NGU PHAP CO BAN TIENG ANH

The present perfect continuos tense is used.. to express:.[r]

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TRƯỜNG THCS AN TRACH TRƯỜNG THCS AN TRACH

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NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN TIẾNG ANH NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN TIẾNG ANH

(Dùng ôn tập cho học sinh lớp 9)

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PART 1:

TENSES

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I Present simple tense:

1 formation:

(+)

(+) VV

(-)(-) doesn’t / don’t + Vdoesn’t / don’t + V

(?)

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* With third person singular subjects:

- Add “-S” to most verbs

- Add ES” to verb ending in

- Add “-ES” to verb ending in “-

“-(s)s, - “she”; - “ch”; -“x”; -“z”, and

(s)s, - “she”; - “ch”; -“x”; -“z”, and

“o” follow a consonant: miss, wash,

watch, box, buzz, go

- Replace “-y” follow a consonant

with “-ies”: carry, copy, try…

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2 Uses:

The present simple tenses used to express:

* Permanent truth:

Ex: - Summer follow the spring Ex: - Summer follow the spring

* present events, actions, or situations:

Ex: - They live in Manchester Ex: - They live in Manchester

- His father works in a bank.- His father works in a bank * Habits:

* Habits:

Ex: We finish class at twelve Ex: We finish class at twelve

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Normally used with adverb (or adverb

phrase) of time: always, usually, often,

sometime, occasionally, rarely, never,

everyday, once a week, twice a month,

three time a year, etc

Ex:

- He always works until late in the He always works until late in the

evening

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II The present continuous

tense:

1 formation:

(+)

(+) am/is/are + -ingam/is/are + -ing (-)

(-) am not/isn’t/aren’t + V-ing am not/isn’t/aren’t + V-ing

(?)

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Exceptions:

+ With the verb ending in “-e”: omit “-e”

before adding “- ing” (have, make, ride,

phone , smoke…)

+ With the verb of are syllable has one

vowel come between two single

consonants: double the last consonant

before adding “ – ing” (hit, run, stop, sit,

beg …)

+ This rule is also applied to verbs of more

than once syllable with the first stress falls

on the last syllable (begin, prefer,

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(Với động từ âm tiết gồm

nguyên âm đứng hai phụ âm;

nhân đôi phụ âm cuối Qui tắc

củng áp dụngcho động

từ có âm tiết có trọng âm

chính nằm âm tiết cuối).

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2 Uses:

• Actions in progress at the moment of Actions in progress at the moment of

speaking ( usually used with “now”,

“at the moment” …

Ex: - Someone is standing at the gate

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* Temporary situations (may not

happening at the moment of

speaking)

Ex: Her sister is studying English with

an America teacher

* Planned actions: future reference

(usually used with a time expression)

Ex: He’s arriving tomorrow morning

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3 Verbs not normally used in

the continuos tenses:

* Verbs of senses: fell, look, hear, taste, smell,

see …

* Verbs of feeling and emotions: admire, fear,

like, love, hate,…

* Verbs of mental activity: agree, believe,

forget, remember, …

Verbs of possessions: belong, own, possess,…

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III The past simple

III The past simple::

1 Formation:

(+)

(+) V (ed/2nd)V (ed/2nd)

(-)

(-) didn’t + Vdidn’t + V

(?)

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2 Uses:

The past simple tense is used to The past simple tense is used to

express: express:

* Completed actions in the past: * Completed actions in the past:

Ex: I met him yesterday

Past habits (= used to + B.I): Past habits (= used to + B.I):

Ex: He smoked 40 cigarettes till he

gave up

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3 Pronuncation of “-ed”:

*

* Verb ending in t, d: “-ed” => /Id/Verb ending in t, d: “-ed” => /Id/

* Verbs ending ch, sh, k, p, s, x, * Verbs ending ch, sh, k, p, s, x,

f(gh): “-ed” => /t/ f(gh): “-ed” => /t/

* Others: “-ed”:=>/d/ * Others: “-ed”:=>/d/

Notes:

Notes: * * Verbs ending in “-Verbs ending in

“-e”:just add “d” (like, hate, love …)

e”:just add “d” (like, hate, love …)

*

* Verbs ending in Verbs ending in a consonant + Y a consonant + Y : :

omit Y before adding “ied” (study,

worry, carry, hurry, …)

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IV The past continuos tense:

IV The past continuos tense: 1.

1. formation: formation:

(+)

(+) was/were + V-ingwas/were + V-ing

(-)

(-) wasn’t/weren’t + V-ingwasn’t/weren’t + V-ing

(?)

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2 Uses:

The past continuos tense is used to express:

* Actions in progress in the past:

Ex:- He was doing his exercises at 8.oo last night

* Actions which began something else happened

(with “when, as, just as, while”

Ex:- Just as I was leaving the house, the phone

rang

- We were having supper when the electricity

went out

* Parallel actions

* Parallel actions (hành động diển song với nhau)(hành động diển song với nhau)

Ex:

Ex: - While my mother was working in the - While my mother was working in the garden, my mother was cooking lunch

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V The present perfect tense:

V The present perfect tense: 1 Formation:

1 Formation:

(+)

(+) has/have + P.Phas/have + P.P

(-)

(-) haven’t/hasn’t + P.Phaven’t/hasn’t + P.P

(?)

(?) Have/Has + S + P.P?Have/Has + S + P.P?

* P.P = V ( ed / 3rd)

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2 Uses:

The present perfect continuos tense is

used to express:

* Actions which began in the past and

continue into the present:

Ex:

Ex: - We’ve lived here since 1975 - We’ve lived here since 1975

For 25 years

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*

* Actions occurring at an unspecified time Actions occurring at an unspecified time

(hành động diển khơng có móc thời gian xác

định):

Ex:

Ex: - Have you cleaned your bicycle?- Have you cleaned your bicycle?

- The boy has been punished

* For recent actions (with “just, * For recent actions (with “just, recently, already, yet”

recently, already, yet”

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VI The present perfect

continuos tense:

continuos tense: 1 formation:

1 formation:

(+)

(+) has/have + been + V-inghas/have + been + V-ing

(-)

(-) haven’t/hasn’t been+V-inghaven’t/hasn’t been+V-ing

(?)

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2 Uses:

The present perfect continuos tense is used

to express:

* Actions in progress throughout a period:

Ex: - We’ve been watching cartoons very

night

Compare:

Compare: - I’ve been painted this room - I’ve been painted this room (uncompleted)

(uncompleted)

- I’ve painted this room

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VI The past perfect tense:

1 formation:

(+)

(+) had + P.Phad + P.P

(-)

(-) hadn’t + P.Phadn’t + P.P

(?)

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2 Uses:

The past perfect is used (to)

* Refer to an earlier past:

Ex:- She arrived when the train left

- The boy loved the zoo They had never seen wild

animal before

- before a point time

Ex:- he hadn’t finished his work by yesterday evening

* As the past equivalence of the present perfect

Ex:- I lost my pen

- I had lost my pen and I had to borrow hers

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VIII The future tense:

1 The future simple tense: 1 The future simple tense:

(+)

(+) will / shall + B.Iwill / shall + B.I

(-)

(-) won’t / shan’t + B.Iwon’t / shan’t + B.I

(?)

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*

* SHALL:SHALL: formal from for ‘I’; “we” formal from for ‘I’; “we”

* uses:

The future simple tense is used to

express:

* The speaker’s opinions,

assumptions, speculations about

the future:

the future: (ý kiến, giả định, suy (ý kiến, giả định, suy

đoán tương lai)

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Ex:

Ex: - He’ll come back- He’ll come back

- They’ll wait for us

* Future habitual action which

we assume will take place:

(thói quen giả định diển

trong tương lai)

Ex:

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2 BE GOING TO + B.I

Ex:

Ex: - I’m going to meet Tom - I’m going to meet Tom

at the station

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PART 2:

VOICES

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I Active voice and

passive voice

passive voice::

1 Active voice the subject of the

verb is the person or thing that

does the action

Ex:

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2 Passive voice: The action is

done to the subject -> the

object of the active sentence

becomes the subject of the

passive one

Ex:

Ex: - The door has been - The door has been opened by Tom

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II Tense in passive voice:

1 Present simple tense

2 Present continuos tense

3 Present perfect tense

4 Past simple tense

5 Past continuos tense

6 Past perfect tense

7 Future simple tense

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III Active and passive equivalents:

III Active and passive equivalents: Tense /

verb form Active Passive Present

simple

V (+s/es)

They made

Hondas in Japan

am/is/are + P.P

Hondas are made in Japan

Present continuos

am/is/are + V-ing

They’re making Hondas in Japan

am/is/are + being + P.P

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Present perfect

Have/has + P.P Have/had + been + P.P

Past simple

V (ed/2nd) Was/were + P.P

Past

continuos

Were/was + V-ing Were/was + Being + P.P

They’ve made

Hondas in Japan Hondas have been made in Japan

They made Hondas

here Hondas were made here

They were making

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Past perfect

had + P.P

They had made Hondas before 1980

had + been + P.P

Hondas had been made here before 1980

Future simple

will + B.I

They will make Hondas here

will + be + P.P

Hondas will be made here

With modal verb

Someone must

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Note :

Be

Be is always there in the passive voiceis always there in the passive voice

The agent, when, mentioned, is preceded

by “by”

(

(Tác nhân thực / giây hành động, Tác nhân thực / giây hành động,

đề cập đến đứng sau “by”) đề cập đến đứng sau “by”)

Ex:

Ex: - Tom painted this picture.- Tom painted this picture.

This picture was painted by Tom

- What makes these holes?

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But: - Smoke filled the room But: - Smoke filled the room

The room was filled with The room was filled with smoke

smoke

- Pained covered the lock - Pained covered the lock

The lock was covered

The lock was covered with with

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(

(smoke, paint, : material, not smoke, paint, : material, not

agents)

(smoke, paint: chất tác (smoke, paint: chất tác

nhaân) nhaân)

* When a verb + prep + O

combination is put into the

passive the prep will remain

immediately after the verb

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Ex:- we must take good care of the

children

 The children must be taken good The children must be taken good

care of

Verb + prep / adv combinations

Ex:- They threw away the water paper

 The water paper was thrown away.The water paper was thrown away

- He looked after the children well.- He looked after the children well

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IV Uses of the passive voice

IV Uses of the passive voice::

The passive voice is used:

1 When it is not necessary to

mention the doer of the

action

action (khi không cần thiết phải đề (khi không cần thiết phải đề

cập đến người thực hành động): cập đến người thực hành động):

Ex:- The water paper hasn’t Ex:- The water paper hasn’t

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2 When we don’t know or don’t

know exactly, or have forgotten

who did the action

Ex:

Ex: - My room has been stolen.- My room has been stolen.

- The room has been cleaned - The room has been cleaned

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3 when the subject of the active sentence

is: ‘people’ ‘one’, ‘someone’, and

(sometimes) pronoun

Ex:

Ex: - People say he is a hero.- People say he is a hero.

 He is said to b hero.He is said to b hero

- someone has lock the door

 The door has been lockedThe door has been locked

- They bought that house

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4 When we are more interested

in the action than the person

who does it

Ex:

Ex: - They are building a new - They are building a new public library

public library

 A new public library is being A new public library is being

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PART 3:

RELATIVE CLAUSES

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I Defining – Relative clause:

*

* Defining – Relative clause are Defining – Relative clause are

those which provide essential

information about the subject

or object

Ex: - The student who

answered the questions was

John

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1 Relative pronoun used in

defining clauses:

subject Object possessive For person

For things

WHO THAT

WHO(M)

THAT WHOSE WHICH WHICH

THAT

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2 WHO, WHOM, THAT and

WHOSE in defining clauses

refer to people:

a Subject:WHO, THAT:

Ex:

Ex: - Only those who are busy - Only those who are busy working know the value of working know the value of

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* THAT can be used after

“ALL’, “every” “no”, “those”

Ex: Everyone who / that knows Ex: Everyone who / that knows

her likes her her likes her

* WHO, THAT referring to

subject cannot be omitted:

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* THAT can be used after

“ALL’, “every” “no”, “those”

Ex: Everyone who / that knows Ex: Everyone who / that knows

her likes her her likes her

* WHO, THAT referring to

subject cannot be omitted:

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b Object:WHO, WHOM, THAT

* WHOM: more formal

Ex:

Ex: - The man who / whom / - The man who / whom / that you met yesterday was that you met yesterday was

my uncle my uncle “

“who / whom / that” can be who / whom / that” can be

omited

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c Possessive: WHOSE

Ex:

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3 Using WHICH, THAT in

Defining – Relative clause:

referring to things

a Subject WHICH, THAT

Ex:

Ex: - All the book which / that - All the book which / that

had pictures in them were

sent to the little girl is more

formal

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b Object: WHICH, THAT

Ex:

Ex: - The English novel (which / - The English novel (which / that) I bought yesterday is

that) I bought yesterday is very exciting

very exciting

 WHICH / THAT can be WHICH / THAT can be

omitted

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* With all, everything, little, * With all, everything, little,

much, none, no- , and much, none, no- , and

superlatives: THAT or no superlatives: THAT or no

relative is necessary relative is necessary Ex:

Ex: - This is the tallest building - This is the tallest building

(that) I’ve ever seen

-

- AllAll the work the work ( that) I did( that) I did seen seen

useless now

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c Possessive: WHOSE, OF WHICH c Possessive: WHOSE, OF WHICH

Ex:Ex: - I wouldn’t fly with an - I wouldn’t fly with an

airplane

airplane whose safety record is so whose safety record is so

poor

(= … the safety record

(= … the safety record of which of which

is so poor)

- The children were playing a

game

game whose rules I couldn’t whose rules I couldn’t

understand

(= … the rules

(= … the rules of whichof which I couldn’t I couldn’t

understand)

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II Non – defining relative

clause:

Non – defining relative clause are

those which provide addition

information and can be omitted

without causing confusion They are

separated from their nouns by

commas (pronouns cannot be

omitted)

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(Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định

là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm

thông tin bỏ mà

không nên nhầm lẫn Chúng

được ngăn cách với danh từ

dấu phẩy, địa tử không

dấu phẩy, địa tử khơng

bỏ).

(59)

1 WHO, WHOM, WHOSE

referring to people:

a Subject: WHO

Ex:

Ex: - My uncle, - My uncle, who is a farmer,who is a farmer, spend his life on the farm

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b Object: WHO, WHOM

Ex:

- Mr Smith,

- Mr Smith, who (m) I told you once,who (m) I told you once,

is a helpful man

- They’re talking about Mr Smith,

whom I told you yesterday

whom I told you yesterday..

(=> more common in conversation)

+ “who” is informal

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c Possessive: WHOSE c Possessive: WHOSE

Ex:

Ex: - Tom, whose - Tom, whose

mother is a nurse, he’s

take care very well.

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2 WHICH, WHOSE, OF WHICH

referring to things:

* THAT cannot be used

* WHICH cannot be omitted

a Subject: WHICH

Ex:

- The teacher’s question,

- The teacher’s question, which made which made

me confused

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b Object: WHICH

Ex: Ex:

- These books,

- These books, which you can which you can get at any bookshops

get at any bookshops, will , will give you all the information give you all the information

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c Possessive: WHOSE (for animals

and things)

Ex:

- This statue,

- This statue, whose eyes were whose eyes were

made of diamonds

made of diamonds, belong to a , belong to a

rich family

(= This statue, the eyes

(= This statue, the eyes of whichof which

were made …)