/send] their chairs They’re [sad/said] to be going out of town What time did you see the [man/men]? They all gathered around the [band/bend] Where did he buy the [jam/gem]? 10 He [slapped/slept] on some labels Lesson 4: Back vowels I DESCRIPTION: Tongue position: The back part of the tongue is in use Tongue height: Lip rounding: Length: Muscular tension: II DRILLS: ● PRACTICE SENTENCES: The lottery will not solve our problems The committee adopted a policy optional job sharing Saul lost almost everything in that awful fire We ought to have a long talk about the fall ad campaign The company offered stock options, comp time and extra holidays Some columns on this profit and loss statement are wrong ● PRACTICE DIALOGUE: THE FLAW IN THE CHIP A: There?s a flaw in that ROM chip B: What?s wrong with it? A: I?m not sure yet The raw materials are all right It?s something in the processing Quality Control caught it ● TONGUE TWISTER: Holly Hawes hawked hollyhocks ● TEST YOURSELF: He was [stocking/stalking] exotic food The [collar/caller] was difficult to handle She was really [odd/awed] They said it was [Don/dawn] This kind of clock doesn?t [tock/talk] I like her new haircut It?s really [mod/Maude] He decided that the material couldn?t be [sod/sawed] The [pond/pawned] rocks glistened like diamonds I thought it was a little [tot/taut] 10 Worthless items are difficult to [hock/hawk] ● PRACTICE SENTENCES: I understand why she wouldn?t talk about her childhood You should take a good look at that bulletin Sue doesn?t usually like routine duties We moved the stools and the suitcases into the storeroom The student bookstore is full of interesting volumes Lou should tell his supervisor the full story ● PRACTICE DIALOGUE: THE DIET A: Hi, Luke! You really look good How?s the new diet going? B: Great! I should?ve tried it years ago A: I bet they don?t give you too much gourmet food at the clinic B: No Lots of cooked fruit and stewed vegetables, though A: Well, that?s not for me I wouldn?t last two weeks ● TONGUE TWISTER: Luke stood stewing looking foolish in his sooty suit ● ADDITIONAL PRACTICE: Mother?s in the kitchen cooking custard There?s a truck full of wool out back The tomatoes weren?t good enough to put up, so we stewed them Luke stood there watching the cow chew its cud That fool should?ve caught the ball, but he fumbled it They had no luck trying to put the hood over the pool She shuddered to think she had gotten soot all over her new suit Who?d have thought that Sutter?s stream would be full of gold! She looked at the butter and then threw it at Hudson 10 Sue gave the crook a knuckle sandwich PRACTICE SENTENCES: Don forgot to lock the shop We were shocked to find the robbers had gotten away with the entire stock The lifeguard could hardly see the shark in the dark waters The paint on the parked car had been marred by a sharp object Marvin made a sharp turn in the parking lot before the cop stopped him It was hard to quiet the barking dog who was locked in the barn PRACTICE DIALOGUE: The Theater Outing A: Have you seen the play ?Shot in the Dark?? B: Yes Rod Parker who plays the part of Don Hart is sure to make his mark as an actor A: It?s a hard role, but he does a good job B: I?d say they have a real sharp cast TONGUE TWISTER Clark?s dark cocker barked at the lark in Pa Parker?s park TEST YOURSELF This [pot/part] isn?t very valuable The criminal was a [mocked/marked] man We were surprised to see the [cop/carp] in the swimming pool I don?t like these [stock/stark] colors I think we?d better [hop/harp] on this project 6 There was a [lock/lark] on the back fence The [top/tarp] will protect your convertible His best idea was not [to shop/too sharp] They were all frightened by the [shock/shark] 10 There are lots of crabs near those [dock/dark] pylons Lesson 5: Central vowels I DESCRIPTION: Tongue Position: Only the middle (= central part) of the tongue is in action Tongue Height: - The tongue is in position for /з:/ and /∂/ - The tongue is in low position for /∧/ Lip Rounding: The lips are unrounded Length: - /з:/ is long - /∂/ and /∧/ are lax II DRILLS: /∧/ vs /a:/ cup - carp luck - lark hut - heart bun - barn cut - cart cud - card lover - larva done - darn PRACTICE SENTENCES: The discussion covered the reconstruction of the beloved country It?s funny to see the judge in trouble to catch the bus Mother comes and hurries to better my young cousin?s bun The architect started to work in his car parked in the farmer?s yard The dog guarding the park gave a sharp bark at the artist 6 Father?s car passed the dark garden path at half past /∧/ vs /з:/ hut - hurt luck - lurk fun - fern gull - girl such - search cut - curt spun - spurn Lund - learned bun - burn 10 thud - third 11 fuzz - furs 12 bust - burst 13 tuck - Turk 14 stun - stern 15 ton - turn 16 fussed - first 17 puck - perk 18 hull - hurl 19 shut - shirt 20 cuss - curse PRACTICE SENTENCES Some young people wonder what to become when they grow up To understand the subject you must consult several sources You?re the first person to work on this urgent project The low third quarter earnings certainly worry the stockholders The purpose of this discussion is to understand our customer base Doctor Mullen heard of a new wonder drug to treat third degree burns PRACTICE DIALOGUE Running with the Birds A: The Baylands must be a wonderful place for bird watches B: So I?ve heard I known there are lots of different birds, but I only recognize ducks and seagulls A: Why don?t you come out there with me sometime? We could go running before work in the morning B: Well, I?m sure running can be fun, but it?s not worth getting up with birds! TONGUE TWISTER The sudden surge of the thirty-ton stern stunned terns TEST YOUSELF That truck took extra [ton/turn] The [gull/girl] was perched on the railing It was only small [hut/hurt] There was a pile of [fuzz/furs] in the stockroom Try putting some butter on that [bun/burn] We saw two actors and heard a [thud/third] backstage There was only one [shut/shirt] drawer in the cabinet I hate to see [such/search] lights His last line in the scene was [cut/curt] 10 Frozen water can [bust/burst] those pipes /∂/: always for unstressed vowels Plotter Designer Wafer Filter Processor Linear /lini∂/ Computer Learning curve Cursor PRACTICE SENTENCES Were the other managers at the computer show? It?s really an effort to stir these ingredients together She?s sure of a brighter future We heard that the terms of the offer were firm Terminal Circular Merger Bert?s attorney is the right person to contact concerning this matter This murder mystery is a absurd, but it?s certainly entertaining PRACTICE DIALOGUE The Questioning A: Where were you on Thursday, October 13, at 10:30 AM? B: The 13th? I was ? A: Hurry up! B: I was at work A: What were you doing? B: I was working on a linear processor A: Where you work, and what?s your job? B: I?m a designer at Hyper Laser TONGUE TWISTER The 13th worst errors were in Werner?s first work ADDITIONAL PRACTICE The meetings were always on the 1st Thursday of the month Merv is a fast learner, but since he?s nervous, he makes many errors That?s the worst computer to work on because the monitor?s hard to read The wafer designer wants to use the other terminal I?d rather hurry so we can get to the theater early His sister is a surgical nurse at the country medical center Lesson 6: Dipthongs I GENERAL: Diphthongs are sound which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another As for length, they are like long vowels, but the first vowel is much longer and stronger tan the second The second is only a quarter of the diphthong, where the loudness of the sound decreases II CLASSIFICATION: Diphthongs are classified in two groups: centering and closing (= high) A Centering: The centering diphthongs glide towards the /∂/ vowel, which is central B Closing: The closing diphthongs all end with a glide towards a high (=close) vowel They are further divided into two subgroups: fronting, first and retracting Fronting: The fronting diphthongs end in /i/, a front vowel Retracing: III DRILLS: @ /i∂/ There was a clear No Parking sign near the rear of the building His peers feared he?d become weary of his chosen career @ /e∂/ That pair of newscasters gives very fair reports on the air I was fairly sure that Claire would win fair and square The tourist sought security during the tour at the insurance Are sure that the poor man will be a boor before the jury? @ /ei/ We staged a roundtable debate on the main topics of the day The takeover of the corporation by those raiders was a mistake They stayed late to negotiate the details Day after day they play the same at the grey gate Waiter, please take these potatoes away I hate baked potatoes Jane and Daisy came late on the same day in May TEST YOURSELF (/ei/vs./e/) He had a [pain/pen] in his hand Please call the bank about the [date/debt] She wanted to [taste/test] the new recipe He had many small [flakes/flecks] on his jacket I would buy it if it were [lace/less] 6 He was reluctant to place the [bait/bet] They played a game of [chase/chess] The [rake/wreck] is too big to move They called the United Fund and asked for [aid/Ed] 10 I think she?s standing in the [shade/shed] @ /ai/ Mr fry will sign this pile of typed forms right away Try as I might, I couldn?t quite finish it last night A boy poured boiling oil onto his toys coiled on moist soil The soy sauce brought by that noisy boy annoyed her and spoiled her joy I don?t know what Joe wrote in his memo After the earthquake, he told the whole staff to go home Go slowly over the old road; it?s full of holes and poles Jane didn?t know how much she owed, so she phoned the credit bureau At 100 below zero, the water froze and broke the pipes No one knows who wrote the poem about ocean foam The old [clock/cloak] was falling apart It was a long, straight [rod/road] Please send the memo to [John/Joan] I?m afraid [mopping/moping] won?t help The figure in the total column is what?s [odd/owed] It was difficult to [calm/comb] the dog after his bath She was intimidated by the old [fox/folks] He tried to [sock/soak] the dirty ball They [got to/go to] class on time 10 She wanted to get rid of the [smock/smoke] 1 You?ll get a discount if you buy more than one thousand pounds She frowned when she found out about his background Lesson 7: Tripthongs A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produce rapidly and without interruption All the five triphthongs are closing and centering, as they all glide first to the high vowels /i/ or , and then to the central vowel /∂/  ... one thousand pounds She frowned when she found out about his background Lesson 7: Tripthongs A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produce rapidly and without... pressed together, brought into contact with the teeth, or merely rounded and protruded Uvula: It is at the end of the palate and is often raised to block the passage to the nose (the nasal cavity)... voiceless consonants, or come close together and hinder the air stream, which results in the vibration marking voiced sounds During a whisper, they are half apart, and it is difficult to distinguish voiced