Meal and its relating words in english and in vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS ‘MEAL’ AND ITS RELATING WORDS IN ENGLISH AND IN VIETNAMESE FROM SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES (‘Bữa ăn’ từ liên quan tiếng Anh tiếng Việt góc nhìn ngữ nghĩa văn hóa) DUONG VAN HOAT Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Hanoi, 12/2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled ‘Meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Duong Van Hoat Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Pro Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Date: …………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The mission of completing this study would not have been fulfilled without the useful and practical assistance from many people First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Assoc Pro Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh for her scholarly knowledge, precious guidance and enthusiastic support regarding my study She has inspired and encouraged me a lot during the steps of my thesis I am really grateful to the organizers of the course as well as the organizing board of master thesis defense for proper preparation and enthusiastic supports before, during and post our study process I would like to convey my special thanks to all lecturers at the Faculty of Post Graduate Studies - Hanoi Open University for their helpful and interesting lectures that broaden my knowledge and lead me to my work Last but not least, I would like to show my sincere gratitude to my family and all of my classmates together with close friends for their love, care, encouragement and financial as well as spiritual support for me to finish this thesis ii ABSTRACT The study focuses on solving the major question of what the primary similarities and differences between the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese are from semantic and cultural perspectives It is based on the wide range of methods namely contrastive, comparative as well as synthetic methods conducted by collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing representative conclusion The data from books, newspapers, articles, magazines on the internet and in daily lives are collected and analyzed by the writer and are studied in the light of semantic and cultural perspectives After being documented, the writer analyzes them, as a result, the semantic and cultural features of ‘Meal’ and its fields are identified, explained and clarified namely names of meals, parts of the meals, eating means, eating places and dining etiquettes in both England and Vietnam From the result of the study, it is attempted to explore how ‘meal’ and its relevant words are realized in English learning and application on a daily basis with the hope that it will help the readers to recognize the importance of mastering ‘Meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese in the light of semantics and culture in teaching and learning English for thorough awareness and better findings Additionally, the study helps with correcting students’ mistakes in word use and enables having a better understanding of schools of words about meal and relevant words in English and Vietnamese as well; therefore, the study bears a great potential of becoming a basis for other authors to make more intensive researches in the future iii Table of Contents CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions .2 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Review of theoretical background .6 2.3 Summary 18 Chapter COMPARISON OF ‘MEAL’ WITH THE WORDS RELATING TO IT IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 19 3.1 Semantic and cultural analysis of the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English .19 3.2 Semantic and cultural analysis of ‘Meal’ and its relating words in Vietnamese 29 3.3 Comparison of ‘Meal’ with the words relating to it in English and their Vietnamese equivalents .42 3.4 Implications for teaching and learning English 48 3.5 Summary 48 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 50 4.1 Recapitulation 50 4.2 Concluding remarks 51 4.3 The limitations of the study .51 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 51 REFERENCES 53 IN ENGLISH 53 IN VIETNAMESE 54 iv SOURCES FROM THE NTERNET 54 APPENDIX 56 v Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale According to Shweder Et Al, 1998 in the book entitled the cultural psychology of the emotions “To be a member of a group is to think and act in a certain way, in the light of particular goals, values, pictures of the world.” Semantics and culture can be defined as meanings of words and characteristics of a group of people, able to affect and shape their beliefs and behaviours like nationality, region, state, gender, or religion It reflects itself in people’s everyday thoughts, beliefs, ideas, and actions, and understanding what people say or write in their daily lives can help us thoroughly understand and differentiate semantics and cultures in word usage In fact, not many of English learners deeply understand English as well as its cultural characteristics through meaning of words as it is hardly realized that behind a word are many things else to discuss Therefore, they are usually surprised by the diversity in the meaning of the words, not only in communication, but also in other fields of this international language’s utility In hundreds of interesting themes relating to words, semantics and culture emerges an English research on a popular word, ‘meal’, and its relating words in comparison with Vietnamese equivalents in the light of semantics and culture ‘Meal’ and the words that relate to it is a theme reflecting one of the most fundamental features of human beings As society evolved; however, this also became a powerful cultural aspect, able to describe strong similarities and differences among people worldwide, including English speaking countries and Vietnam The subject is as a matter of fact chosen by the author since it is thought that behind the words of this category there must be a lot of exciting things, even barriers mostly semantic and cultural fields for English teachers and learners It is furthermore said that to understand the culture of a country, people should look into eating and drinking style of that country because they themselves reflect cultural elements If users take in the cultural values in Vietnam as well as in English speaking countries, they will be capable of utilizing English more naturally and fluently because understanding cultural adjustment is the key to learning English as it assists with knowing what to expect during cultural transitions and how to handle culture shocks Semantic and cultural competence is a valuable and marketable skills to be a successful users of English in the future Therefore, the thesis entitled ‘Meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives” with the aim at assisting the learners with understanding semantic and cultural features of these groups of words bears a great potential to meet the demands mentioned previously 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1 Aims The research centralizes in analysing the word ‘Meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese in terms of semantics and culture It is aimed at helping English learners and readers deeply comprehend and smoothly use the fields of the word “meal”, its relevant words as well as their semantic and cultural features in English and in Vietnamese 1.2.2 Objectives The major objectives of this study, put forward in order to gain the aims of the study, are as follows: - To identify and analyse the words relating to ‘meal’ in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural features - To find out similarities and differences in terms of semantic and cultural features between the word ‘meal’ and its relating ones in both languages of English and Vietnamese - To give implications for teaching and learning the words relating to meals in not only English but also in Vietnamese in terms of semantics and culture 1.3 Research questions In order to achieve the study’s aims and objectives, the following research questions which need raising for exploration are: What are the semantic and cultural fields of the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese What are the similarities and differences between the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives? What implications are drawn for teaching and learning the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese? 1.4 Methods of the study The study is confined to the description, analysis and comparison in terms of semantics and culture to complete the research a wide range of methods are applied including major approaches as follows: Firstly, analysis method is used to analyze lexical, semantic and cultural features of the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in both English and Vietnamese Secondly, qualitative and quantitative methods are not only used in studying dozens of books for reference to find and collect needy information and collecting the specific examples for research but also applied to count and classify English and Vietnamese words in close relation with ‘meal’ as a basis for the classification into groups of words in accordance with semantic and cultural features Thirdly, comparative and contrastive methods are used to compare and contrast the features of semantics and culture of English words relating to ‘meal’ in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese Finally, synthetic method is taken advantage of to remark the characteristics of lexicology, linguistics as well as culture in the words in relation to ‘meal’ in both English and Vietnamese 1.5 Scope of the study Due to the limitation of time and space, the thesis paper cannot cover the whole semantic and cultural meaning of the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English as well as their Vietnamese equivalents The thesis mainly concentrates on researching aspects of definitions of word and meaning in addition to some information about lexical and semantic fields of word, lexical meaning and cultural meaning In the framework of this study, the English word ‘meal’ and its relating ones include five major data namely names of meals, categories of foods and drinks, eating means, dining places, table manners and their Vietnamese equivalents namely tên bữa ăn, loại đồ ăn với đồ uống, dụng cụ ăn uống, nơi ăn uống, nghi thức ăn uống in terms of semantic and cultural features Another aspect is paid a lot of attention in the research is investigation and comparison between the semantic and cultural analysis of the English word ‘meal’ and its relating ones in contrast with Vietnamese equivalents based on official data taken for reference 1.6 Significance of the study This study contributes to providing theoretical background about semantic and cultural meanings of the word ‘Meal’ and its relevant words in English and in Vietnamese which bears a potential of becoming a basis for other authors to make more intensive researches in the future Additionally, the author hopes to point out the similarities as well as differences between English and Vietnamese schools of words regarding ‘Meal’ and its relating ones in terms of semantics and culture Thanks to this, English teachers, learners and users get to apply the words of the category mentioned above precisely and effectively with thorough understanding of their semantic and cultural fields The study and its feasible findings promise to be a foundation for learners as well as users of English to discover new knowledge of words in relation to their equivalent semantic and cultural meanings for further study and application 1.7 Structure of the study The thesis is comprised of four chapters Chapter I, Introduction, indicates rationale, aims and objectives, scope of the study, research questions, methods of the study and structure of the study Chapter II, Literature Review, presents the previous studies, theoretical background, theoretical framework relating to lexical, semantic and cultural features of the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Chapter III, Findings and Discussion, provides cultural and semantic features of ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese and making a comparison between them Chapter IV, Conclusion, briefly summarizes the remarkable findings of the study, concluding remarks, and gives the limitations of the research and recommendations or suggestions for further research favorite dish (a traditional dish of Vietnamese rice noodle with pork, beef, chicken, shrimp, fish or other things) or French baguettes baked early filled with Vietnamese sausage salad, onion, spicy and pork fat in the cities and everything even simple food like a little cold rice (left over the previous meal) or some boiling sweet potatoes or corns in the rural areas b Lunch In terms of time, in both English and Vietnamese, lunch is the second major meal during the day, often around the noon time between eleven and thirteen However, in terms of semantics and cuisine culture, lunch means processed or stored food like sandwiches, also known as a butty or cakes, fruit, coffee and tea usually quite simple a meal comprised of cheese and biscuits or bread and soup meanwhile in Vietnamese lunch is is the first meal cooked to serve all the family members in a day comprised of noodle soup or barbecued meat and some pickled vegetables eaten with rice c Dinner In both English and Vietnamese, dinner is highly respected as it is the time for family reunion after a working day and a valuable occasion for welcoming close friends to and enjoy evening’s great moments together usually takes place between seven and nine in the evening In terms of culture, in English the evening meal is usually called 'tea', 'dinner' or 'supper' typically comprised of meat and eggs and vegetables whereas in Vietnamese the meal is the same proportion and composition as lunch, comprising three parts of vegetables soup plus picking-brine (canh), a dish of fish, eggs, or meat and rice 3.3.2.2 Parts of meals In terms of semantic culture, in English parts of meals or names of the courses are starter, main course or meat course and dessert and each person has his own portion, strongly affected by Nomad culture in which the English life is inclined to movement than sereneness; whereas; in Vietnamese only the main course is called “bữa cơm” typically illustrates the tradition of a wet rice civilization with strongly agricultural imprint; therefore, no matter what a Vietnamese meal includes, it usually contains rice, vegetables, aqua-products and meat which come from the pattern of V-A-C showing that everything for processing to eat is right from gardens, ponds and cages 44 3.3.2.3 Drinks In both English and Vietnamese, eating and drinking are two sides of a coin with typical drinks of tea and alcohol Tea, used not only to slake one’s thirst but also to cure, is regarded as traditional drink and alcohol, used quite popular on a regular basis a Tea In terms of culture, in English tea is the most crucial type of drink as the British drink tea whenever possible before, during, after meals or even at midnight and it seems that no one likes tea as much as the British meanwhile in Vietnamese it is considered the cradle of tea as dozens of relics relating to Vietnamese tea now have been found and drinking tea is deeply rooted in the Vietnamese minds since they were children In both countries, drinking tea is a time people share feelings, discuss or simply enjoy its flavor or even life Making tea and inviting guests to enjoy tea in both countries is regarded one way to show respect to the guests, which used to require so various steps in the past but is now becoming more and more simplified b Alcohol In both English and Vietnamese, alcohol and wine are exciting drinks in meals and especially at parties as well as banquets where these are indispensable However, in terms of semantics, in English alcohol is a colorless volatile inflammable liquid forming the intoxicating element in wine, beer, spirit, and wine is a fermented drink made from other fruits whilst in Vietnamese alcohol is made from rice called rice alcohol (rượii nếp or rượu cuốc lủi- illegally produced alcohol) In terms of culture, alcohol and wine are drunk to hobbies of certain people in Britain and the brand name to be most commonly used is Whisky whereas drinking wine is a custom of a big community in Vietnam as there goes a saying “Nam vô tửu cờ vô phong” literally: being a man, he has to know to drink or he is compared to a flag that cannot fly without wind and Vietnamese people drink wine of every type with or without name as long as during meals, at parties, banquets or mostly to worship ancestors on special days as well as special occasions c Other drinks In both English and Vietnamese, in addition to tea as well as alcohol and wine there are a wide range of drinks namely coffee, coke, soft drinks, cocktail and juice However, in terms of origin, English people frequently drink coffee, soft 45 drinks, beer and others availably processed and bottled while Vietnamese people tend to prefer the drinks directly made from nature available like coconut water, corn milk, soya, stringent infusing of leaves In terms of culture, to Vietnamese drinking these natural sorts of drinks show a feature of community and agriculture in comparison to the soft drinks or energy drinks for flavor, convenience and thirstquench to English people in general 3.3.2.4 Tableware In terms of general functions, in both English and in Vietnamese tableware are the dishes or dishware used for setting a table, serving food and dining which include cutlery, glassware, serving dishes and other items for practical as well as decorative purposes In terms of quantity, in English the typical tableware are knives, forks, spoons, whereas in Vietnamese typical tableware are chopsticks, plates and food trays However, in terms of origin and culture, in English knives, forks and spoons are used during meals as majority of food like meat, potatoes and fish are often cooked in big pieces so they have to cut them into small pieces while eating, along with knife is fork reflecting the image of the prongs of the predators like tigers, lions or leopards as well as an imitative form of a working tool called rake and spoon is used to spoon soup or transport food to the mouth meanwhile in Vietnamese chopsticks, spoons and food trays are used during the meals, which reflects a wide range of spiritual values For instance, chopsticks, made of any material from bamboo, wood, plastic or metal as long as they are straight and have the same spanned length and are utilized in general and flexible ways to perform various functions namely picking foods, pushing rice into mouth, tearing, cutting, mixing, scraping and extending the arm to reach food at distance The use of chopsticks is said to copy the action of two fingers (thumb and index finger) or the action of food picking up demonstrated from species of birds or storks as Vietnam is an agricultural country, associated with the images of storks in daily lives showing friendliness as well as studiousness and accumulation of Vietnamese people In Vietnamese, in addition to chopsticks, food tray adheres to the Vietnamese daily meals as a familiar image of meal time, means something more than a place to put dishes on but can be seen in every house from city to countryside, in the poor’s cottage as well as the wealth’s house A food tray, often in round shape as a symbol of perfect, plump things and even family reunion pretty 46 simple, possibly made of wood, bamboo, brass or aluminium to show the sensible thing of sharing everything in a meal put on the tray for all the family members 3.3.2.5 Dining places In both countries of Britain and Vietnam, eating places are of great importance in terms of space mainly indoor and outdoor locations to show cosiness, privacy, convenience, comfort or relaxation However, the places of eating are likely to be more abundant from semantic and cultural perspectives a Indoor eating To British people, daily meals are usually in a fixed space of a dining room or sometimes in the living room, familiar with relaxation created by the comfort and privacy when enjoying meals together with family members, relatives, friends or even guests or partners meanwhile in Vietnam daily meals are everywhere, every corner of the house mostly in the kitchen, in the dining room, and on the veranda to show community and spiritual cultural features with simplicity, share, cosiness, comfort, relaxation, convenience and especially friendliness as well as harmony to nature and surroundings b Outdoor eating In Britain, on special occassions such as birthday parties, wedding anniversaries, wedding celebrations or farewell parties, people tend to dine out as a way of enjoying wealth, comfort, refreshment or even services in the space of restaurants, pubs and bars also good places for discussions and congratulations and sometimes in take-away, fast food outlet, workman’s cafe while in Vietnam, people have a wider range of choices to eat out from inns, markets, streets, cafeterias, snack vendors, food stall, to restaurants This is a typical feature of community culture of a four thousand -year history most commonly shown in the market, an open space where people gather to purchase, exchange and sell their goods and products as well as enjoy assorted dishes with little money to pay for, no specific rule for everybody so people can squat, sit on a bench or eat and walk or eat and stand at the same time All of these simple features contribute to day by day forming a unique culture temporally called market-dining culture easily seen in Vietnam 47 3.3.2.6 Eating etiquette In both Britain and Vietnam eating etiquette plays a crucial part in life in general as well as cultural life in particular Behaviors on the eating table must be obeyed according to common rules from seating, the way of eating, talking to the taboo things However, in terms of semantics and culture, in English eating etiquette means the order of eaters around the table, arrangement as well as use of tableware whereas in Vietnamese eating etiquette means the civility of the younger to the older before and after eating The meal only starts when all the family members sit around the table or food tray, then comes the older will eat first In English, on the contrary, asking permission before and after eating is not a habit, Additionally, in terms of culture, the English seldom talk and share during the meal or limit making noise in general meanwhile in Vietnam, it is open time and space for share, discussion and talk cheerfully and warmly about everything in life 3.4 Implications for teaching and learning English It is realized that the word “meal” as well its relating words not exist with their real meaning, but they themselves contain shades of culture and semantics according to views of the English and the Vietnamese as well This is a useful genre of knowledge for teachers of English to introduce to students with a view to widening as well as deepening their minds during the teaching and learning process, including the definitions of ‘meal’, fields of the word ‘meal’ namely names of meals, parts of meals, dining places, tableware as well as eating etiquette in both English and Vietnamese Instructors are supposed to instruct learners not merely English but also the general features of semantics and culture of cuisine in general and ‘meal’ and its relating words in both languages of English and Vietnamese in particular so that learners are better aware of the cultural diversity and identity of each nation then are becoming more and more passionate about studying English in a broad way Thanks to these pieces of information and analysis, they understand the values of semantics and cultures inside the language through the word ‘meal’ and the words related to and it bears a great potential of practical applications for prospective study 3.5 Summary In this chapter major similarities and differences between the word “meal” in English and the words relating to it in contrast with Vietnamese equivalents are indicated It is realized that the word “meal” does not merely exist with its real 48 meaning, but itself contains shades of culture, language and semantics according to points of view of the English and the Vietnamese as well In both languages, these words point to the things relating to a daily activity called ‘dining’ namely names of meals, parts of the meals, places to have meals However, the English understand it by the view of whom descended from nomad culture whereas the Vietnamese, originating from an agricultural country with wet-rice civilization, are aware of the word “meal” and its relating words to their own cultural characters Mastering the primary similarities and differences between the word ‘meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese will assist teachers and learners of English with better teaching and learning in general as well as topics associated in particular 49 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation Since language was created, it has become an effectively communicative means allowing people to be better at mutual understanding A Vietnamese person can understand an English and vice versa if sharing a common language As a matter of fact, they have obstacles in communicating not to know features of culture and language of each country It is necessary to deeply study about words and their fields that are put in different cultural contexts As language and culture have a close relation Language is a means to convey culture which is hidden inside language There goes a Chinese saying “Language and document writing is a quintessence of national culture The ancient culture of nation is handed on by language and document writing and the culture is developed by them” That is the major reason for the author to choose the thesis entitled “Meal’ and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives” In the thesis, there are both similarities and differences of ‘meal’ and its relevant words in English and Vietnamese to highlight linguistic, semantic and cultural elements On the basing of above analysis of the word “meal” in English and words relating to it in contrast with Vietnamese equivalents, it is obviously seen that when talking about “meal” people recollect to dieting problem This one does not limit itself in eating and drinking field but it broadens to large scales like culture and language; therefore, each nation has its own way to approach the word “meal” and its field from different views However, because of influences of cultural interferences, several factors date back from English language have been adopted by Vietnamese and becomes a part of Vietnamese culture Moreover, the characters that integrated into other countries, Vietnamese culture still has is own characters and these ones are Vietnamese cultural identity In other words, the traditional cultural of Vietnamese people is “advanced but remaining nation’s features" Descended from wet rice agriculture civilization, Vietnamese meals are inclined to plant than animal (meat) For instance, a Vietnamese meal often consists of rice (agricultural staple), vegetable, fish sauce, vegetable soup and (meat) Meanwhile, English meals are mainly meat (roast beef, bread\ pork, lamb ) than vegetable because their life attaches to pastoral civilization Recently, due to culture interferences, eating in English and Vietnam has changed The Vietnamese have 50 tendency of imitation Western countries style such as drinking wine, going to restaurants, using knives and forks Additionally, the Westerners in general and the English in particular feel like Asia food To a different spectrum, the changes not affect traditional culture of each country as each country insists on remaining its own features with identity and uniqueness 4.2 Concluding remarks Semantic and cultural features of the word ‘meal’ and its relating ones denoting cuisine are widely used by the native speakers, which may become an obstacle in daily life if they not clearly know about them Through the study, the author wishes to give a few suggestions for teaching and learning some semantic and cultural features of words relating to ‘meal’ denoting English and Vietnamese cuisines Learners can learn about definitions of meal, parts of the meals, table wares, eating places and dining etiquette especially are able to be fully aware of semantic features from cultural features It is proved that one not only has the fundamental knowledge of language in terms of meanings but also has to know about when, where and how to use it appropriately In other words this may be regarded as barriers in language acquisition for every object 4.3 The limitations of the study Due to the limitation of time, data collected as well as the shortage of references, the topic under study may not have been thoroughly discussed as it should be Firstly, the data collected for this were obtained from daily meals as well as its fields cannot reflect an overview on their semantic and cultural features of the English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents Culture, language and semantics in general and those in English and Vietnamese in particular are immensely diverse This thesis merely investigates several semantic and cultural features of words relating to ‘meal’ through daily meals, drinks and other fields of dining places as well as etiquette in English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents With limited data for the analysis, there are certainly some other semantic and cultural features that the research could not have covered and fully clarified 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research This minor thesis has attempted to research on semantic and cultural features of the words relating to ‘meal’ in English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents Nevertheless, due to the limit of time and capacity of a 51 thesis, the writer cannot cover everything related but has merely only dealt with semantic and cultural features of ‘meal’ and its relating words from common fields of names of meals, parts of meals, table ware, eating places and dining etiquette In addition, the topic that is discussed in the thesis bears a great potential for further study; therefore, it is somehow interesting and useful to succeeding researchers Those who are interested in cuisine may conduct further studies on recipes as well as typical ingredients charaterized in each country of England and Vietnam It is hoped that the suggestion will open up a new direction for deeper and more impressive researches in the future Finally, the author would like to acquire feedback from teachers as well as readers to perfect the research and for further studies 52 REFERENCES IN ENGLISH Brookes, A.F (1990)- Life in Britain Oxford University Press Clarrisa Dickson Wright (2011)- “A history of English food” – Random House Cooper, B.L., Rubalsky, B.G (1974)- An advanced course of everyday English Oxford University Press David, Mc (1987)- Britain in close-up Longman Ellis, c (1997)- Culture shock Vietnam Graphic arts center publishing company Portland, Oregon Finegan, E., Besnier, N (1989)- Language-its structure and use HBJ Hnard, p., Durand, M (1999)- Vietnam, civilization and culture Paris John Joseph Fitzgerald - From word and meaning – Legal Dictionary Khimunia, T., Kono, N & Walshe, L (1975)- Customs, traditions and festivals of Great Britain Russia 10 Kiple,K.F & Omelas, K.c (1997)- The Cambridge world history of food Cambridge University Press 11 KJWEBCKA, E (1975)- everyday topics in English Russia 12 Kirillova, E.p (1980)- Talks on familiar topics Russia, 13 Mackenzie, Westwood, L.s.(1996)-Background in Britain.Oxford 14 O’driscoll J (1985)- Britain the country and its people Oxford University Press 15 Oxford learner’s word finder dictionary (1997)- Oxford University Press 16 Riddell, R (1995V Food and culture in Australia Canberra 17 Sunday-Vietnam news (2002)- Vietnam news agency 19 The reader’s digest Oxford word finder dictionary (1995)- Oxford University Press 20 The reader’s digest Oxford word finder dictionary (1995)- Oxford University Press 21.Thomas Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of phylosophy 22 Ullmann, s (1974)- Words and their meaning Australian national university press Canberra 23 Tien, D.N.D (2001)" The USA customs and institutions Nhà xuất trẻ 53 IN VIETNAMESE Bay, N.T (2002)- Qùa Hà nối (tiếp cân từ gổc nhìn văn hố ẩm thực.Nhà xuất văn hóa Binh, N.T (2001)- Hà nội 36 góc nhìn Nhà xuất niên Cung, L.K (2000) Hà nội văn hổa phong tưc- Nhà xuất Thanh niên Cơ sò ngữ nghĩa từ vựng (1998)- Nhà xuất Hà nội Đai từ điển tiếng Viẽt (1997)- Nhà xuất giáo đục Hai, H.Q (1997)- Văn hoá phong tuc Nhà xuất thông tin Hanh, H.V., V.N (1992)- Từ điển Tiếng Viẽt Nhà xuất từ điển Bách khoa Hoa, D.D (1996)- Ngưòi Viet bắc Nhà xuất khoa học xã hội Huy, X (1994)- Văn hố ẩm thưc ăn Viẽt nam Nhà xuất trẻ 10 Khanh, V.N (2000)- Văn hổa ẩm thưc Hà Nhà xuất lao động 11 Lan, V.T (1998V Australia ngày Nhà xuất khoa học xã hội 12 Ngữ hoc trẻ (96, 99)" Hội ngôn ngữ học 13 Sunflowers (2002)- Nhà xuất Đổng Nai SOURCES FROM THE NTERNET 1.https://www.powerthesaurus.org/meal/synonyms 2.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318200926_Food_terminology_as_a_sy stem_of_cultural_communication_Expressing_sensory_experience_in_several_lang uages 3.https://text.123doc.net/document/300345-comparing-the-cultural-and-linguisticanalysis-of-the-english-word-meal-and-words-relating-to-it-in-contrast-withvietnamese-equivalents.htm 4.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0090/83a531657b652fce4518dfbcf6092a907dfe pdf 5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3729556/ 6.https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.2195.pdfvietnamese-equivalents-relating-to-theenglish-word-meal/ 7.https://www.slideshare.net/hp2040/semantics-61566952 file:///C:/Users/Administrator/Downloads/643255.pdf 8.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine 9.https://www.vietnamvisa-easy.com/blog/vietnamese-diet-and-eating-habits/ 54 10.https://www.tienganh123.com/tieng-anh-lop-9-sach-moi-bai-7-luyen-noi/21230noi-ve-thoi-quen-an-uong-cua-nguoi-viet-nam.html 11.https://www.vietnamdrive.com/cooking-eating-habits-vietnam/ 12.https://www.alotrip.com/about-vietnam-culture/vietnam-food-culture-overview 13.https://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/types-of-meal 14.https://2016.semantics.cc/projects/semantic-perspective-project 15.https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Cultural+Perspective 16.https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/cultural-perspective 17.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285026016_Words_as_Carriers_of_Cu ltural_Meaning 18.https://www.sryahwapublications.com/annals-of-language-and-literature/pdf/v1i1/3.pdf 19.https://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/England.html 20.https://www.travelsense.asia/vietnamese-dining-etiquette/ 21.https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes 55 APPENDIX English words relating to ‘meal’ Vietnamese words relating to ‘meal’ Name of meals - Breakfast - Lunch / luncheon - Tea time High tea Afternoon tea - Dinner - Supper Tên bữa ăn - Bữa sáng, bữa điểm tâm - Bữa trưa, bữa cơm trưa - Bữa cơm tối Parts of meal - Starter - Main course - Dessert Các phần bữa ăn - Khai vị - Món - Tráng miệng Drinks - Tea - Alcohol - Beer - Coffee - Soft drink Đồ uống, thức uống - Chè, trà - Rượu - Bia - Cà phê - Đồ uống nhẹ Phương tiện ăn uống - Dụng cụ bữa ăn Đũa (biggest chopsticks) Đũa cá nhân (small chopsticks) Mi móc canh (spoon for taking soup) - Vật dụng đựng thức ăn, đồ uống (food and - Food and drink containers: plates, drink containers): wine-glasses Bát ăn cơm (bowl for rice) Bát canh (bowl for soup) Bát nước mắm (small bowl for fish sauce) Đĩa thức ăn (food plate) Mâm cơm (food tray) Chén (china/ porcelain cup) Eating means - Table ware: spoon, knife, fork 56 Cốc (glass) - Gia vị (Ingredients): Chanh, muối, ớt, hạt tiêu, nước mắm, dấm, - Ingredients: the salt-cellar, the mắm tôm (lemon, salt, chili pepper, fish pepper-box, mustard-pot sauce, vinegar, shrimp paste) - Dụng cụ nấu nướng (cookers) Nồi cơm, nồi canh, nồi thức ăn (pan for rice/ soup/ meat/ fish) - Cooker : pan of soup - Dụng cụ làm vệ sinh sau ăn (cleaning means after eating) Tăm (tooth-pick) - Các phương tiện khác (other means): Chiếu hoa (adornment mat) Phản (trestle-bed) Rế (cooking-pot holder) - Other means: table, table cloth, napkin / serviette 3.5 Eating places - In- door: living room - Out- door - Restaurants - Pubs and bars - Take-away/ fast food outlets 2.5 Nơi ăn (eating places) - Ăn nhà (indoor) - Nhà bếp (kitchen) - Phòng khách (living room) - Hiên (veranda) - Ăn bên (outdoor) - Nhà hàng (restaurants) - Trên phố (streets) - Chợ (markets) - Quán bar (pubs and bars) Etiquette Nghi thức ăn uống (etiquette) - Trước ăn (pre-eating) - Trong ăn (while-eating) - Sau ăn (post-eating) 57 58 ... word ? ?meal? ?? and its relating words in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Chapter III, Findings and Discussion, provides cultural and semantic features of ? ?meal? ?? and its relating words in English. .. words in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives? What implications are drawn for teaching and learning the word ? ?meal? ?? and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese? ... entitled ? ?Meal? ?? and its relating words in English and in Vietnamese from semantic and cultural perspectives? ?? with the aim at assisting the learners with understanding semantic and cultural features