Improving environmental monitoring plan for thua thien hue coastal zone, vietnam pham hong ng

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR INFRASTRUCTURAL, HYDRAULIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Improving Environmental Thua Thien-Hue Coastal Pham Hong Nga M.Sc Thesis HE 146 June 2003 IIIEIl DEL FT Monitoring Plan for Zone, Vietnam International Institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering II'IE DELFT IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN For Thua Thien-Hue Coastal Zone, Vietnam Master of Science Thesis by Pham Hong Nga Supervisors Dr Randa M Hassan (IHE) Dr Joost Stronkborst (RIKZ) Mr Maarten Scheffers (RIKZ) Examination Committee Prof B Petry (!HE) Dr Randa M Hassan (IHE) Dr Joost Stronkborst (RIKZ) Dr Mindert de Vries (WL) June 2003 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education Westvest P.O Box 3015 Delft, The Netherlands The research is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Master of Science degree at the UNESCOIHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands The fmdings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this study neither necessarily reflect the views of International Institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, nor of the individual members ofMSc committee, nor of their respective employers }lc~now{ecfgment This M.Sc thesis forms the completion of my study at IHE, Delft, The Netherlands I would like to take this opportunity to express my acknowledgment to many people who help make last one-and-ahalf-year become successful timefor me First of all, I would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisors Dr Joost Stronkhorst and Mr Maarten Scheffers as well as advisor Dr Mindert de Vries Without their valuable guidance and closefollow-up, this work could not have come into reality My sincere thank is given to my mentor, Dr Randa M Hassan, for her constant assistance and support my study in many ways I also wish to extent myfeeling of gratitude to all other members of IHE, especially the Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Prof Bela Petry, Ir Ronand de Heer and Ir Mick van der Wegen for their academic guidance and thoughtful encouragement in everyday life I am grateful to CICATprojectfor providingfinancial support I am greatly indebted Hanoi Water Resource University, especially Prof Dr Le Kim Truyen, Prof Dr Ngo Dinh Tuan, Dr Vu Minh Cat, Dr Do Tat Tuc, Dr Le Dinh Thanh, Dr Nguyen Van Thang, Dr Pham Hung and all my colleagues in Environmental Division for supporting my study in many ways I would like to express my appreciation to Mr Johan van Voorthuize Mr Le Van Thu, Dr Robbert Misdorp, Mr Hans Pos, Mr Nga, Mr Son, Ms Thu, Ms Hanh and other staff of VNICZM offices in Hanoi and Hue for kindly sharing me their knowledge, experience and information Thanks must be given to my terrific friends, big Huong, small Huong, Thuy, Lam, Giang, Vu, Ahmad, Jim in particular and all others of HEb family Their wonderfulfriendship helps me keep going on well throughout the study And, I thank my family, especially my parents and my parents in law, my husband P T.Tung, my little son Ti An for their everlasting love, sacrifice and support and overall, for the way they overcome all the difficulties during such long period I have to be away Thank you all very much, indeed! Pham Hong Nga IHE Delft,The Netherlands June 2003 ABSTRACT This study is to propose relevant improvements for existing monitoring strategy ofThua ThienHue coastal zone in Vietnam Thua Thien-Hue coastal zone, and its Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon in particular, is known as the largest brackish water system in South East Asia It has highly important environmental and economic roles The lagoon provides valuable habitat of diverse and sensitive aquatic ecosystem Moreover, because of its favourite geographic locations and natural conditions, this coastal zone has to support a range of economic activities, such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism along with some agriculture, industry and shipping, most of which are resource-based activities On the other hand, Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon is subject to far complex and unstable hydrodynamic and morphological processes Due to the combination of all these drivers, this region undergoes undesirable changes and degradation, which seriously threat the local sustainable development Therefore, an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) program has been developed for Thua Thien-Hue coastal zone in order to response to emerging threats In particularly, monitoring has been gained much attention due to its key function as provision of data and information for other actions of whole ICZM cyclic process taking place However, in order to have a truly effective monitoring program, an integrated assessment must be carried out to revise the critical needs for monitoring In order to so, DPSIR (DriverPressure-State-Impact-Response) conceptual model is applied, covering major issues of local concern, such as growing population, agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture, tourism and sea level rise The output of the assessment is a set of environmental and social indicators, which are, in fact, needs for monitoring Besides, the existing monitoring strategy is further improved by statistically revising the efficiency of sampling locations, replicates and frequency Key words: ICZM, DPSIR, monitoring strategy, monitoring indicators CONTENT Acknowledgment Abstract Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Statement ofProblem 1.3 Objectives ofStudy 1-1 1-5 1.4 Scope of Study 1-5 1.5 Methodology and Approach 1-6 Chapter ENVIRONMENT~ DESCRIPTION OF THUA THIEN-HUE COASTAL ZONE 2.1 Topography 2-1 2.1.1 General 2-1 2.1.2 Tan Giang-Cau Hai lagoon system 2.2 Climate 2-1 2-3 2.2.1 Temperature, humidity and evaporation 2-3 2.2.2 Rainfall 2.2.3 Wind 2-4 2-4 2.2.4 Typhoons, tropical depressionsand storm surges 2.3 Hydrology 2-5 2-6 2.3.1 Lagoon system 2-6 2.3.2 Tidal inlets 2-7 2.3.3 River system flowing to the lagoon system 2-7 2.4 Nearshore oceanography 2-10 2.4.1 Tides and tidal currents 2-10 2.4.2 Waves and longshore currents 2-10 2.5 Morphology 2-11 2.5.1 Shoreline 2-11 2.5.2 Sand barrier 2.6 Water quality and biodiversity 2-12 2-12 2.6.1 Water quality 2-12 2.6.2 Biodiversity 2-14 -I- Chapter LITERATURE OVERVIEW ON MONITORING 3.1 What is Monitoring 3-1 3.1.1 Definition of monitoring 3-1 3.1.2 Monitoring and Integrated Water Management 3-2 3.1.3 Monitoring for coastal zone in The Netherlands 3-4 3.1.4 Monitoring for coastal zone in Vietnam 3-8 3.2 Review on Monitoring Program CCP2002 in Thua Thien-Hue Coastal zone 3-11 3.2.1 ICZM strategy in Thua Thien-Hue province 3-11 3.2.2 Definition of monitoring objectives and requirements 3-12 3.2.3 Monitoring program strategy 3-14 Chapter INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 4.1 DPSIRApproach : 4-1 4.2 DPSIR Application for Thua Thien-Hue Coastal Zone 4-3 4.2.1 Drivers and Pressures 4-4 4.2.2 State 4-28 4.2.3 Impacts and response 4-43 Chapter PROPOSAL ON MONITORING STRATEGY IMPROVEMENT 5.1 Needs for Monitoring Improvement 5-1 5.2 Improvement of Monitoring Indicators by DPSIR 5-3 5.2.1 Monitoring indicators of pressures 5-4 5.2.2 Monitoring indicators of state 5-5 5.2.3 Monitoring indicators of impacts 5-10 5.2.4 Monitoring indicators of responses 5-12 5.3 Improvement of Monitoring Location, Replicates and Frequency by Statistic Evaluation 5-12 5.3.1 Proposed monitoring location 5-13 5.3.2 Proposed sampling replicates 5-18 5.3.3 Proposed monitoring frequency 5-25 - 11 - o ""'"'! - 01 M I II 0; I i N - 0'1 N I ::;1;; I ~I~~I M C'il iii ~I I I M ~ N' N 0'1 - -.::t:!M; ~ «::t - 01 I M \0 ~I'" ~ 0\ C'il o o I I I o '" o C'! N, N r- 0;0; -.::t: ,N N I o _ 0;: -10 N C'! 0; ~ MIO'I 0100 C'i 0 I 10 (.) M ~ N 00 0\ M N - 00'10 M N ~ i I I ~I-~ :: M M '" g:!~ 0'I0.1~1:g N I I N I I : V:I~o N ::: ~ :: M161~ I : I i II 8! I i lVumS I : I ~! I : i · ! ~I MIO\ I C'I 0\ o C'I I - :;:~IM'I~I~I-I~I_ ii I I N o ;:.o Z C'I I C!ir"! -10 I" M C'I 0\ ~ r; I 0~ M - I N ~ N - M I ~ :; M ~ ~ C'I - ~ r : ~ ~ ~l~~:: :; M M i N o\NMoo 00"100 o o o N 00 I£) o N OINI IN ! I ~ ~ ~ : M ~ ~ MI~ 00 N N 1- 0;1£) V-;j-= I ~IM·I·~ N, I i : i : i ~ 00 ~ M 0\ C'I "1iOn of hi"""""" C-""""1OmQ oat; On COOs'" HytIrOIIocs C-""""1OmQ oat; On 11