adjectives or adverbs

We can sometimes use either of the two forms of the adverb without changing the meaning, although the form ending in -ly is more usual in a formal style:.. • I'll be there as quick(ly[r]

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

(1 )

(1 )

We use an adverb, not an adjective

• to say how something happened or was done:

• I've always greatly enjoyed his novels, (not great enjoyed )

• The people who work in that shop always talk politely to customers, (not polite )

• to modify adjectives, including participle adjectives:

• It was strangely quiet in the room • They had a beautifully furnished house.

Some adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: happy —* happily, etc When an adjective already ends in -ly (e.g. cowardly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely) we don't add -ly to it to make an adverb Instead we can use a prepositional phrase with fashion, manner, or way:

• He smiled at me in a friendly way • She waved her hands around in a lively fashion.

Most participle adjectives ending in -ed don't have an adverb form and we can use a similar prepositional phrase:

• They rose to greet me in a subdued manner.

• She walked around the room in an agitated way (or in agitation.)

However, some have an adverb form with -ly, including the following common ones:

allegedly, belatedly, contentedly, dejectedly, deservedly, excitedly, hurriedly, markedly, pointedly, repeatedly,

reportedly, reputedly, supposedly, unexpectedly, wholeheartedly, wickedly:

• The weather had turned unexpectedly stormy.

In other cases there is a difference in the meaning of the adverb with and without -ly:

• She gave her time free (= for no money) and She gave her time freely (= willingly)

• I arrived late for the concert and I haven't seen John lately (= recently)

Here are some other pairs of adverbs that can have different meanings Compare:

• Do I have to change trains in Leeds?' 'No, you can go direct (= without stopping).'• I'll be with you

directly (= very soon).

• He saw Susan directly (= straight) ahead. • She worked really hard and passed her exams • The telephone line was so bad, I could hardly (= only just) hear what he was saying.

• He kicked the ball high over the goal • Everyone thinks highly of her teaching (= they praise her for it)

• They cut short their holiday when John became ill (= went home early) • The speaker will be arriving

shortly (= soon) Please take your seats.

• The door was wide (= completely) open so I just went straight in • It won't be difficult to get the book It's

widely available (= in many places) Some adverbs have two forms, one ending -ly and the other not We can sometimes use either of the two forms of the adverb without changing the meaning, although the form ending in -ly is more usual in a formal style:

• I'll be there as quick(ly) as I can • Try to sing loud(ly) in the last verse.

Other words like this include cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), fine(ly), slow(ly), thin(ly).

Remember that good is an adjective and well is an adverb:

• I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did a

good job / and he did the job well.

However, well is also an adjective meaning 'healthy':

Time for practicing

Time for

practicing (1 )

(1 )

1 Peter Thomas was recently sentenced to

imprisonment for a bank robbery Here are extracts from newspaper reports during and after the trial Rewrite them using one of these adverbs to replace the underlined parts Make any other necessary changes

allegedly – belatedly – deservedly - unexpectedly – wholeheartedly – repeatedly – reputedly

-undoubtedly

1 Thomas was said to have committed the robbery on the afternoon of the 21st June

2 At first, Thomas s wife gave complete support to his claim that he was innocent

3 A police spokesman said, 'We are sure that Peter Thomas knows something about this robbery.'

4 It is generally believed that Thomas hid the money somewhere close to his home

5 His wife realized only much later that Thomas had been lying to her

6 He denied being involved in the robbery over and over again

7 It came as a surprise when Thomas confessed to the crime over a year later

8 After the trial, Thomas´s wife said, “It was right that Peter was given a severe sentence”

Example: 1 Thomas allegedly committed the robbery on the afternoon of the 21st June

2 Rewrite the following sentences using adverbs.

1 I haven't cleaned the house recently I haven't cleaned, the house lately

2 It wasn't easy to accept her decision

3 They won, but the result wasn't at all surprising

4 The leaflet is available at no charge from the town hall

5 He walked into the office without knocking

6 I am happy to admit that I was wrong

7 I became a nurse soon after I left school

8 Even though it was am, I was completely awake

9 Her name is known to many people

10 The report strongly criticised the Minister's conduct

3 Find the mistakes and correct them If there are no mistakes, put a Ѵ

1 She speaks French fluent

2 I think you behaved very cowardlily

3 Everyone says that he's now enormous rich

4 We'll never catch them up if you walk as slow as that She turned to him astonishedly 'I don't believe you,' she said

6 Wearing a white shirt and new suit, he thought he looked really well

7 He plays the guitar remarkable good for his age Chop the herbs finely and sprinkle them on top of the pasta

Position of adverbs

Position of adverbs

Most types of adverb can go in front position In particular:

type of adverb

function example

connecting adverbs e.g as a result, similarly

to make immediately clear the logical relation to the previous sentence

• The value of the yen has fallen As a result, Japan faces a crisis

time and

place adverbs e.g tomorrow, in the kitchen

to show a contrast with, or expansion on, a previous reference to time or place

• The last few days have been hot Tomorrow the weather will be much cooler comment and viewpoint adverbs e.g resumably, financially

to highlight the speaker's attitude to what they are about to say

• She has just heard that her sister is ill Presumably, she will want to go home There are three main positions for adverbs which

modify a verb:

***front position = before the subject

• Finally he could stand the noise no longer. ***mid position - between the subject and verb, or immediately after be as a main verb

• He usually plays better than this • She's

usually here by 10.00.

***end position = after the verb

• I've been waiting for hours.

The following types of adverb usually go in mid position: adverbs of indefinite frequency e.g always, never, usually;

degree adverbs e.g completely, quite, and focus adverbs e.g just, even:

• He always sings when he's having a shower.

• I completely forgot her birthday, and I just don't know how to make it up to her.

Most adverbs of time or place don't go in this position:

• Jane had a baby in October, {not Jane in October had a baby.)

However, a few often do, including already, finally, now, recently, soon, still: • I finally met Roy at the conference in Madrid.

and in journalism, other adverbs of time are often used in mid position:

• The government yesterday announced an increase in education spending.

In mid position, we put adverbs where we would put not, or after it if not is already there:

• Sue's never at home these days, {compare 'Sue isn't at home ') • I don't fully understand. • It has seldom been seen here before, {compare 'It hasn't been seen ')

In end position, we usually put an adverb after an object or complement if there is one:

• He studied the problem briefly, {not He studied briefly the problem.)

However, if an object or complement is very long, then we often put an adverb between the verb and its object or complement This is particularly common in journalism:

• We considered briefly the long-term solution to the problem.

When there is more than one adverb in end position, the usual order in written English is adverb of manner (= saying how something is done), place, and then time:

• In the accident she was thrown

violently against the door (= manner + place)

However, if one adverb is much longer than another then it is usually placed last:

Time for practicing

Time for

practicing (2 )

(2 )

1 If necessary, improve these sentences by putting an adverb in a more likely position If no improvement is needed, put a Ѵ.

1 We together walked to the end of the garden We walked together to the end of the garden

2 So far in my new job I have mainly had to deal with complaints

3 I just have bought a new car He speaks fluently five languages

5 Jenny has been appointed recently Professor of Nursing

6 I was totally unprepared for the news It was now time for me to make my speech He had been to London never before

9 Susan became soon bored with the new toys 10 John frequently was away from home in his new job

11 They are at home these days hardly ever 12 I could never understand why he got so annoyed

13 We had been already given three leaving presents

14 Being alone brought her usually a sense of peace

15 Although he's 60, he still enjoys playing football

2 Underline the most likely adverb in this position in the sentences.

1 We often I in the park saw them playing tennis

2 We before long I soon began to meet every week

3 Ron had never I last year

visited the Taj Mahal

4 I totally I at the meeting

disagreed with his suggestions The players yesterday I recently met for the first time

6 We on Sundays I always play tennis with Liz and Adam

3 Complete the sentences Put the words and phrases in brackets in the most likely order for written English.

1 I last saw my keys on Monday. (On Monday / my keys)

2 She sailed ……… (around the world / in ten months)

3 He was arrested ………(at the customs desk of Bangkok international airport / last week)

4 He stayed ……… (all day / at home)

5 You shouldn't take ……… (what she says / seriously)

6 He walked ……… (dangerously / along the top of the wall) The recipe uses ……… (only / the finest Indian ingredients) She sat ………(for a few minutes / silently)