Connotations of flower words and phrases in english and vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS CONNOTATIONS OF FLOWER WORDS AND PHRASES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (Nghĩa hàm ẩn từ cụm từ hoa Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt) BUI QUANG CHUNG Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Hanoi, 11/ 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled CONNOTATIONS OF FLOWER WORDS AND PHRASES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Bui Quang Chung Approved by SUPERVISOR Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this master's thesis, apart from my own efforts, there is the enthusiastic guidance of the teachers and lecturers, as well as the encouragement and support of family and friends during the time of studying and doing the master's thesis First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh, my supervisor, who has wholeheartedly helped and created the best conditions for me to complete this thesis Her advice and direction have helped me confidently conduct the research on new issues and solve the problem scientifically and comprehensively In addition, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the lecturers in the Faculty of English, Hanoi Open University who have been dedicated to conveying valuable knowledge, as well as supporting me throughout the process of learning, researching, and until the implementation of the thesis Finally, from the bottom of my heart, I would like to extend my profound thankfulness to my family, colleagues, and friends for always trusting, following, supporting, and caring for me during the time when I studied, conducted the research, and implemented this master's thesis ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Table of contents iii Abstract vi List of tables and figures vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 An overview of word meaning 2.2.1 Definition of word meaning 2.2.2 Components of word meaning 10 2.2.3 Denotation 16 2.2.4 Connotation 16 2.3 Cultural features 18 2.3.1 Culture definition 18 2.3.2 Characteristics of English and Vietnamese culture 21 2.3.3 The relationship between language and culture 22 2.4 An overview of flowers 25 2.4.1 Definition 25 iii 2.4.2 Classification 25 2.4.3 Connotations of flower words and phrases 26 2.4.4 Names of flowers 26 2.5 Summary 26 Chapter 3: A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONNOTATIONS OF 27 FLOWER WORDS AND PHRASES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 3.1 Connotations of flower words and phrases in English 27 3.1 Connotations of flower words and phrases in English 27 3.1.1 Flower as a symbol of national flower 27 3.1.2 Symbol on important occasions 27 3.1.2.1 Symbol on weddings 27 3.1.2.2 Symbols at funerals 30 3.1.2.3 Symbol for get well soon 32 3.1.2.4 Symbol on birthdays 34 3.1.2.5 Symbol on graduations 36 3.1.2.6 Symbol of having new-born baby 37 3.1.2.7 Symbol of getting promotion and success 37 3.1.2.8 Symbol of moving into new home 38 3.2 Connotations of flower words and phrases in Vietnamese 42 3.2.1 Flower as a symbol of national flower 42 3.2.2 Symbol on important occasions 43 3.2.2.1 Symbol on weddings 43 3.2.2.2 Symbol at funerals 46 3.2.2.3 Symbol for get well soon 47 3.2.2.4 Symbol on birthdays 48 3.2.2.5 Symbol of graduations, getting promotion and success and moving new house 48 3.3 A comparison between connotations of flower words and phrases in 55 English and Vietnamese iv 3.3.1 Flowers as a symbol of national flower 74 3.3.2 Symbol on important occasions 74 3.3.2.1 Symbol on weddings 74 3.3.2.2 Symbol at funerals 75 3.3.2.3 Symbol for get well soon 76 3.3.2.4 Symbol on birthdays 76 3.3.2.5 Symbol of graduations, getting promotion and success and moving new house 77 3.4 Summary 77 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 79 4.1 Recapitulation 79 4.2 Concluding remarks 79 4.3 Limitation of the study 80 4.4 Suggestions for further research 81 4.4.1 Implication for learning connotations of flower words and phrases 81 in English and Vietnamese REFERENCES 82 APPENDIX 86 v ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to find out the similarities and differences between the connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese It helps learners learn English well and use them in daily communication, especially, in using connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese This research used qualitative and quantitative approaches The author uses quantitative method for collecting the data of flower names and their connotations Qualitative method is used to describe connotations of flower words and phrases In addition, the author also uses contrastive and comparative analysis so as to make an investigation into the similarities and differences between connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese in terms of cultural cognition The data is collected mainly from the Internet and flower connotations in the book “The Complete Language of Flowers: A Definitive and Illustrated History” The author focus on popular flowers collected on special occasions including 45 flowers in English and 25 flowers in Vietnamese The data were analyzed based on Nguyen Hoa (2004)’s framework of connotations and explained based on Tran Ngoc Them (1999)’s and Farzad Sharifian (2007)’s theories on culture The results of the research show that both the English and the Vietnamese use connotations of flower words and phrases on important occasions However, due to cultural differences, the English tend to use the connotations acknowledged based on the tales, myths and legends more frequently than the Vietnamese, who mainly use the connotations based on metaphor and metonymy of color meanings formed according to Yin and yang theory, or Feng Shui This study also suggests some implications for better using connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese Keywords: connotations vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1 Types of meaning (Leech,1977) 14 Table 3.1 Connotations of flowers used in important occasions in England 40 Table 3.2 Connotations of flowers used in important occasions in Viet 51 Nam Table 3.3 Comparison connotations of flowers between in England and in 55 Viet Nam Figure 2.1 Meaning triangle (Zveginxhev,1957) Figure 2.2 Meaning pyramid (Do Huu Chau,1998) Figure 2.3 Types of semantic transference: Metaphor (Nguyen Hoa,2004) 12 Figure 2.4 Types of semantic transference: Metonymy (Nguyen Hoa,2004) 14 vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter gives some overall information about the topic which has been chosen to investigate by the author First, it describes a general background of the topic, the reason as well as the necessity of the study Then, the aims and objectives of the study are also clearly presented, and they are followed by three research questions, which will be answered in chapter After that, this chapter provides a brief explanation of the method utilized during the research process, the scope, and the significance of the topic investigation Finally, it indicates the overall plan of the thesis and the way how this paper is structured 1.1 Rationale Language is used to show not only the way each people perceives the world around but also the way each people reacts towards that world Each language also conveys a particular aspect of its culture which prevents people from communicating with each other effectively and clearly Besides, nowadays in the stage of integration, the more society develops, the more people have great demands in communication Moreover, it is undeniable that acquiring a good command of English is beneficial to one’s career and self-development In the course of communication, we use language which is symbolic to represent ideas, objects, and feelings We can interpret any given statement in more than one way Sometimes the difference is simply literal versus figurative interpretation Most of the words not simply express a thought, but also express feelings beyond the word’s literal meaning The connotations of words can also change drastically from one culture to the next and could bring about difficulties to English and Vietnamese learners Especially, various folk cultures and traditions assign symbolic meanings to flowers and they are usually used in connotations Theoretically, connotations are very important in communication because connotations set the tone when writing and speaking, and clarify one’s intentions they can elicit certain emotions or reactions or help to provide distinct impressions of things Conversely, choosing words with the wrong connotation can produce an undesired reaction or emotion and misrepresent one’s intentions Particularly, connotations are dealt with in some books such as Beatriz (2013), Kenny (2008), and Gibbs (1973) It is also possible to find some publications dealing with specific types of connotations such as Said Faiq (2018) In Vietnamese, the definition and types of connotations are dealt with every semantic book such as Nguyen Hoa (2004), Do Huu Chau (2005) Practically, the author hopes to contribute a small part in studying and teaching connotations in English and Vietnamese, especially, connotations of flower words and phrases In the study, connotations of flower words and phrases are described in popular contexts and situations The author hopes that with the thesis, we can help Vietnamese learners study connotations of flower words and phrases more easily There have been so far some studies and investigations into idioms concerning animals, plants, colors, or the connotation of the Vietnamese zodiac animals in English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs Nevertheless, hardly any study of connotations of flower words and phrases have been carried out These are the reasons why the author would like to carry out this thesis titled “Connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese” 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study This paper is aimed to help learners of English understand and use connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese effectively This paper is designed to aim at the following objectives:  To identify connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese  To make a comparison between connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese  To give some implications for learners using connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese 1.3 Research questions In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the study, the research questions below will be addressed: - What is the connotation of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese? - What are similarities and differences between connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese? - What implications are drawn for effectively learning connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese? cultural factors such as religion Some of the flowers have connotations created by metaphor and metonymy This shows that the cognitions of Vietnamese people tend to be more emotional Vietnamese people love to give flowers to celebrate success and this usually happens on most holidays of the year The connotations of the flowers on these occasions are often similar Connotations of flowers are often not shown on flower names but they usually appear on the way using it especially, in old chants, folk songs proverbs, or idioms According to the author’s view, the similarities and differences can be traced from cognitive and cultural views of flower connotations The similarities may result from: (1) similar features and characteristics of connotations, (2) similarities in social activities, feelings, attitudes, and ways of interactions towards animals between the two peoples, (3) interactions between languages, and (4) cultural integration The differences can be caused by religion, history, geographical environment, customs, and so on The result of the study may be beneficial to learners and teachers of both languages The contrastive analysis will offer them a clearer insight into the use of connotations of flowers This thesis may help teachers with a deeper knowledge of the contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese in terms of connotations of flowers The study provides teachers with the additional reference source that may help use connotations of flowers and phrases in idioms and proverbs As for students, the thesis may be used as a material or reference book in their study It may help them to use connotations relating to flowers correctly in everyday situations 4.3 Limitation of the research The paper is carried out based on the limited data source due to the limit of time and difficulty in approaching sources and references for the study Moreover, with limited ability and inexperience in conducting research, some weaknesses and limitations are inevitable I would be very grateful to those that take interest in this study with comments, advice, and adjustment Sincere, useful ideas are very valuable to make this paper more fulfilled, clearer, and more perfect 80 4.4 Suggestions for further research This study has been carried out to analyze the similarities and differences of connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese idioms, but because of limited time and ability, the author didn’t cover all aspects of flower idioms and proverbs but connotations of flower words and phrases with the limited data sources There are still some fields in this topic that need to be explored So, I would like to suggest some further researches on the following aspects: Pragmatic analysis of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese Flower idioms in literary works or newspapers 4.4.1 Implication for learning connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese As mentioned, the findings of this thesis are the connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese Therefore through the research, the learner can achieve the proper use of the connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese Flowers appeared around us in everyday life, especially on important occasions and each flower has its connotations So learners and teachers must accumulate as much cultural background knowledge as possible No matter when we learn connotations of flowers, we must bear in mind that we are not only to learn connotations of flower words and phrases but also to learn their correspondent cultures In general, it is indispensable for us to have cultural background knowledge to help us have a better understanding of connotations of flower words and phrases Learning connotations of flowers makes it possible for learners to convey the messages they want to send to recipients on special occasions In addition, learning implicit meanings also helps learners use connotations of flowers correctly in the process of translating and cultural exchange with foreigners When studying English in the English centers, learners need to approach a vocabulary learning method that is associated with vivid pictures and deep meanings to easily remember and imagine Learning about connotations of flower words and phrases makes the lesson more lively and interest learners because the ability to guess correctly flower connotations is not easy Besides the legends, myths, stories, and fairytales associated connotations of flowers will help students know more about culture and understand correctly how they are used in everyday life 81 REFERENCES English references: Books: Abrams, M.H (2011) A Glossary of Literary Terms Cengage Learning, Boston, 10nd Edition Cheralyn Darcey (2018) Flowerpaedia: 1000 Flowers and their Meanings Rockpool Publishing Cowie, A.P., Mackin, R., & McCaig, I R (1993) Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms Oxford University Press, London Dang, N.G (2018) Idioms in English and Vietnamese Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi Farzad Sharifian (2007) Cultural Linguistics Springer Singapore Press, Singapore Fishman, J.A (1991) Reversing Language Shift Multilingual Matters Press Farzad, s & Gary, B (2007) Applied Cultural Linguistics John Benjamins, Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia Lyons, J (1995), Linguistic Semantics – An Introduction.Cambridge University Press Hilderic Friend (2013) Flower and flower lore, volume Nabu Press Humboldt, w.v (1999) On Language On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species Cambridge University Press, 2nd re edition Geertz, C (1973) Myth, Symbol, and Culture New York: w.w Norton and Company, Inc Goodenough, w II (1957) Cultural anthropology and linguistics Geertz, Clifford (1973), "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture", The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays New York: Basic Books Kirkby, M (2011) A Victorian Flower Dictionary: The Language of Flowers Companion, Ballantine Books, New York Kramsch (2000) Language and Culture OUP Oxford Matsumoto (1996) Culture and Psychology Pacific Grove Press 82 Seidl, J &McMordie, w (1988) English idioms Oxford University Press, London Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman (1974) An introduction to language Holt, Rinehart and Winston, California, 3nd Edition Roger Stern (2000) American Idioms Dictionary, Pearson Education Limited 83 Essays in Journals: Chandra, Sekhar Rao (2017) A Brief Study of Words Used in Denotation and Connotation Journal for Research Scholars and Professionals of English Language Teaching, Volume 1, pages Vo Tu Phuong (2016) The similarities and differences in the connotation of animal words in English and Vietnamese proverbs European Journal of English Language Teaching, Volume 1, pages Sources from the internet: Bui Thi Phuong Thao (2011) Proverbs related to plants in English and Vietnamese: A contrastive analysis and teaching implication, http://doc.edu.vn/tailieu/detaicontrastiveanalysisofenglishandvietnameseidiomsandp roverbsrelatingtoinsectsnames94620 , April 12th 2020 Catherine, Boeckmann, (2020) Flower meanings: the language of flowers, https://www.almanac.com/content/flowermeaningslanguageflowers, April 12th 2020 Elvira Sinta Hajar, (2011) A Connotation in Comic “Uncle in North of the Yukon”: A Barthes, Semiotics, Analysis University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Huss et all (2017) The meaning of Flowers: A Cultural and Perceptual Exploration of Ornamental Flowers, TQPSYJ10140: 140153 https:// creativecommons.org /licenses/bỵ/ 4,0/legalcode Haviland-Jones et all, (2005) An Environmental Approach to Positive Emotion: Flowers,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228855433_An_Environmental_ Approach_to_Positive_Emotion_Flowers#:~:text=In%20Study%201%2C%20flowe rs%2C%20upon,social%20behavior%20than%20other%20stimuli, April 11th 2020 Guimei He, (2010) English and Chinese Cultural Connotation of Color Words in Comparison http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/view/2985, April 11th 2020 Le Thi Kim Dung, (2019) Semantics of words for flowers in Chinese (concerning Vietnamese), https://luanvan123.info/threads/ngu-nghia-cua-cac-tu-chi-hoa-trongtieng-han-lien-he-voi-tieng-viet.131305/ April 11th 2020 84 Nursinta, Hartina, (2017) Connotative and denotative meaning in Doang Doangang of Makassar, http://repositori.uinalauddin.ac.id/4682/1/Nursinta%20Hartina.pdf , April 10th 2020 Nguyen Quoc Toan, (2011) A contrastive study of connotation of the Vietnamese zodiac animals in English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/3770/2/Summary.pdf, April 10th 2020 Roni Kuswantoro, (2002) A Study on Connotative Meaning of Language Used in Scorpion’s Song, http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/31842/1/ARMAWANSY AH-FAH, April 10th 2020 Vietnamese references: Book: Đỗ Hữu Châu (1998), Cơ sở ngữ nghĩa học từ vựng (Tái lần thứ có chỉnh lý bổ sung) NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Đỗ Hữu Châu (2005), Đỗ Hữu Châu Tuyển tập, Tl, Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Nguyễn Xuân Kính Phan Đăng Nhật (chủ biên) (1995), Kho tàng ca dao Người Việt NXB Văn hóa Thơng tin, Hà Nội Nguyễn Lân (2012) Từ điển thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt Nam NXB Văn hóa Thơng tin, Hà Nội Hoàng Phê (chủ biên) (2010), Từ điển tiếng Việt NXB Từ điển Bách khoa, Hà Nội Bùi Phụng (2003), Thành ngữ Anh Việt Idioms NXB Văn hóa Thơng Tin, Hà Nội Trần Ngọc Thêm (1999), Tìm sắc vân hóa Việt Nam NXB TP Hồ Chí Minh, Hồ Chí Minh Hồng Mai (2008), Ngơn ngữ lồi hoa NXB Lao động – TTVHNN Đông Tây Lê Thành, Trinh Thu Hương, Trung Dũng (2010), Dictionary of English Vietnamese 85 idioms (Từ điển thành ngữ Anh việt) NXB Khoa học Kỹ thuật, Hà Nội Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2015), Đặc trưng vãn hóa dân tộc Ngơn ngữ tư NXB Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội Trần Quốc Vượng (2002), Cơ sở văn hỏa Việt Nam NXB Giáo Dục, Hà Nội Việt Chương (2003), Từ điển thành ngữ tục ngữ ca dao Việt Nam, NXB Tổng hợp Đồng Nai, Đồng Nai Internet references: https://www.interflora.co.uk/content/flower-meanings/ https://signaturelivingweddings.co.uk/blog/meaning-behind-wedding-flowers/ https://www.interflora.co.uk/blog/the-hidden-symbolism-in-your-wedding-bouquet https://www.prestigeflowers.co.uk/birthday-flowers?top_nav https://anninhthudo.vn/hoa-trong-van-hoa-cuoi-hoi-nguoi-ha-noi-post334511.antd https://www.funeralguide.co.uk/blog/language-flowers-funerals https://www.stibbards.co.uk/latest-news/the-meanings-of-funeral-flowers/ https://classroom.synonym.com/vietnamese-funeral-flower-customs-12081185.html https://www.interflora.com.au/blog/post/national-flower-by-country 86 APPENDICES APENDIX 1: Connotations of Flower words in English No Flower name Experssions Connotations Tudor Rose prosperity Flower as a symbol of nation flower upper class Flower as a symbol of nation flower power Flower as a symbol of nation flower Rose Birth month: June Symbol on birthdays Red rose Romantic love Symbol on weddings Beauty Symbol on weddings love and respect Symbol at funerals love Symbol on weddings gratitude Symbol on weddings appreciation Symbol on weddings gentleness Symbol on weddings admiration Symbol on weddings gratefulness Symbol at funerals congratulations Symbol of having newborn babies innocence Symbol on weddings Pink Rose White Rose Symbol at funerals purity Symbol on weddings Symbol at funerals Orange Rose Yellow Rose humility Symbol at funerals a new beginning Symbol at funerals a farewell Symbol at funerals thanks Symbol of congratulation congratulations Symbol of congratulation I love you Symbol of congratulation friendship Symbol of congratulation friendship Symbol for get well soon Symbol at funerals 87 No Flower name Experssions Connotations Symbol of congratulation: promotion optimism Symbol for get well soon Dark crimson rose mourning Symbol at funerals Tea rose eternal remembrance Symbol at funerals 10 Rainbow rose happiness Symbol of having new-born babies 11 Peony romance Symbol on weddings prosperity Symbol on weddings 12 Hydrangea understanding Symbol on weddings 13 Lily of the Valley the return of happiness Symbol on weddings Birth month: May Symbol on birthdays marital happiness Symbol on weddings good fortune Symbol on weddings the longing to travel Symbol on weddings purity Symbol at funerals luminosity Symbol at funerals ambition Symbol at funerals sympathy Symbol at funerals compassion Symbol at funerals 14 15 16 Stephanotis Lily White stargazer lily 17 Oriental lily eternal life Symbol at funerals 18 Peace lily a rebirth following death Symbol at funerals 19 Casablanca lily positivity Symbol of congratulation 20 Daffodil rebirth Symbol at funerals new beginning Symbol at funerals Birth month: March Symbol on birthday love Symbol at funerals 21 Carnation Symbol for get well soon 88 No Flower name Experssions Connotations affection Symbol at funerals Symbol for get well soon good luck Symbol for get well soon well wishes Symbol for get well soon Birth month: January Symbol on birthdays 22 Pink carnation “I will never forget you.” Symbol at funerals 23 White carnation innocence Symbol at funerals youth Symbol at funerals purity Symbol at funerals true love Symbol at funerals aspiration Symbol at funerals 24 Red carnation 25 Rosemary remembrance Symbol at funerals 26 Marigold eternal devotion Symbol at funerals grief Symbol at funerals sorrow Symbol at funerals Birth month: October Symbol on birthdays 27 Passionflower mourning Symbol at funerals 28 Chrysanthem um innocence Symbol at funerals Symbol of having newborn babies 29 30 Daisy Aster joy Symbol for get well soon fidelity Symbol for get well soon optimism Symbol for get well soon long life Symbol for get well soon Birth month: November Symbol on birthdays cheerfulness Symbol for get well soon Birth month: April Symbol on birthdays cheerfulness Symbol for get well soon Birth month: September Symbol on birthdays 89 No Flower name Experssions Connotations 31 Sunflower longevity Symbol for get well soon Symbol of congratulation: promotion strength Symbol for get well soon optimism Symbol for get well soon good fortune Symbol for get well soon 32 Violet Birth month: February Symbol on birthdays 33 Jonquils Birth month: March Symbol on birthdays 34 Delphinium Birth month: July Symbol on birthdays 35 Water Lily Birth month: July Symbol on birthdays 36 Gladiolus Birth month: August Symbol on birthdays strength Symbol of congratulation integrity Symbol of congratulation 37 Narcissus Birth month: November Symbol on birthdays 38 Iris admiration Symbol of congratulation: cheering people, recognizing success courage Symbol of congratulation: cheering people, recognizing success hope Symbol of congratulation: cheering people, recognizing success 39 Jasmine good luck Symbol of congratulation: taking a new step in life 40 Orange Tiger Lily pride Symbol of congratulation: graduation 41 Peruvian Lily friendship Symbol of congratulation: for acquaintances devotion Symbol of congratulation: for acquaintances 90 No Flower name Experssions Connotations 42 Heather admiration Symbol of congratulation: taking a new step in life 43 Yellow Poppy luxury Symbol of congratulation success Symbol of congratulation prosperity Symbol of congratulation 44 Hibiscus seizing the moment Symbol of congratulation 45 Pink Tulip strength Symbol of congratulation confidence Symbol of congratulation congratulations Symbol of congratulation: passing exam and graduation 46 Gerbera Symbol of having newborn babies 47 Orange Lily energy Symbol of congratulation: graduation passion Symbol of congratulation: graduation confidence Symbol of congratulation: graduation satisfaction in life Symbol of congratulation: graduation honour Symbol of congratulation: graduation respect Symbol of congratulation: graduation 48 Blue iris congratulations Symbol of having newborn babies 49 Orchid love Symbol of congratulation luxury Symbol of congratulation beauty Symbol of congratulation strength Symbol of congratulation 91 APENDIX 2: Connotations of Flower words in Vietnamese No Flower name Connotations Symbol of occasions Lotus (hoa sen) human dignity symbol of nation White lotus (hoa sen trắng) complete purification Symbol at funerals symbol of religious Rose ( hoa hồng) eternal love Symbol on weddings Red rose (hoa hồng đỏ) passionate, romantic love Symbol on weddings Yellow rose (hoa hồng vàng) joy Symbol on weddings White rose (hoa hồng trắng) elegance Symbol on weddings purity Symbol on weddings pure love Symbol on weddings innocent love Symbol on weddings selfdiscipline Symbol on weddings ability to stay focused on love Symbol on weddings Baby's breath (hoa baby) Dahlia (hoa thược dược) peace Symbol on weddings Peony (hoa mẫu đơn) prosperity Symbol on weddings wealth Symbol on weddings descendants Symbol on weddings healing Symbol for get well soon eternal love Symbol on weddings devotion Symbol on weddings luck Symbol on weddings 10 Lisianthus (hoa cát tường) Symbol of congratulation 11 Lavender (hoa oải hương) happiness Symbol of congratulation prosperity Symbol of congratulation passion Symbol on weddings 92 No Flower name Connotations Symbol of occasions faithfulness Symbol on weddings longlasting love Symbol on weddings 12 Hydrangea (hoa cẩm tú cầu) understanding Symbol on weddings 13 White lily (hoa bách hợp, hoa loa kèn) purity Symbol at funerals innocence Symbol at funerals rebirth Symbol at funerals eternal life Symbol at funerals sympathy Symbol at funerals respect Symbol at funerals eternal life Symbol at funerals sympathy Symbol at funerals respect Symbol at funerals strength Symbol for get well soon perseverance Symbol for get well soon 14 15 16 Oriental lily (hoa huệ ta) White Stargazer lily (hoa ly trắng) Red carnation (hoa cẩm chướng đỏ) 17 Yellow chrysanthemum (Hoa cúc vàng)( hoa cúc vàng) filial piety Symbol at funerals 18 White chrysanthemums (hoa cúc trắng) sadness Symbol at funerals regret Symbol at funerals rebirth Symbol at funerals innocence Symbol on weddings purity Symbol on weddings wealthy life Symbol on weddings happiness life Symbol on weddings happiness Symbol on weddings luck Symbol on weddings 19 20 Gladiolus (hoa lay ơn) Gerbera (hoa đồng tiền) Symbol of congratulation wealthy life 93 Symbol of congratulation No Flower name Connotations Symbol of occasions 21 love Symbol of congratulation luxury Symbol of congratulation beauty Symbol of congratulation strength Symbol of congratulation Orchid (hoa lan) 22 Yellow orchid ( hoa lan vàng) sympathy Symbol at funerals 23 Tuberose (hoa huệ) rebirth Symbol at funerals a new beginning Symbol at funerals hope Symbol for get well soon healing Symbol for get well soon joy Symbol for get well soon good luck Symbol of congratulation happiness Symbol of congratulation success Symbol of congratulation love Symbol of congratulation loyal Symbol of congratulation good luck Symbol of congratulation success Symbol of congratulation 24 25 Sunflower (hoa hướng dương) Anthuriums 94 ... BETWEEN CONNOTATIONS OF 27 FLOWER WORDS AND PHRASES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 3.1 Connotations of flower words and phrases in English 27 3.1 Connotations of flower words and phrases in English. .. part in studying and teaching connotations in English and Vietnamese, especially, connotations of flower words and phrases In the study, connotations of flower words and phrases are described in. .. following objectives:  To identify connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese  To make a comparison between connotations of flower words and phrases in English and Vietnamese