nghĩa.Cách mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.Không bỏ đại từ quan hệ .That không dùng trong loại mệnh đề nầy. They work harder than me.[r]
(1)Grammar Review-English 9
I TENSES
BE
Simple present : S + am / is / are
Present progressive : S + am / is / are + being Simple past : S + was / were
Past progressive : S + was / were +being Present perfect : S + have / has +been
Present perfect progressive : S + have / has +been +being Past perfect : S + had +been
Simple future : S + will / shall +be
Near future : S + am / is / are + going to +be Note: Các hình thức tiếp diễn <be> sử dụng làm động từ trợ
Ordinary verbs
Tense ACTIVE PASSIVE PHRASES OF TIME
Simple present S + V/Vs-es +(o)
S + don’t/doesn’t +V(O) Do/does + S+V (O)?
S + am / is / are + PP Always,often,usually,sometimes Seldom,never,frequently,every, today ,Chân lý,thói quen,trạng thái
Present
progessive
S + am / is / are + V-ing+
(O) S+ am / is / are +being + PP
Now,at
present,presently,currently,at the moment,sự phàn nàn,kế hoạch
TL gần Simple past S + V-ed / V2 + (O)
S + didn’t + V + (O) Did + S + V + (O) ?
S + was /were + PP Yesterday,last,ago,this morning,in the past,,this morning
Past progressive S + was / were +V-ing + (O) S + was / were +
being + PP yesterday…,all(day,yesterday ,lastAt this time,at that time,at 7.00 month,last year ),from(Monday)to (Sunday),the whole of(yesterday),
between…and… Present perfect S + have / has + PP+ (O)
S + haven’t / hasn’t + PP… Have / has + S + PP ?
S + have / has + been
+ PP… Just,already,recently,lately,ever/never…before, Yet,since,for,until now,till now,up to/till now,by far,so far…hậu quả, số lần ,số lượng công việc,câu bắt đầu : It’s the first /second /
third time… Present perfect
progressive
S + have / has been + V-ing +(O)
S + have / has + been + being + PP
Since ,for all the time,up to / till now…
Past perfect S + had + PP + (O) S + had + been + PP Before,when,by the time,until +S+After,As soon as +Past perfect… V(simple past), S+ V(past
perfect… Simple future
S + will / shall + V + (O) S + won’t / shan’t +V + (O)
S + will / shall + be + PP
(2)Will / Shall + S+ V +(O) ? doạ,sẳn lòng làm gì,nghề,, Near future S + am / is / are + going to
+ V+ (O)
S+ am / is / are + going to + be + PP
Prediction(dự đoán)Prior plan(kế hoạch dự định)
Cấu trúc <Near future> khơng dùng cho động từ di chuyển : go, come…(dùng tiếp diễn thay thế)
Ex: I’m going to the movies tonight → I’m coming to her house tonight
Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses:
Hear , believe , be, own, need, like, forget, see, understand, exist, posses, want, love, remember, know, belong , prefer , hate
II Passive:
S + V + O
S + Be + PP + …by O
Be :cùng ,cùng thể với động từ câu tác động
*Some special cases (Một số trường hợp đặc biệt ) (cần học thuộc)
I Imperative sentences: (Thể lệnh)
Form: V + Object + …
→ Let + O + be + PP… Eg : Pay the money here
→ Let the money be paid here
2 Causative form : (câu truyền khiến)
Form: S + have + O1(sb) + V + O2(sth)
S + get + O1(sb) + to-V + O2(sth)
→ S + have / get + O2 + PP….+ by O1 Eg : I had him cut my hair yesterday
I got him to cut my hair yesterday → I had / got my hair cut yesterday
3 Verbs of perception : (động từ tri giác ,sự nhận thức )
Form : S + V(see,listen,watch,smell,notice) + O + V / V-ing
S + be + PP + to-V / V-ing Be : với động từ tri giác
(3)4 Verbs of opinion (động từ quan điểm,ý kiến)
S + say / think / believe / report + (that) + S + V + O…… S1 + V1+ (that) + S2 + V2 + O……
→ It + V1(passive) + (that) + clause……… → S2 + V1(passive) + to + V2(infinitive) +………
→ S2 + V2(passive) + to have + PP Eg:
People say that he is rich → It is said that he is rich → He is said to be rich People said that he was ill → It was said that he was ill
→ He was said to have been ill
5 Need / want + to –V
→ S + need / want + V-ing / to- be + PP Eg: People need to plant the trees
→ The trees need painting / to be painted
6 S + make + O + V
S + make + O + V…
→ S + be + made + to –V… Be :cùng ,cùng thể với make
Eg : They made him work hard
→ He was made to work hard
7 Modal verbs : can, must, should…
S + Modal verb + V + O
(4)
III.WISH
1. A wish about future : S + would + V Eg: I won’t go to Da Lat
→ I wish I would go to Da Lat
2. A wish about the present : S + V (past subjunctive)
Eg: She isn’t at the seaside now
→ She wishes she was /were at the seaside now
3. A wish about the past : S + V(past perfect)
Eg: I didn’t go to the movies yesterday evening
→ I wish I had gone to the movie yesterday evening
IV Reported speech
Imperatives
a Affirmative imperatives:
V +…….
→ S + asked / told (O) + to + V +… Eg: <Lend me the book>.She asked him → She asked him to lend her the book b Negative imperatives:
Don’t + V +………
→ S + asked / told + (O) + not to + V……
< Don’t wait for me > He told me → He told me not to wait for him
Statements:
S + said ( to) / told + (O) + that + S + V(lùi khứ thì)
< We will see you at the seaside >.They said
→ They said (that) they would see me at the seaside 3 Yes-no questions:
S + asked(O) + if / whether + S + V(lùi khứ thì)
She asked me <:<Are you hungry? > → She asked me if /whether I was hungry 4 Wh-questions:
S + asked (O) + Wh-word + S + V(lùi khứ thì) Eg: < Where does she live ? >.He asked me
(5)*Changes in tense
Direct speech
Reported speech
Present simple Past simple
Present progressive Past progressive
Past simple Past simple /Past perfect
Past progressive Past progressive /Past perfect progressive Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive
Past perfect Past perfect
Simple future S+Would +V
Must Must / Had to+V
Time,Place,demonstrative
Direct speech Reported speech
Time Now
Today Tonight Tomorrow Yesterday Last night… Next + tg Ago
The day before yesterday
Then / immediately That day
That night
The next / the following day The day before / the previous day The night before / the previous night The following + tg
Before
Two days before
Place Here There
Demonstrative This These
(6)V Relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ) Relative pronouns :Who ,Whom,Which,That,Whose
Defining clauses (Mệnh đề xác định)
Non-defining clauses (Mệnh đề không xác định)
Defining and non-defining
Defining Subject People
Things
Who Which
That That
Object People Things
Who / Whom Which
That / Ø That / Ø
Possessive People Things
Whose
Whose / of which
Whose
Whose /of which
Defining clause: Cung cấp thông tin giúp xác định người hay vật nói đến Đại từ
quan hệ làm tân ngữ bỏ
Non-defining relative clause: Cung cấp thơng tin phụ ,khơng cần mệnh đề đủ
nghĩa.Cách mệnh đề dấu phẩy.Không bỏ đại từ quan hệ That không dùng loại mệnh đề nầy
V Comparison of adjectives and adverbs :
1 Absolute :(So sánh bằng)
Form: … as + adj / adv + as
……not as / so + adj / adv + as
Eg : My sister is as intelligent as me My house isn’t as big as hers
Comparative :(So sánh hơn)
a Short adj/adv
Form: Adj / Adv + er + than… They work harder than me b Long Adj / Adv
Form : More + Adj / Adv + than…
Eg : This book is more interesting than my old one
*Các tính từ vần tận -y,-ow,-er,-et ,-le thành lập so sánh tính từ vần
Superlative :(so sánh nhất)
a Short Adj / Adv :
Form: The +Adj / Adv + est…
Eg:The Han is the longest river in DaNang
b Long Adj / Adv:
(7)Eg : Huong river is the most beautiful in Viet Nam
* Các tính từ vần tận -y,-ow,-er,-et ,-le thành lập so sánh tính từ vần
Some special cases :(Các trường hợp bất quy tắc)
ADJ /ADV Comparative Superlative
Good/well Better The best Bad/badly Worse The worst Many/much More The most Little Less The least
Old Older/elder The oldest/eldest Far Farther/further The farthest/furthest