0273701746_04_COVER 15/11/05 11:39 am Page Outsourcing Emerging economies Environmental impacts These are just three of the many key issues currently facing international businesses, all of which are examined in the fourth edition of this wellrespected textbook Taking a regional approach, the text challenges some of the underlying assumptions behind globalization and focuses on both the dominant economies – the EU, the US and Japan – as well as emerging markets, such as Brazil, India and China, of world trade The book also integrates analysis of the competitive environment and the internal resources of the firm to provide a strategic view of international business The text is an engaging and comprehensive account of the realities of international business today It will be invaluable for anyone studying international business as part of a degree programme and aiming to attain a confident and thorough understanding of the subject “Professor Rugman brings his diverse and knowledgeable background to this highly successful textbook, making it the most practical, interesting and current international business management text available.” Marcel Kohler, University of KwaZulu-Natal “The book is well written, richly illustrated with real-life cases and gives an excellent overview of the field The fourth edition particularly addresses a number of topics that are often overlooked, or underestimated, in other international business publications.” Dr Matthijs Wolters, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Alan M Rugman is Professor of International Business and L Leslie Waters Chair in International Business, Indiana University and Associate Fellow at Templeton College, University of Oxford Simon Collinson is Senior Lecturer in International Business at Warwick Business School, the University of Warwick An imprint of Cover image © Alamy Images www.pearson-books.com 4TH EDITION RUGMAN COLLINSON Key features include: • 100 up-to-date cases on organizations such as Amazon, Carrefour and Kodak • Detailed exploration of culture, corporate responsibility and the natural environment • Specific coverage of key geographical regions of international business • Analysis of the environment and firm provides central strategic focus • Interactive teaching and learning resources including animation and video at www.pearsoned.co.uk/rugman INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS “This excellent text provides a focused, comprehensive and relevant coverage of contemporary international business Theory and practice are combined, making a highly readable text, and its wealth of case material makes it a text that students should find both stimulating and challenging.” Jean Barclay, Sheffield Hallam University ALAN M RUGMAN AND SIMON COLLINSON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 4TH EDITION INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page i INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Visit the International Business, fourth edition, Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/rugman to find valuable student learning material, including: ● Engaging interactivities to reinforce learning ● Video clips that illustrate core international business issues and stimulate discussion ● Multiple-choice questions to test understanding ● Extensive links to valuable resources on the web ● An online glossary to explain key terms ● Interactive online flashcards that allow the reader to check definitions against the key terms during revision INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page ii We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in business, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market Under a range of well-known imprints, including Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page iii Fourth Edition INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Alan M Rugman Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Simon Collinson Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick Richard M Hodgetts (deceased) INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: http://www.pearsoned.co.uk First published by McGraw-Hill, Inc 1995 Fourth edition 2006 © Pearson Education Limited 2000, 2006 The rights of Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in the text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 13: 978-0-273-70174-3 ISBN 10: 0-273-70174-6 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rugman, Alan M International business / Alan M Rugman, Simon Collinson, Richard M Hodgetts.—4th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-273-70174-6 (paperback) International business enterprises—Management I Collinson, Simon II Hodgetts, Richard M III Title HD62.4.R843 2005 658'.049—dc22 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset by 72 in 10/12.5 Minion Printed by Mateu Cromo Artes Graficas, Spain 2005054646 INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page v Contents in Brief List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Preface About the Authors Guide to the Case Studies Guided Tour of the Book Guided Tour of the Companion Website Acknowledgments Part One THE WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Chapter Chapter Chapter Regional and Global Strategy The Multinational Enterprise The Triad and International Business Part Two THE ENVIRONMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter International Politics International Culture International Trade International Financial Markets and Institutions xv xix xx xxiii xxviii xxx xxxii 36 67 99 127 157 191 Part Three INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Multinational Strategy Organizing Strategy Production Strategy Marketing Strategy Human Resource Management Strategy Political Risk and Negotiation Strategies International Financial Management Part Four INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES IN ACTION Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Corporate Strategy and National Competitiveness European Union Japan North America Emerging Economies Ethics and the Natural Environment Glossary Subject Index Company Index Name Index 225 252 278 310 339 370 404 441 470 501 539 568 606 631 643 654 657 v INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page vi Contents List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Preface About the Authors Guide to the Case Studies Guided Tour of the Book Guided Tour of the Companion Website Acknowledgments xv xix xx xxiii xxviii xxx xxxii Part One THE WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Regional and Global Strategy Objectives of the chapter ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Introduction World business: a brief overview Exports and imports Foreign direct investment The triad Today’s international environment International trade regulation Technology Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 6 10 12 12 13 13 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Amazon.com Globalization and strategic management Regional triad strategies Maintaining economic competitiveness Multinationals in action 14 15 15 16 19 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION The Italian tile industry The study of international business From general to strategic emphasis Framework for this book Key points vi 25 25 ■ REAL CASES Big oil gets bigger Wal-Mart Endnotes Additional bibliography Appendixes to Chapter 26 27 29 29 31 Chapter Chapter Coke goes worldwide with a local strategy Key terms Review and discussion questions 20 22 22 23 25 The Multinational Enterprise 36 Objectives of the chapter 36 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Disneyland in Europe Introduction The nature of multinational enterprises Characteristics of multinational enterprises The internationalization process Why firms become multinational enterprises 37 38 39 39 41 43 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Italian family firms The strategic philosophy of multinational enterprises Strategic management and multinational enterprises Strategic management of MNEs: an introduction 44 45 46 46 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Nestlé A framework for global strategies: the CSA-FSA matrix The competitive advantage matrix Multinationals in action Solectron BMW Levi Strauss Canon Zara 48 49 50 52 52 52 53 54 54 INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page vii CONTENTS Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 57 57 58 ■ REAL CASES Starbucks Sony Endnotes Additional bibliography Appendixes to Chapter 58 59 61 61 63 Part Two THE ENVIRONMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Chapter International Politics 99 Objectives of the chapter 99 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE How risky is investment in Russia? Chapter The Triad and International Business 67 Objectives of the chapter 67 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Boeing versus Airbus Introduction Reasons for foreign direct investment Increase sales and profits Enter rapidly growing markets Reduce costs 68 69 70 71 72 72 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Aflac 73 Gain a foothold in economic blocs Protect domestic markets Protect foreign markets Acquire technological and managerial know-how Foreign direct investment and trade by triad members The triad’s domination of FDI and trade Triad FDI clusters Multinationals in action: regional business strategy The world’s regional automotive industry Mergers and acquisitions Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 74 75 76 76 76 77 77 78 Endnotes Additional bibliography Appendix to Chapter Non-governmental organizations and political power 112 The European Union (EU) 114 Other examples of economic integration 116 Economic integration and strategic management 118 Strategic alliances and acquisitions 118 Localization of business operations 119 Key points 121 Key terms 122 Review and discussion questions 122 ■ REAL CASES 79 80 86 87 87 88 How environmental regulations can be used as trade barriers Embracer vs Bombardier Endnotes Additional bibliography 123 124 125 125 Chapter ■ REAL CASES Matsushita and Philips Toys ”R“ Us in Europe and Japan 104 Government control of assets 105 Government–business cooperation 106 Economic integration 108 Trade creation and trade diversion 108 Levels of economic integration 109 Economic integration: an overall perspective 110 Ethics, environment, MNEs, and the civil society 111 Softwood lumber: not-so-free trade ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Lafarge and Cemex: concrete multinationals Introduction Political ideologies and economics Political systems Economic systems 100 101 102 102 103 88 89 90 91 93 International Culture 127 Objectives of the chapter 127 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Culture clash at Pharmacia and Upjohn 128 vii INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page viii CONTENTS Introduction What is culture? The importance of culture in different business contexts Culture has always been important 129 129 131 132 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION McDonald’s National stereotypes and key dimensions of culture Culture at two levels Hofstede’s four dimensions of culture Trompenaars’ seven dimensions of culture The GLOBE project’s nine dimensions of culture Applying the national culture frameworks “The way we things here:” The implications of cultural differences for organizations and managers Cross-cultural management Organization Leadership Communication The corporate response Multinational organization structures: imperialist or independent? Culture-clash in cross-border M&A and JVs 133 Culture embodied in national institutions France: cultural and social characteristics that create a national distinctiveness Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 134 134 134 135 137 138 139 141 141 142 142 143 144 145 146 148 149 150 151 151 ■ REAL CASES Do not throw your “meishi”! Cultural differences in international sports Endnotes Additional bibliography 160 160 161 162 163 164 165 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Danone and Parmalat—going international, staying local Introduction International trade theory Theory of absolute advantage Theory of comparative advantage Factor endowment theory International product life cycle theory Other important considerations 152 153 154 155 China’s organic food exports Barriers to trade Reasons for trade barriers Commonly used barriers Tariffs 166 167 167 168 169 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION The EU–US courier wars US trade policy Non-tariff barriers to trade Quotas “Buy national” restrictions Customs valuation Technical barriers Antidumping legislation, subsidies, and countervailing duties Agricultural products Export restraints Other economic developments Countertrade Trade in services Free trade zones Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 174 175 175 175 175 176 177 178 179 179 ■ REAL CASES Outsourcing to China Dumping on trade complaints Endnotes Additional bibliography Appendix to Chapter 180 181 182 182 184 Chapter International Financial Markets and Institutions 191 Objectives of the chapter 191 Chapter International Trade 157 Objectives of the chapter 157 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Trade of the triad and China viii 158 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Barclays Bank international financial dealings Introduction 192 193 INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page ix CONTENTS Foreign exchange markets Foreign exchange markets in the United States Determination of the exchange rate Purchasing power parity International Fisher effect Combined equilibrium relationships 194 195 200 200 201 201 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION The Wall Street crash of 2001 Protecting against exchange risk Alternatives to minimize exchange risk Foreign money and capital markets MNEs and national money markets MNEs and national capital markets Regional money and capital markets The eurocurrency market Eurocurrency interest rates Other market characteristics Criticisms of the euromarkets Eurobonds and euroequities 203 203 204 205 206 206 207 207 209 209 210 211 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION AngloGold Ashanti The IMF system Unresolved problems with the IMF system MNEs and international financial markets and institutions Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 212 213 215 Endnotes Additional Bibliography 216 217 217 218 219 220 221 230 231 234 238 239 239 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Fuji Xerox and Xerox Ownership Functional strategies Control and evaluation Common methods of measurement Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 240 240 242 243 244 245 246 246 ■ REAL CASES Mountain Equipment Co-op: a small business Benetton Endnotes Additional bibliography 247 248 249 250 Organizing Strategy 252 Objectives of the chapter 252 Procter & Gamble Introduction Organizational structures Early organizational structures The international division Global organizational structures 253 254 254 255 256 256 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Aventis 257 ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION Making matrix work Chapter Multinational Strategy 225 Objectives of the chapter 225 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Vodafone and the triad telecom market Strategy formulation External environmental assessment Internal environmental assessment Goal setting Strategy implementation Location 229 ■ ACTIVE LEARNING CASE Part Three INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES Introduction Strategic orientations Arthur Andersen, Accenture, and McKinsey Chapter ■ REAL CASES HSBC World financial crises ■ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY IN ACTION 226 227 228 Strategic management and organizing strategy Analysis of key structural variables Coordination Key points Key terms Review and discussion questions 263 266 266 267 272 272 273 ■ REAL CASES LVMH: organizing luxury products in the international arena 273 ix INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 650 INDEX Middle East, emerging economies, 574–5 mission, basic, 47 mixed economies, 103, 108 MNEs see multinational enterprises Monaco, tax haven, 414 monetary exchange controls, 169 foreign currency options, 221 monetary exchange rates definition of, 165, 194 determination of, 200–2 fixed rates, 169, 213 forward rate, 197 quotations (Continental or American basis), 220 quotations (indirect or direct quotes), 220–1 spot rate, 197 Moody’s Investors Services, 379 motorcycle industry, 21–2, 231 Multilateral Agreement on Investments, 112, 113 multinational enterprises (MNEs), 36–66 capital budgeting, 424–7 capital markets and, 206–7 centralization vs decentralization of decision making, 268 characteristics of, 39–41, 57 competitiveness, 16–19, 25 cost factors, 72–3, 75 definition of, 5, 38, 57 Dunning’s eclectic theory, 93–5 economic environment, 615–17 financial markets and, 216 financial strategy, 243 financing, international, in, 428–29 Flagship firms, 612 goal setting, 238–9 grossing over $100 billion, 5–6 international expansion, 46 location of, 16 money markets and, 206 network linkages, 612–14 performance measures, 244–5 political environment, 614–15 reasons for firms becoming, 43–5, 57 regional strategies, 15–16, 79–87 sales of top 100 economies, 55–7 strategic alliances, 16, 118–19, 241–2 strategic management, 608–9 strategic philosophy of, 45–6 technology, impact of, 13 vertical integration, 235 virtual integration, 235 multinationals in Canada, 65 in developing countries, 66 650 in Europe, 64 in Japan, 65, 517–20 triad-based, foreign assets of largest, 71 in U.S., 63 worldwide by company, 46 worldwide by country, 39 NAFTA see North American Free Trade Agreement National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (USA), 107 nationalization, 105 negotiation strategies, 384–93 acceptance zones, 392–3 bargaining tactics, 393 corruption and transparency, 388–90 cultural differences and, 390, 392 developing effective, 397 participant behaviors, 92, 390 neo mercantilism, 16 Netherlands flower industry, 17 work councils, 356 neutral, 136 newly-industrialized countries (NICs), 583 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 203, 436 Nicaragua, democracy, 101 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) corporate social responsibility and, 607 definition of, 111 political power and, 112 non-tariff barriers see under tariff barriers non-triad countries see emerging economies North America see Canada; Mexico; USA North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 45, 172, 562 Chapter 11 provisions, 113 definition of, 10, 552 economic blocs, 75–6 free trade areas and, 109, 541–2 free trade zones, 178 intra-regional exports, lumber industry rulings, 104–5 members of, 7, 616 trade and investment frameworks, 618–20 trade barriers and, 542 trade complaints, 181–2 US-Canada trade and, 546 Norway, organizational epigram, 271 NTBs see under tariff barriers OECD see Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development oil industry, 436–7 in Argentina, 436–7 mergers and acquisitions, 26–7, 436–7 in Russia, 398–9 state-owned enterprises, 27 Ontario Beer Can Tax, 123 OPEC see Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 112, 504 definition of, 12 multilateral agreement on investment (MAI), 551 research and development (R&D), 512 tax havens and, 414, 415 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 168–9, 462 members of, 168, 616 organization structures choosing, 272 export department, 255 global area structure, 259–60, 264 global functional structure, 260–1, 264 global product structure, 256, 258–9 imperialist, 144, 145 independent/federalist, 144, 145 international division, 256, 258, 267 marketing department, 255 matrix structure, 261–3, 267 mixed structure, 265 overseas subsidiaries, 255, 256 transnational network, 264–5 organization styles, 141–2 organization types ethnocentric firms, 145, 228–9 geocentric firms, 145, 228, 229 polycentric firms, 145, 228, 229 regiocentric firms, 228, 229 organizational epigrams, 271 organizational processes communicating, 269–70 controlling, 270–2 decision making, 267–9 organized labor see labor relations organizing strategy, 252–77 outdoor equipment industry, 247–8 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 651 INDEX outsourcing to China, 180–1 to India, 365–6, 601–3 see also global sourcing overseas operations, 431 particularism, 136 patient monitoring equipment industry, 445 performance measures costs, 244 management performance, 245 methods of measurement, 243–4 MNE/host-country relations, 245 new product growth, 244 return on investment (ROI), 244, 383, 397 sales growth, 244 personal computers see computer industry Peru, soft drink industry, 318–19 PEST (political, economic, social or sociocultural and technological) analysis, 373–5, 396 petroleum industry, 559–60 pharmaceutical industry, 128–9, 147, 257, 300, 564–5, 628 photo and printer industry, 54, 170, 240, 371–2, 455–6 place strategy, 326–7, 333 Plaza Accord, 520 Poland, market-driven economy, 101 political ideology, 102 political risk, 375–9 agents of, 378 assessment, 379–84 combination strategies, 394–6 definition of, 375, 396–7 deregulation and, 376–7, 397 effects of, 378 integrative techniques, 394 macro, 377–8, 397 micro, 378, 397 protective and defensive techniques, 394 rating services, 379–80 sources of, 378, 379, 397 see also country risk analysis Political Risk Services (ICRG), 379 political systems, 102–3 political union, 110 polycentric firms, 145, 228, 229 Porter’s “diamond” framework of national competitiveness, 17–19, 366, 443–7, 463, 601 Porter’s value chain analysis, 235–8 portfolio investment, 70 ports, problems with, 400–1, 517 PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) corruption perceptions index (CPI), 389 opacity index, 380 pricing of goods and services, 324–6 antidumping (AD) laws, 174–5, 181–2, 324, 493–5 consumer tastes, 324 currency fluctuations, 325 dumping and, 170, 174–5, 324 effective pricing, 332 European Union and, 489 factors affecting, 333 government controls, 324 market diversity, 324–5 price escalation factors, 325–6 quality of product and, 325 tax laws and consumer debt, 325 printing press industry, 445 privatization, 105–6 of oil industry, 436 reasons for, 121–2 product managers, 262 product modification, 332 culturally driven, 317–18 Demand-Flow Technology (DFT), 293 economics of, 316–17 little or no, 315–16 local laws and, 318 moderate to high, 316–18 product life cycle (PLC) and, 318–20 product promotion see promotion of goods and services production process best practices, 279, 303 process mapping, 279, 292–3, 295 “Six Sigma” process (zero defects), 13, 279–80, 295 training programs, 279 production strategy, 278–309 alliances and acquisitions, 301–3 concurrent engineering, 286 continuous improvement (kaizen), 289, 290–1, 300–1 Demand-Flow Technology (DFT), 293 generation of goods and services, 287–95 global production systems, 298–9 global sourcing, 287–8 innovation and, 281–4 inventory control, 293 just-in-time (JIT) inventory, 293 localization of, 120–1, 283 logistics, 295–8 manufacturing of goods, 288–93 modular integrated robotized system (MIRB), 286 product modification, 315–20 product/service balance, 294 product/services development, 281–4 research and development (R&D), 281–4 service orientation and, 293–5 speed-to-market, 285–6 strategic management and, 299–303 supply chain and, 289 systems, 291–3 technology and product design, 300 time-to-market accelerators, 286 production systems definition of, 291 layout, 291–2 location, 291, 291–3 material handling, 292–3 profits, localization of, 120 promotion strategy, 332–3 advertising, 321, 323 definition of promotion, 320 nature of the product and, 321 personal selling, 323 proxemics, 270 psychic distance, 134 Public Institutions Index, 380 purchasing power parity (PPP), 200–1, 221 quotas, 168, 173 RACE see Research on Advanced Communications in Europe regiocentric firms, 228, 229 regional managers, 261–2 regional strategy automobile industry, 80–5 multinational enterprises, 15–16, 79–87 triads and, 15–16 religion see culture, religion and repatriation, 345–6 research and development (R&D), 281–4, 492, 512, 513, 595 Research on Advanced Communications in Europe, 107 resource managers, 262 retail industry, 21, 27–8, 79, 289, 332, 488, 498, 502–3, 525–6 return on investment (ROI), 244, 383, 397 ringi (decision making), 268 risk analysis see country risk analysis; foreign exchange, risk; political risk robotics industry, 445 651 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 652 INDEX Russia EU membership, 118 foreign investment in, 100–1, 121, 239 joint ventures, 239 mixed economy, 108 political risk in, 398–9 privatization, 106 Scandinavia MNEs, decision making process, 268 shop floor participation, 357 secular totalitarianism, 102–3 Sematech (USA), 107 semiconductor industry, 233, 298–9, 561 shoe industry, 18, 181, 288 Singapore, Porter diamond model of competitiveness, 445 Single European Act (SEA), 115, 473 Single European market (SEM), 474 “Six Sigma” process, 13, 279–80, 295 small and medium-size enterprises, 13–14, 25 small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) definition of, 13 research study of, 152 socialization process, 129 soft drink industry, 4–5, 290, 318–9, 563–4 Softwood Lumber Agreement (USA-Canada), 104 South Africa, multinationals in, 582 Southern African Development Community (SADC), 616 South Korea automobile industry, 82, 599–601 chaebols, 572, 599–601 Porter diamond model of competitiveness, 445 Spain, automobile industry, 292 special drawing rights (SDRs), 214, 215 Standard and Poor’s Ratings Group, 379 strategic alliances acquisitions and, 118–19, 301–3 definition of, 16, 118 European Union and, 487, 489 financial management and, 432 international joint ventures (IJVs), 241–2 strategy implementation and, 241 strategic business units (SBUs), 234 strategic clusters, 450–2 strategic control and evaluation, 243–5, 246, 430 see also performance measures 652 strategic management definition of, 23 economic integration and, 118–21 international finance and, 430–3 marketing strategy and, 328–32 multinational enterprises and, 46–9 organizing strategy and, 266–7 performance measures, 244–5 political risk and, 393–6 production strategy and, 299–303 strategic fit and, 611 strategic management process, 46–9, 57 strategic planning competitive advantage matrix and, 50–2 definition of, 227, 245 internal and external analyses, 47–9 mission statement, 47 process, 245–6 strategy formulation, 230–9 buyers and, 231 competitive intelligence, 231 cost strategy, 236 definition of, 230 differentiation strategy, 236 external environmental assessment, 231–4 focus strategy, 236 goal setting, 238–9 information assessment, 231 information gathering, 231 internal environmental assessment, 234–8 new entrants, 22 personnel competencies, 234–5 physical resources, 234–5 rivalry, 232 substitute goods and services, 232 suppliers and, 232 value chain analysis, 235–8, 289 strategy implementation, 239–43 definition of, 239, 246 financing, 243 functional strategies, 242 location, 239–40 manufacturing, 242–3 marketing, 242 ownership, 240–1 partnerships, 241 Sweden codetermination, 356 competitiveness, 18 furniture industry, 322–3 insurance industry, 435–6 mobile phone industry, 449 Porter diamond model of competitiveness, 445 Switzerland Porter diamond model of competitiveness, 445 tax haven, 414, 415 Taiwan computer industry, 280, 569–70 Microprocessor Training Center, 569 tariffs, 178 ad valorem duty, 169 as barriers to globalization, 44–5, 83 compound duty, 169 countervailing duty (CVD) laws, 181–2, 460–2, 493–5 customs union and, 109 customs valuation, 174 definition of, 169 dumping of goods and, 170, 174–5 export, 169 import, 169 specific duty, 169 transit, 169 see also trade barriers taxation consumer debt and, 325 human resource management and, 351 pricing of goods and services and, 325 tax havens, 412–14 technology development communication technology, 13 Demand-Flow Technology (DFT), 293 production process programs, 13 research consortia, 107 telecommunications industry, 13, 105–6, 118–19, 226–7, 241, 267, 449, 450, 471–2, 580, 595 Thailand, automobile industry, 82 theocratic totalitarianism, 102 time, cultural attitudes towards, 137 tire industry, 284–5 totalitarianism, 102 toy market industry, 89–90 trade barriers, 167–75, 178 agricultural policy, 175 antidumping (AD) laws, 174–5, 181–2, 460–2, 493–5 “buy national” restrictions, 173 cartels and, 168 countervailing duty (CVD) laws, 181–2, 460–2, 493–5 customs valuation, 174 embargo, 168 environmental regulations and, 123 exchange controls, 169 financial limits, 169 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 653 INDEX foreign investment controls, 169 non-tariff, 169, 172–5, 178–9 price-based, 168 price fixing, 168–9 quantity limits, 168 quotas, 168, 173 reasons for, 167–8 technical barriers, 174 see also tariffs trade, international, 157–90 adjustment assistance, 172 complaints, 181–2 countertrade, 175–6, 179 by countries/regions, 33–4 creation, 108–9 definition of, 6, 160 developing countries, 33 diversion, 109 European Union free trade, 474–5 foreign trade zones, 298 free trade zones, 177–8, 179 industrial countries, 33 investment frameworks/agreements, 618–20 port problems, 400–1 regulation, 12–13, 25 in services, 176–7 technical barriers, 174 trade flows, 184 see also trade theory, international; tariffs; trade barriers trade theory, international, 160–5, 178 absolute advantage theory, 161–2, 583 comparative advantage theory, 162–3, 583 factor endowment theory (HOS model), 163–4, 583–4 Flying Geese model, 584–6 Hecksher-Ohlin theory, 164, 583 Leontief paradox, 164 mercantilism, 160 neo mercantilism, 160 product life cycle and, 164–5 training and development cultural assimilators, 359–61 cultural awareness training, 155 managerial, 346–7 most popular programs, 347 standardized training programs, 347 tailor-made training programs, 347 transnationals network, 264–5 top 50 from developing economies, 576–8 Transparency International (TI), 389 triad economies, 67–95 definition of, 10, 69 economic profile, 473 market access to, 586–7 mergers and acquisitions, 86–7 non-triad economies and, 570–2 regional strategies, 15–16 trade with China, 158–60 TRIMS see Agreement on TradeRelated Investment Measures TRIPS see Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Turkey, EU membership negotiations, 10, 476 twin factories, 75 UK automobile industry, 292 British Monopolies and Mergers Commission, cruise ship industry, 348 Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD), 427 Porter diamond model of competitiveness, 445 privatization, 106 retail industry, 28, 289 telecommunications industry, 226–7 UNCED Kyoto Summit (1997), 111, 112, 608 Rio Summit (1992), 111 United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 75, 182, 448, 464, 541, 552, 618 universalism, 136 USA automobile industry, 80–5, 447–8 balance of payments, 188–90 competition (double diamond model), 447–52 competitiveness, 460–1 computer industry, 458–9 computer software industry, 274–5 economic data, 543 exports and imports, fast-food industry, 18 foreign direct investment in Canada and Mexico, 452 by USA, 9, 452 in USA, 8–9, 452 USA diamond, linkage to, 452–3 foreign exchange markets, 195–9 Foreign Sales Corporation Act, 172 free trade with Canada, 75, 104, 182, 447–52 maquiladora industry, 75, 178 multinational enterprises, 63 negotiation behaviors, 393 organizational epigram, 271 outsourcing and job losses, 180–1, 365 patient monitoring equipment industry, 445 Porter diamond model of competitiveness, 445 research consortia, 107 retail industry, 5, 27–8, 72, 79–80, 269, 332 shop floor participation, 357 tire industry, 284–5 trade data, 540 trade policy, 172 Trading-with-the-Enemy Act, 172 triad power, as a, 6, 10 Wall Street crash (2001), 203 see also North American Free Trade Agreement Venezuela, free trade areas and, 541 vertical integration, 235 virtual integration, 235 Weighted Country Risk Assessment Model, 381, 397 work councils, 356 working conditions, in Canada, 548–9 workplace environment see culture; cultural differences World Bank, 100, 216 country risk analysis online, 380 Doing Business, 380 Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency (MIGA), 380 World Business Environment Survey, 389 World Economic Forum (WEF), 380, 389 World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIM), 603 antidumping laws, 174, 181, 324 anti-global mobilizers and, 111, 625 definition of, 12 Government Procurement Agreement, 173 import quota prohibitions, 173 Japan ports dispute, 400 lumber industry rulings, 104–5 membership for China, 334, 587 trade dispute resolution, 12–13, 414, 456, 622 WTO see World Trade Organization 653 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 654 INDEX COMPANY INDEX 3M company, 610 24/7 Customer, 602 ABB (Asea Brown Boverie), 442, 454, 463, 550, 609 AB L M Ericsson, 106 Accenture, 229–30 Accor hotels, 497 Acer, 280, 597 Acer Taiwan, 569–70, 584, 596 Adidas-Salomon, 47 Aeon Group, 526 Aeroméxico, 106 Aflac, 73 Agfa, 371 AIDA, 348 Air Canada, 544–5 Air Liquide, 618 Airbus consortium, 68–9, 77, 80, 86, 87, 595, 617 Airtouch Communications, 226 Alcan Aluminum, 549 Alkon, 274 Allianz, Altos, 569 Amazon.com, 14 American Airlines (AA), 405–6, 429 American Express (AMEX), 421–3 American Skandia, 436 AMX, 602 Andersen Consulting Group, 229–30 Anglo American Corporation, 212, 387 AngloGold, 212, 582 Anheuser-Busch, 392, 464, 465, 616–17 Apple Computer, 60, 280, 458, 617 Arc Tyrex, 247 Arco, 560 Arthur Andersen, 229–30 Asahi, 465, 516, 590 ASDA, 28 AstraZeneca, 300, 564 AT&T, 106, 118, 449, 524 A T Cross, 290–1, 321 Atlantic Richfield, 431 Aventis, 257, 300, 564 Avis, 287 AXA, AXA Non-Life Insurance, 503 B&Q, 289, 488 BA/AA alliance, 405–6, 409, 421 Baikal Finance Group, 399 Bang & Olufsen, 332 Bankhaus Herstatt, 192 654 Barclays Bank, 192–3, 200, 202, 205, 210, 602 BASF, 18, 257, 431 Bass Brewers, 465, 590 Bayer, 18 BCE, 549 Becks, 465 Beecham and Grand Metropolitan, Bell Atlantic, 226 Bell Telephone, 589 BEN, 267 Benckiser, 431 Benetton, 44, 248–9 BenQ, 570 B F Goodrich, 285 Bird, 595 BMW, 52–3, 285, 311–12, 431, 596 BOC Group, 617 The Body Shop, 289, 607, 621–2 Boeing, 68–9, 287, 541, 595, 607 Bombardier, 124, 450, 451, 544–5, 549 BP (British Petroleum), 5, 12, 26, 71, 607, 625 BP Amoco, 86 Brico Depot chains, 488 Bridgestone-Firestone, 285 British Airways (BA), 406–7, 429, 602 British Telecommunications, 106, 118, 449, 602 Burger King, 287 BV, 581 C.A., 596 Cadbury Schweppes, Canon, 54, 240, 280, 518, 535–6 Cantel, 558 Carlsberg, 465, 590 Carlyle Group, 524 Carnival Cruise Line, 348 Carrefour, 21, 27, 319, 498, 502, 525–6 Castorama, 488 Caterpillar, 557 CED Informationstechnik, 355 CelTel International, 580 Cemex SA, 74–5 Central Selling Organization (CSO), 387 Ceres, 564 Chevron, 560 ChevronTexaco, 6, 26 China-Hong Kong Photo Products Holdings, 371 China Telecom, 334 Chinon, 524 Chrysler, 617 Ciba-Geigy, 15 Cifra Inc., 332, 558 Cisco Systems, 86, 285, 602 Citibank, 334–5 Citicorp, 334 Citigroup, 334–5, 432 Citroen, 81 Clarins, 328–30, 330–1 CNN, 287 Coca-Cola, 4–5, 10, 17, 19, 22, 72, 290, 318–19, 340–1, 342, 346, 349, 359, 490, 563 Comet, 488 Command Alkon, 274–5 Command Data, 274 Compaq, 301, 449, 457, 569 Computer Associates International, 365, 602 Computer-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R) see IBM Continental, 405 Convergys India Services, 602 Costco, 502, 525 Coty, 431 Counterpoint Computers, 569 C Two Network Co., 503 Daewoo, 328–30, 600 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, 512, 513 Dai-Ichi Mutual, 73 Daimler-Benz, 431 DaimlerChrysler, 5, 80, 85, 147, 288, 349, 524, 560, 589 Daiwa, 521 Daksh eServices, 602 Dana Corporation, 288 Danone, 146–7 Data Critical, 228 Datang Telecom, 595 DeBeers Group Diamond Trading Company (DTC), 387 Deere & Company, 87 Dell Computer, 17, 227, 391, 458, 569, 602 Delphi, 541 Delta-Air France alliance, 405 Delta Airlines, 405, 429 Den Fujita, 90 Dentsu, 518 Deutsche Telekom, 267, 449 DHL, 171 Disneyland Paris, 38, 457–8 Disneyland Tokyo, INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 655 INDEX Dow Chemical, 257, 589 DRAM semiconductor, 569, 600 Dupont, 257, 558 DuPont Canada, 451 Dyson, 503 East African Flowers (EAF), 581 Eastman Kodak, 170, 455 see also Kodak Eli Lilly, 300 Embraer, 45, 124 Equant NV, 471 Ericsson, 299, 449 Ethyl, 113 Euro Disney see Disneyland Paris EXL Services, 602 Exxon Mobil, 5, 26, 580, 608 Ezonics, 455 FedEx, 171, 334 Fiat Group, 44, 81 FIP SA, 442 Firestone, 284–5 Flextronics, 285, 299, 305–6 Ford-Mazda alliance, 82, 532 Ford Motor, 5, 46, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 100, 238, 257, 269, 284–5, 288, 292, 407, 459, 481–2, 528, 541, 557, 558, 560, 613, 617 Fosters, 590 France Telecom, 86, 449, 471–2, 476, 479 Franklin National Bank (USA), 193 Freeserve, 471–2 Fruin, 518 Fubon Group, 432 Fuji, 13, 371–2, 456, 502, 590 Fuji Bank, 513 Fuji Film Company, 170 Fujitsu, 512, 527 Fuji Xerox, 240 Futaba Denshi, 530 Fuyo/Fuji, 512, 513 Fuyo keiretsu group, 513, 514 Gap Inc., 299 GE Capital, 228, 524, 602 GE Capital Aviation Services, 280 GE Capital Services, 596 GE Industrial Systems, 228 GE Medical, 228 General Bearing, 589 General Electric (GE), 6, 129, 228, 263, 279–80, 286, 295, 303, 407, 541, 557, 558, 607 General Electric Medical Systems Group (GEMS), 347, 349 General Mills, 321 General Motors (GM), 5, 24, 40–1, 45, 80, 82, 83, 129, 227, 238, 287, 288–9, 328–30, 331, 432, 459, 480, 482, 560, 589, 590, 595, 607 General Motors (GM) Opel subsidiary, 81, 82 Gepi (Germany), 431 Gillette, 589 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 564–5 Global One alliance, 471 Globo Group, 335–7 Goldman Sachs, 521 Goldstar, 617 Goodyear, 285 Greenpeace, 621, 624 Grupo Modelo, 617 Guinness, 119, 465 Haier, 334 Hanaro Telecom, 575 Harley-Davidson, 87, 231 Healthscribe India, 602 Heineken, 119, 464, 465 Heller Financial, 228 Hertz, 287 Hewlett Packard (HP), 280, 283, 287, 449, 455, 561, 589 Hilton Corporation, 287 Hitachi, 241, 512, 515 Hoechst, 25 Honda, 80, 81, 82, 280, 285, 459, 518 Honeywell, 280 HP see Hewlett Packard HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation), 33, 218–19, 334 Huawei Technologies, 595 Huge Dragon, 595 Hutchison Whampoa, 575 Hyundai, 82, 599–601 Hyundai Automotive, 600 Iberna, 431 IBM, 16–17, 72, 87, 236, 237, 240, 241, 254, 301, 331–2, 355, 431, 465–6, 557, 561, 569, 595, 596, 607, 608, 609 IBM Canada, 451, 550 ICI, 257 IKEA, 322–3 Imperial Oil, 550 Inco, 550 Industrial Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 335 InfoSys-Microsoft, 602 InfoSys Technologies, 365–6, 584, 596, 601 Inka Cola, 617 Intel, 16, 298–9, 319–20, 449, 569, 596, 602 Interbrew, 465 Intermec, 293 International Business Machines see IBM Isuzu, 432 Ito-Yokado, 526 Japan Leasing Corporation, 524 Japan Telecom, 119, 524 Jardine Matheson Holdings, 575 Johnson & Johnson, 541 Jugos del Valle, 564 Jumex, 563–4 Kajima, 518 Kangaroo Computer, 569 Kawasaki, 21–2 Kellogg’s, 321 Kingdee, 595 Kingfisher Group, 289, 488 Kirin, 465, 516–17 Kita Kushu Coca-Cola Bottling, 432 Kito Corporation, 524 KLM-Northwest alliance, 40 Kodak, 13, 240, 301, 455–6, 502, 524, 590 Kodak China, 371–3, 375, 384, 396, 571 Kodak (Wuxi), 371–2 Kola Real Group, 318–19 Konka, 595 Kyoden, 530 Labatt, 465 La Cruz del Campo, 119 Lafarge, 74–5 Legend, 334 Lenovo, 595 Lentronics, 228 Levi Strauss, 53–4 LG Electronics, 575 LG Group, 431 LG International, 599, 600 Li and Fung, 299 Linde AG, 617 Lloyds TSB, 602 L M Ericsson, 449 Loan Star Opportunity, 521 Lockheed, 589 Logica, 596 Lucent Technologies, 119, 431 LVMH, 273–4, 387 Magna International, 549 Makita, 236 655 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 656 INDEX Mannesmann, 226 Marlboro, 490 Marriott, 287 Marubeni, 46 Mast Industries, 299 Matsushita, 70, 88–9, 263, 512, 515 Matsushita Electric Industrial, 241, 515 Mattel, 289, 541 Mazda, 82, 528, 613 McCaw, 558 McDonald’s, 18, 100, 133, 287, 608 McDonald’s France, 133 McDonald’s Japan, 90 McDonnell Douglas, 68 MCI, 236 MCI World, 471 McKinsey & Company, 229–30 Mediobanca, 44 Mercedes, 254, 311–12 Merck, 628 Metro, 47 Mexicana, 106 MG-Rover, 596–7 Michelin, 284–5 Micron, 596 Microsoft, 119, 432, 455, 458–9, 595, 596, 602, 607 Miller, 465 Missoni, 44 Mitsubishi, 24, 512, 515, 517, 518, 521, 527 Mitsubishi Electric, 328–30 Mitsubishi Kinyokai (Friday Club), 515 Mitsui, 512 Mobil, 431 Molson, 465 Monsanto, 129 Montedison, 44 Motorola, 13, 129, 301, 471, 558, 561, 589, 595, 596 Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC), 247–8 MTN Group (South Africa), 580, 582 Multitech, 569 Murata, 530 National Australia Bank, 192 National Presto, 180 NEC, 263, 512, 515, 561, 596 Nemak, 561 Nestlé, 15, 48, 71, 146, 446 Neusoft, 595 News Corp, 418 Nidec, 530 Nike, 306–7, 321 Nintendo, 320 Nippon Mitsubishi Oil, 26 Nippon Steel, 518 656 Nippon Sunhome Company, 253 Nissan, 523, 527, 528, 532–5 Nokia, 449, 471, 595 Nortel Networks, 228, 450, 451 North Face, 247 Northwest Airlines, 405 Novartis, 18 NTT, 241 Okuda, Hiroshi, 530 Olivetti, 44 Omnitel, 226 One World alliance, 405–6 One2One, 267 Onex Corporation, 549 Oracle, 595, 596, 602 Orange (France Telecom), 580 Orange (UK), 471 Orascom (Egypt), 580 Oserian Development Company, 580, 581–2 Oxfam, 112, 414 Oxford Instruments Co., Ltd., 593–4 P&O Princess Cruises, 348, 349 Pabst Brewing, 589 Pace Foods, 558–9 Palm, 280 Panasonic, 617 Parmalat, 146–7 Patagonia, 247 Peninslar and Orient (P&O) Steam Navigation Company, 348 Pepsi Cola (PepsiCo), 72, 100, 490, 563 Pernod, Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex), 559–60 Peugeot, 81, 237, 589 Pfizer, 129, 300 Pharmacia, 128–9, 147 Philipp Holzmann, 355–6 Philips, 45, 88–9 Philips Electronics NV, 119, 263 Phillips, 561 Phillips (petroleum company), 560 Phillips China, 431 Pirelli, 44 Pizza Hut, 18 Premier Auto Group (PAG), 481–2 Procter & Gamble (P&G), 253–4, 256, 265, 267, 272, 557, 589, 607 Prudential Insurance, 436, 602 Prudential (UK), 571 PSA Peugeot-Citroën, 237, 241 Radio Mobil, 267 Renault, 80, 81, 238, 285, 523, 532–5 Renault-Nissan alliance, 81, 82, 147, 523, 528, 532–5 Repsol, 436–7 Reuters, 602 Rhone-Poulenc, 257 Ricoh, 240 RJR Nabisco, 589 Roche, 18 Rohm, 530 ROLM, 236, 431 Royal Caribbean, 348 Royal Dutch/Shell Group, 5, 26, 71, 328–30, 607 Ryder, 287 S&N (Scottish & Newcastle), 465 SAB (South African Breweries), 465 Sakura Bank, 513 Salomon, 247 Sam Coca-Cola Bottling, 432 Samsung, 561, 584, 595, 599–601 Samsung Electronics, 575, 600, 601, 602 Sanyo, 596 Sappi, 582 Sasol, 582 Satyam, 365–6 Scientific-Atlanta, 558 Screwfix, 488 Seetours (Germany), 348 Sega, 458 Seiyu, 525–6 SFR, 226 Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), 597 Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, 335 Shantou Era Photo Materials, 372 Sharp, 518, 596 Shell Oil, 331 Shimano, 530 Sibneft, 399 Siemens, 45, 46, 431 Sierra Designs, 247 SK, 599, 600 Skandia, 435–6 Solectron, 52, 70, 541 Sony, 59–60, 119, 263, 282, 320, 432, 455, 518, 527, 530, 617 Spiegel, 617 Sprint, 449, 471 Squibb, 589 SSA Global, 602 Standard Chartered, 602 Stanley Works, 290–1 Star Alliance, 544 Starbucks, 58–9, 112 Stella Artois, 465 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 657 INDEX Sumitomo, 512 Sumitomo Bank, 513 Sumitomo Chemical, 518 Sun Microsystems, 595 Superdrug, 488 Suzuki, 21–2 Suzuki-Maruti, 81, 82 Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), 365–6, 584, 596, 601 TCL, 595 Telecom Italia, 44 Telecom S A., 580 Teleflower Auction (TFA), 581 Telekom, 471 Telluride International Energy, 431 Tesco, 53–4, 72, 498, 503, 582 Tetra Pak, 100 Texas Instruments (TI), 449, 569, 596, 602 Thomson Corporation, 71, 550 T-Mobile International, 267 Top Group, 595 Toshiba, 518, 527, 561 Total, 6, 26 Toyota, 5, 81, 82, 84–5, 241, 293, 299, 512, 515, 518, 541, 607 Toyota Motors, 290 Toys “R” Us, 89–90, 502, 617 Travelers Group, 334 TRW Inc., 289 TV Globo, 335–7 UFSoft, 595 Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 347 Unilever, 46, 47 Uniroyal, 285 United Airlines, 405, 429 Upjohn, 128–9, 147 UPS, 171, 334 USAir, 405 VenFin, 580 Verizon Wireless, 226, 242 Versace, 44 Virgin Atlantic, 406 Vivendi Universal, 71, 86 Vivitar, 455 Vodafone, 71, 226–7, 234, 238, 242, 245, 471, 479, 580 Vodafone Airtouch (VA), 226 Voice Stream, 267 Volkswagen (VW), 20–1, 80, 81, 237, 288, 311–12, 315, 320, 326, 328, 355, 459, 533, 541, 561, 589 Vologda Textile Enterprise, 106 Volvo, 80, 481–2 Wacker-Chemie, 35 Wal-Mart, 5, 27–8, 72, 79–80, 269, 332, 498, 502, 525–6, 595 Walt Disney Company, 37–8, 41, 43, 46, 49, 457–8 WD-40 Co., 290–1 Werk für Fernsehelektronik, 431 Westinghouse, 442 Wipro Spectramind, 602 Wipro Technologies, 365–6, 584, 596, 601 Woolworth’s, 488 Xerox, 240, 589 Xiamen Fuda Photographic Materials, 372 YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales), 436–7 Yukos, 101, 398–9 Zamech, 442, 454 Zara, 54–5 Zhongxing Telecom, 595 NAME INDEX Aaker, David A., 308 Abe, M., 537 Abegglen, J C., 537 Abramovich, Roman, 399 Abramsom, Neil R., 368 Adams, Chris, 182 Adler, Nancy J., 367, 368, 402 Adler, Paul S., 308, 538 Agarwal, Sanjeev, 91 Akamatsu, Kaname, 584, 603 Akers, John F., 468 Albright, Madeleine, 400 Alden, Edward, 182, 401 Alessandri, Todd M., 402 Ambev, 465 Anand, Jaideep, 605 Añaños, Jorge, 318 Andersen, Otto, 91 Anderson, Andrew, 460, 468 Anderson, Andrew D M., 181, 182, 183 Anderson, J., 604 Anderson, Otto, 629 Anderson, Philip, 275 Anderson, Robert, 603 Andersson, Ulf, 276, 338 Andrews, Edmund L., 29, 499 Angwin, D., 155 Anoop, M., 538 Antilla, Susan, 368 Aoki, M., 537, 538 Appelbaum, R P., 155 Arkell, Debby, 29 Armstrong, Larry, 368 Ashkanasy, N M., 155 Atamer, Tugrul, 249 Atkinson, Art, 128 Atkinson, Keith, 368 Aulakh, Preet S., 249 Averyt, William F., 566 Bainbridge, Michelle, 499 Baker, Stephen, 565 Baldauf, Artur, 182 Baldwin, John R., 457, 565 Ball, D A., 154 Banai, Moshe, 368 Bank, David, 125, 437 Banks, John C., 61 Barclay, Lou Anne, 402, 604 Barfield, Claude, 182 Barkeman, Harry G., 250 Barker, Vincent L III, 276 Barnes, John W., 338 Barr, P S., 155 Barsoux, J-L., 156 Bartholomew, Susan, 367, 368 Bartlett, Christopher A., 155, 275, 276, 309, 456, 467, 468, 630 Basu, D R., 538 Batres, Robertos E., 566 Bauerschmidt, Alan, 92, 183 Bayliss, Brian T., 500 Beamish, Paul W., 29, 61, 276, 402, 468, 500, 538, 566 Beatty, Carol A., 308 Beaumont, Philip, 368 Beck, Ernest, 308 Becker, Fred G., 29 Beechler, Schon, 369, 538 Beldona, Sam, 276 Bell, John H J., 250 Benetton family, 248 Bennett, Jocelyn, 309 Beracs, Jozsef, 338 657 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 658 INDEX Berg, David M., 221 Berry, Michael, 309 Berthon, Pierre, 338 Bezos, Jeff, 14 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 29, 629 Bhappu, Anita D., 308 Biediger, Jerry, 604 Bird, A., 538 Birkinshaw, Julian, 61, 276, 468, 566 Birley, Sue, 249, 338 Black, J Stewart, 276, 368 Blackwell, Charles W., 276 Bleeke, Joel, 499 Blue, Jeffrey L., 367 Blumenstein, Rebecca, 275, 307 Bokhari, F., 402 Bolon, Douglas S., 308 Boltuck, Richard, 499 Bombardier, Joseph Armand, 124, 544 Bonaccorsi, Andrea, 338 Boncompagni, Tatiana S., 499 Borden, Mark, 337 Borstoff, Patrcia C., 367 Boston, William, 275 Botelho, Mauricio, 124 Botschen, Guenther, 567 Boush, D M, 155 Bové, José, 133 Bowe, Michael, 437 Boyacigiller, Nakiye, 368 Boyd, Gavin, 92, 183, 468 Bradsher, Keith, 182, 249, 437, 629 Brain, Cecilia, 91, 308 Brandt, Ellen, 367 Branscomb, Lewis M., 468 Bremner, Brian, 125 Brett, Jeanne M., 156, 402 Brewer, Thomas L., 182, 402, 537, 605, 629, 630 Brewster, C J., 155 Brewster, D., 401 Bridgewater, S., 401 Bronn, Peggy Simcic, 249 Brouthers, Lance Eliot, 308 Brown, John Seely, 468 Bryant, Adam, 368 Buckley, Peter J., 61, 91, 183, 604 Budhwar, Pawan S., 368 Burgenmeier, B., 500, 537, 629 Burt, Tim, 249, 275 Busenitz, Lowell W., 91, 125 Butters, Jamie, 467 Buzzell, Robert D., 500 Bylinsky, Gene, 307, 308 Byung-Chul Lee, 600 658 Calingaert, Michael, 125 Callahan, Madelyn R., 367 Calof, Jonathan L., 29 Calonius, Erick, 308 Calori, Roland, 249 Campbell, Alexandria, 500 Camuffo, Arnaldo, 250, 368 Cantwell, John, 308, 537 Capon, Noel, 250, 338 Carendi, Jan, 435 Carey, Andrew, 61 Carillo, Jorge, 603 Carlisle, Tamsin, 565 Carney, Susan, 566 Carr, Nicholas G., 221 Carte, Bill, 61 Casson, Mark C., 61 Caves, Richard E., 29 Cavusgil, S Tamer, 183, 338 Chaddick, Brad, 126 Chakrabarti, A., 402 Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 275 Chan-Olmsted, Sylvia, 125 Chao, Paul, 183 Chatterjee, Sayan, 402 Chen, C C., 154 Chen Hua, 604 Chen, Kathy, 603 Chen, Roger, 604 Cheng, Joseph L C., 308 Cheong, Y R., 604 Chernotsky, Harry I., 61 Chevrier, S., 155 Chi, Tailan, 402 Chia Tien Cheang, 603 Child, John, 250, 604 Chipello, Christopher J., 565 Cho, Dong-Sung, 468 Cho, Fujio, 530 Cho, Kang Rae, 61, 183 Choate, Pat, 468 Choi, Audrey, 250 Chung Ju Yung, 600 Clark, Don, 125, 307, 437 Clark, Terry, 437 Clarkson, Max B E., 629 Clasen, Thomas F., 499 Clegg, Jeremy, 604 Clegg, S., 537 Clissold, Tim, 604 Cohen, Robert, 182 Cole, Robert E., 308 Coleman, Brian, 437 Collins, Jamie, 604 Collins, R., 308 Collinson, Simon C., 155, 307, 308, 402, 537, 538 Conklin, D W., 603 Contractor, Farok J., 91, 603 Cordell, Victor V., 338 Corrigan, Mark H., 128 Cortazzi, H., 537 Cosset, Jean-Claude, 402 Costa, Giovanni, 368 Coutinho de Arruda, Maria Cecilia, 249 Cox, Tony, 338 Craig, C Samuel, 250, 337, 338 Craig, Ron, 566 Crandall, Lin P., 368 Cravens, David W., 250, 338 Crookell, Harold, 467, 566 Cullen, John B., 368 Curzon, Gerard, 629 Cusumano, Michael A., 53, 308, 537 Czinkota, Michael R., 338, 468, 500 Dacin, M Tina, 250 Daniels, John D., 29 Daniels, Joseph P., 630 Dart, Kenneth, 399 Das, T K., 251, 337 Davis, Herbert J., 276 Davis, Peter S., 250 Dawkins, W., 537 D’Cruz, Joseph R., 467, 469, 566, 567, 629, 630 De Cieri, Helen, 368 De Mattos, Claudio, 604 De Meyer, Arnoud, 604 Dean, James W., 437 Decker, Hans W., 468 Delios, A., 402, 538 Deogun, Nikhil, 437 DePalma, Anthony, 182, 467 Deripaska, Oleg, 399 Desai, Ashay B., 250 Deschamps, Jean-Claude, 500 Deschamps, Jean-Philippe, 250, 308 Desmond, Edward W., 61 Deutsch, Claude H., 629 Deutsch, Klaus Gunter, 183 Devinney, Timothy M., 61 Dichtl, Erwin, 183 Dickson, Peter R., 468 Di-Natale, Dominic, 499 Dodds, J Colin, 183, 566 Doh, Jonathan P., 604 Doktor, Robert, 276 Dombey, Daniel, 61 Dominguez, Luis V., 338 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 659 INDEX Domke-Damonte, Darla, 250 Domoto, H., 538 Donaldson, L., 537 Dore, R., 537, 538 Douglas, Susan P., 250, 309, 337, 338, 500 Dow, S., 538 Dowling, Malcolm, 603 Dowling, Michael, 30, 62, 92, 126, 181, 182, 183, 251, 276, 289, 308, 309, 338, 437, 460, 466, 467, 468, 469, 499, 500 Dowling, Peter J., 368 Downey, H Kirk, 250, 338 Doyle, Frank P., 629 Doz, Yves L., 275, 368 Drucker, P F., 537 DuBois, Frank L., 309 Dunn, Mark, 249, 338 Dunne, Nancy, 29 Dunning, John H., 29, 61, 91, 125, 183, 467, 468, 537, 630 Durkheim, Emile, 141 Dyer, J H., 538 Earnshaw, L., 155 Eberhadt, Markus, 604 Ebrahimpour, Maling, 368 Echikson, William, 61 Eckholm, Erik, 125 Eden, Lorraine, 29, 125, 438, 566, 604 Egan, C E., 401 Egelhoff, William G., 250, 276, 438, 630 Ehlen, David M., 367 Eiteman, David K., 125, 438 Ellis, Kimberly M., 275 Ellis, Paul, 29 Ellison, Sarah, 29 Ely, R J., 155 Emmerij, Louis, 183, 630 Engardio, Pete, 308 Engel, Dean W., 368 Ernst, David, 499 Erramlli, M Krshna, 338 Evenett, Simon J., 605 Ewing, Jack, 499 Fahy, John, 338 Faison, Seth, 437 Faltmayer, Edmund, 182 Farnsworth, Clyde H., 182 Fatemi, K., 603 Fealy, L., 155 Feinberg, Susan E., 402, 566, 603 Feldman, Daniel C., 368 Felstiner, W., 155 Ferguson, Charles H., 275 Fiedler, Fred E., 368 Field, Hubert S., 367 Finnerty, Joseph E., 566 Fisher, George, 371–2, 384 Fisher, Irving, 201 Fitzpatrick, M., 402 Flaherty, M Therese, 309 Fleck, James, 467 Fonfara, Krysztof, 338 Forsgren, Mats, 276 Francis, John D., 250 Franko, L G., 537 Fransman, M., 537 Frayne, Colette A., 369 Freedman, Michael, 61 Frenkel, Stephen, 369 Freytag, Andreas, 630 Friday, E., 155 Friday, S S., 155 Friedland, Jonathan, 337, 566 Fruin, W M., 538 Fuhrman, Peter, 337 Fukui, Y., 537 Fulmer, Robert M., 367 Fulton, E Kaye, 565 Gaba, V., 402 Galagan, Patricia A., 367 Gamble, James, 253 Gannon, M J., 155 Garten, Jeffrey E., 250 Garvin, David A., 309 Gayle, Dennis J., 125 Gentile, M C., 155 Gentry, James W., 369 Geringer, J Michael, 125, 276, 369 Gessner, V., 155 Gestrin, Michael, 126, 183, 499, 566, 567 Ghauri, Pervez, 155, 604 Ghosen, Carlos, 532, 533 Ghoshal, Sumantra, 155, 275, 276, 284, 307, 309, 456, 468, 629, 630 Ghosn, Carlos, 147, 530 Gibbons, Patrick T., 499 Giddens, A., 630 Gilder, George, 468 Giles, William F., 367 Gillispie, Kate, 566 Gilmartin, Ray, 628 Ginsberg, Ari, 125 Giovanni, Dosi, 603 Globerman, Steven, 566 Glynn, M-A., 155 Goedhart, M H., 604 Goerzen, Anthony, 276 Goldenstein, Jean-Claude, 499 Goldstein, Alan, 125 Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin, 126, 275 Goodman, John B., 126 Goodrich, Jonathan N., 125 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 100 Gorman, Liam, 438 Gorman, Philip, 251 Gorman, Timothy, 629 Gournay, Patrick, 621 Govindarajan, Vijay, 91, 250, 605 Graham, Cox, 338 Graham, Edward M., 113, 125, 126 Graham, John L., 403, 604 Gramm, Phil, 280 Gratchev, Mikhail V., 155 Gray, J., 630 Gray, Kenneth R., 604 Green, Heather, 629 Green, Robert T., 183, 337, 338 Greenhouse, Steven, 182 Gregersen, Hal B., 276, 368 Gresser, Ed, 182 Griffith, David A., 566 Grindley, Peter, 567 Grosse, Robert, 402, 438, 605 Guido, Gianluigi, 499 Guisinger, Stephen E., 91, 221 Guntz, Hugh P., 630 Gupta, Anil K., 29, 91, 250, 402, 603, 605 Gustavsson, Peter, 249 Guth, Robert A., 249 Haar, Jerry A., 91 Haden, P., 604 Haigh, Robert W., 183, 369 Hale, David, 468 Hall, E T., 154 Hamel, Gary, 250, 629 Hampden-Turner, Charles, 154, 155 Han, C Min, 183 Hansell, Saul, 307 Hansen, M T., 307, 309 Harbrecht, Douglas, 182 Hargadon, Andrew, 276 Harnischfeger, Uta, 249 Harper, Lucinda, 308 Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie, 91 Harris, H., 155 Harris, Stanley G., 367 Harvey, Michael, 367, 369 Hatch, N., 538 Hawrysh, Brian Mark, 402 Hax, Arnoldo C., 29, 249 Hayes, Robert H., 567 Haynes, Ulric, Jr., 367 659 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 660 INDEX Hays, Laurie, 368 Hecht, Laurence, 566 Heckscher, Eli, 583 Heller, Jean E., 367 Heller, Richard, 61 Henderson, F., 91 Henisz, W., 402 Hennart, Jean-Franỗois, 61, 183 Henzler, Herbert A., 499 Hernandez, Gabriel, 467 Hickins, Michael, 499 Hill, A., 401 Hill, C W L., 307, 309 Hillman, Amy, 402 Hilmer, Frederick G., 309 Himelstein, Linda, 629 Hitt, Michael A., 249, 250, 629 Hoang, Peter B., 338 Hobday, Michael, 603 Hodgetts, Richard M., 29, 36, 249, 275, 276, 309, 337, 367, 368, 402, 566, 629 Hof, Robert D., 629 Hoffman, R C., 249 Hoffmann, Werner H., 250 Hofstede, Geert, 134, 154 Holden, N J., 155, 402 Holstein, William J., 275, 565 Holyoke, Larry, 307 Hom, Peter W., 183 Honda, Soichiro, 530 Hong Liu, 604 Hood, Neil, 61, 468, 566 Hoon-Halbauer, Sing Keow, 250 Horrigan, Brenda D., 402 Hoshi, T., 537 Hoskisson, Robert E., 250, 537 Hoti, S., 402 Houlder, V., 401 House, R J., 155 Howell, Llewellyn D., 126 Howse, Robert, 126 Hu, F., 604 Hu, Michael Y., 566 Huczynski, Andrzej, 221 Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, 566 Hugh-Jones, Rob, 629 Hulbert, James M., 338 Hung, G L., 566 Huo, Y Paul, 250 Hwang, Peter, 61, 249 Hyun, Yong J., 369 Ibison, David, 29 Ibuka, Masaru, 530 Idei, Nobuyuki, 530 Illarionov, Andrei, 399 Inkpen, Andrew C., 276, 402, 630 660 Ireland, R Duane, 629 Isobe, Takehiko, 605 Itaki, Mashiko, 276 Jacobs, Lester W., 250 Jaggi, Rpohit, 29 Jalland, R Michael, 630 Jameson, M., 538 Jamieson, Jacky, 605 Jamison, Mark, 125 Janisch, H N., 566 Jarillo, J Carlos, 276, 468, 630 Javidan, M., 155 Jepma, C J., 603 Jiang Zemin, 102 Johanson, Jan, 338 Jones, Alex S., 368 Jones, Bodil, 368 Jones, D T., 537 Jones, Gary K., 276 Jones, Robert E., 250 Jospin, Lionel, 113 Jrapko, Alicia, 629 Juarez, Ben, 467 Julian, Scott D., 309 Jun, Sunkyu, 369 Kahn, Joseph, 29 Kale, Sudhir H., 338 Kalotay, Kálmán, 603 Kamath, Shyman J., 566 Kaminski, Matthew, 125 Kamm, Thomas, 499 Kamprad, Ingvar, 322 Kanas, Angelos, 221 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 250, 629 Kapner, Suzanne, 61 Karavis, Lambros, 276 Kasoff, Mark J., 567 Kassicieh, Suleiman, 469 Kaufman, Leslie, 249 Kaynak, Erdener, 338, 566 Kayworth, Timothy, 369 Keim, Gerald, 402 Keizai, Toyo, 537 Keller, John J., 125 Keller, Robert T., 309 Kennedy, C R., Jr., 401 Kequan Li, 604 Kerwin, Katie, 307 Keys, J Bernard, 367 Khanna, Ashok, 221 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 399 Khurana, Anil, 309 Kidd, John B., 500 Kim, H., 537 Kim, Hicheon, 250 Kim, Ken I., 338 Kim, L., 603 Kim, W Chan, 61, 249, 250, 630 Kim, Wi Saeng, 61, 91 Kimura, Yui, 61 King, Thomas R., 437 Kirkpatrick, David, 629 Kirton, John J., 289, 566, 567, 630 Kleiman, Gary, 221 Kline, John M., 30, 468 Knowlton, Christopher, 337 Kobayashi, K., 538 Kobrin, Stephen J., 126, 402 Koeglmayr, Hans-Georg, 183 Kogut, Bruce, 276, 630 Kohli, Ajay K., 183, 337 Kohli, F C., 602 Koka, Balaji R., 183 Kompare, D., 155 Kono, T., 537 Kostova, T., 155 Kotabe, Masaaki, 91, 249, 250, 309, 338, 437, 538 Kotler, Philip, 468 Kotova, Tatiana, 276 Koza, Mitchell, 249 Kraar, Louis, 308 Kramer, Hugh E., 338 Krauss, Clifford, 125 Kravchenko, Olga, 125 Kristensen, P H., 156 Kumar, Sameer, 605 Kunii, Irene, 468 Kuttner, Robert, 468 Laage-Hellman, J., 537 Lacity, Mary C., 402 Lado, Augustine A., 369 Lall, Sanjaya, 603 Lam, Kevin, 155 Lam, Mark N., 604 Lamont, Bruce T., 275 Landers, Peter, 61 Landesman, Earl, 308, 499 Landler, Mark, 61, 629 Landry, John T., 338 Lane, Christopher, 276 Lane, Henry W., 368 Lane, P J., 156 Latta, Geofferey W., 368 Lauritano, Paul, 250, 338 Lavin, Douglas, 182 Lawton, Thomas C., 500 Lecraw, Donald J., 30 Lee, Suk Hun, 402 Lei, David, 249, 309 Leidner, Alfred, 500 Lenartowicz, Tomasz, 155 Lenway, Stefanie, 29 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 661 INDEX Leong, Siew Meng, 468 Leontief, Wassily, 164 Levin, Doron P., 182 Levitas, Edward, 250 Levy, David L., 309 Lewin, Arie, 249 Lewis, David, 62 Li, Ji, 155 Li, Jiatao, 91, 251 Lie, John, 276 Lieberman, Ira W., 126 Lieberthal, G., 605 Lieberthal, Kenneth, 249, 307, 605 Lienert, Dan, 29 Light, D A., 155 Liker, Jeffrey K., 276, 309, 538 Lim, Jeen-Su, 338 Lincoln, E J., 538 Lincoln, J R., 155 Linden, Dana Weschler, 182 Ling-yee, Li, 221 Linsu, Kim, 603 Liouville, Jacques, 338 Litan, Robert, 499 Liu, Hong, 250 Lodge, George C., 468 Loewe, Pierre M., 30 Lorange, Peter, 249 Lovas, B., 307, 309 Loveman, Gary W., 126 Lowson, Robert, 500 Lublin, Joann S., 275 Luehrman, Timothy A., 221 Lund, Reinhard, 368 Luo, Yadong, 91, 126, 605 Luthans, Fred, 249, 275, 276, 337, 367, 368, 402 Luxmore, Stephen, 126 Lyn, Esmeralda O., 61, 91 Lynn, Leonard H., 276 MacDonald, Kevin R., 126 Maclaren, Virginia, 566 Maddox, R C., 155 Madhavan, Ravindranath, 183 Madura, Jeff, 62 Magretta, Joan, 308, 337 Mahmoud, Essam, 403 Makhija, Mona Verma, 403 Makino, Shige, 403, 500, 605 Makridakis, Spyros G., 499 Maljers, Floris A., 276 Malkin, Elisabeth, 566 Malnight, T W., 307, 309 Markusen, James R., 183 Marquardt, Michael J., 368 Marsh, Peter, 250 Marshall, Matt, 250 Marshall, R S., 155 Martin, J., 155 Martin, X., 538 Martinez, Jon I., 276, 468, 630 Martinez, Zaida L., 566 Mason, Todd, 565 Mathews, Anna Wilde, 91 Mathews, J A., 605 Matsushita, Konosuke, 530 Matulich, Erika, 308 Mauborgne, Renée A., 250, 630 Maxwell, Denise S., 367 Mayhew, Malcolm, 61 Maynard, Jean-Pierre, 467, 565 Mayrhofer, Ulrike, 500 McAleer, M., 402 McCormick, Stephen, 438 McCulloch, W H., 154 McGinn, Daniel, 337 McGrath, Michael E., 308 McGregor, Richard, 182 McGuire, J., 538 McIlveen, John, 467 McKay, Betsy, 275 McKinley, William, 250 McKinney, Joseph A., 337 McKinsey, James O., 230 McLaren, Julie, 606 McLellan, Kerry, 566 McSweeny, B., 155 McWilliams, Gary, 629 Mead, R., 155 Melcher, Richard A., 308, 337 Melin, Leif, 249, 338 Mendenhall, Mark E., 367, 368 Merchant, Hemant, 250 Merchant, K., 603 Meredith, Robyn, 61 Merriden, Trevor, 499 Merrills, Roy, 468 Metzger, Robert O., 125 Meyer, Klaus E., 605 Miller, Alan N., 500 Miller, Edwin L., 367 Miller, Janice S., 183 Miller, Janis L., 250 Miller, Karen Lowry, 368 Miller, Kent D., 221, 402, 403, 630 Miller, Scott, 61 Milliman, John, 369 Millington, Andrew I., 500, 604 Millman, Joel, 337, 467 Mills, D Quinn, 276 Milwe, Edwin L., 369 Minder, Raphael, 61 Ming-Hong Lai, George, 91 Mintzberg, Henry, 251, 276 Miroshnik, V., 538 Mitari, Fujito, 536 Mitchell, Terence, 368 Mitchell, Willi, 309, 605 Mitchener, Brad, 275 Moffat, Susan, 91, 368 Moffett, Michael, 438 Mohri, F Bill, 467 Mole, J., 155 Molz, E., 125 Montgomery, David B., 605 Moon, Hwy-Chang, 468 Moore, John, 126 Moore, Karl, 62, 467 Morgan, G., 156 Morici, Peter, 566 Morris, R W., 91 Morrison, Allen J., 251, 276, 469, 630 Morrison, Scott, 90 Morrissey, Elizabeth R., 221 Mortimore, Michael, 91 Mothe, Caroline, 125 Mucchielli, Jean-Louis, 183, 500, 537, 629 Mudambi, Ram, 403, 604 Mueller, Stefan, 183 Muller, Joah, 307 Mulligan, Thomas M., 30 Murdoch, Rupert, 418 Murray, Janet Y., 309 Murray, Matt, 249 Murthi, Narayana, 602 Nacum, Lilach, 338 Nagai, Hirohisa, 368 Naidu, G M., 338 Naik, Gautam, 125, 250 Nakane, C., 155, 537 Nakata, Cheryl, 156 Napier, Nancy, 369 Narayandas, Das, 221 Narula, Rajneesh, 468 Nasser, Jacques, 481 Nath, Raghu, 275 Nathan, Maria, 369 Naughton, Keith, 337, 468 Navarra, Pietro, 403 Nayak, P Ranganath, 250, 308 Neale, Charles W., 183, 566 Negishi, Mayumi, 125 Nehrt, Chad, 630 Nehrt, Lee C., 30 Newman, K., 155 Nichols, Nancy A., 567 Nitsch, Detlev, 500 Nobeoka, K., 537, 538 Nohria, Nitin, 284, 307, 309, 629 Nolan, P., 605 661 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 662 INDEX Nomani, Asra Q., 182 Nonaka, I., 538 Norburn, David, 249, 338 Normann, Richard, 251 Nova, 451 O’Connell, D., 401 Oddou, Gary R., 367 O’Donnell, Sharon, 369 Ogilvie, Heather, 499 Ohlin, Bertil, 583 Ohmae, Kenichi, 630 Okoroafo, Sam C., 338 Okumura, Tetsushi, 402 Oliff, Michael D., 309, 630 Olsson, Carl, 403 Omura, Glenn S., 250 Ono, Y., 154 Oosterveld, Jan P., 276 Openheimer, Nicky, 387 O’Reilly, Brian, 367 Ortega, Bob, 565 Ostrovsky, A., 401 Ostry, Sylvia, 91, 125, 126, 183, 468, 499 Ouchi, William G., 276, 537 Oxelheim, Lars, 438 Pak, Kelvin, 250 Palmeri, Christopher, 308 Pan, Yigang, 275, 402 Papanastassiou, Marina, 500, 537 Park Chung Hee, 600 Parkhe, Arvind, 92, 251, 276 Patel, Pari, 309 Pavitt, Keith, 309 Payne, Adrian, 249 Payne, Joseph E., Jr., 565 Peace, R D., 537 Pearce, Robert, 500 Pecotich, Anthony, 29 Pelkmans, Jacques, 500 Peng, Mike W., 403 Pennington, Hilary, 468 Perlmutter, H V., 155 Perry, Anne C., 183 Peterson, Richard B., 369, 629 Peterson, Thane, 565 Phatak, Arvind, 276 Phelps, Mark I., 368 Philips, John, 90 Pinder, Jeanne B., 629 Pitt, Leyland F., 338 Pitta, Julie, 249 Pointer, David A., 403 Pointer, Martha M., 403 Pollack, Andrew, 182, 307, 402, 468 Pollock, Timothy, 251, 629 662 Porter, Michael E., 17–19, 29, 61, 62, 92, 249, 251, 308, 466, 468, 510, 512, 529–30, 537 Prahalad, C K., 249, 250, 275, 276, 307, 368 Preble, J E., 249 Premji, Axim, 601 Prescott, John E., 183, 499 Pringle, David, 90 Procter, William, 253 Prokesch, Steven, 308 Protzman, Ferdinand, 125, 307, 368 Putin, Vladimir, 399 Pyke, David, 309 Qian, Gongming, 155 Quelch, John A., 500 Quelin, Berthe, 125 Quinn, James Brian, 309 Quintanilla, Carl, 125 R Gomez-Mejia, Luis, 183 Radosevich, Raymond, 469 Raduchel, William J., 468 Ragozzino, Roberto, 403 Rajan, Mahesh N., 403 Rajaratnam, Dan, 437 Raju, Ramalinga, 601 Ramadorai, S., 601 Ramamurti, Ravi, 126 Ramaswami, Sridhar N., 91 Ramirez, Rafael, 251 Ramstetter, Eric D., 183 Randoy, Trond, 438 Rao, C P., 338 Rapoport, Carla, 337 Ratiu, Indrei, 367 Rau, P A., 249 Raymond, Vernon, 603 Redding, Gordon, 605 Reddy, Prasada, 309 Rehder, Robert R., 309, 500 Reibstein, Larry, 125, 308 Reich, Robert B., 249 Reichel, A., 249 Reisel, William D., 368 Reitman, Valerie, 437 Reuer, Jeffrey J., 221, 403 Revzin, Philip, 125 Rhee, Dong Kee, 250, 500 Rhinesmith, Stephen H., 367 Rhoen, A., 603 Ricardo, David, 583 Rice, Gillian, 403 Richman, Louis S., 308 Ricklefs, Roger, 565 Ricks, David A., 403, 566 Robin, Donald P., 183 Robock, Stefan H., 183, 250 Roddick, Anita, 620 Rodriguez, Peter, 604 Roehl, Tom, 276 Rogers, Adam, 337 Rogovsky, Nikolai, 369 Rolfe, Robert J., 403 Rondinelli, Dennis, 251, 309 Roos, D., 537 Roos, Johann, 249 Rosenzweig, Philip M., 276, 630 Roth, Kendall, 155, 251, 276, 369, 469 Roy, Jean, 402 Ruggiero, Renato, 183 Rugman, Alan M., 29, 30, 61, 62, 91, 92, 125, 126, 181, 182, 183, 251, 276, 289, 308, 309, 338, 437, 460, 466, 467, 468, 469, 499, 500, 537, 566, 567, 605, 629, 630 Ruhli, Edwin, 469 Runtagh, Hellene S., 308 Ryans, Adrian B., 338 Ryans, John K., Jr., 566 Sabi, Manijeh, 62 Safarian, A E., 126, 466 St John, Caron H., 250 Sakakibara, M., 537 Sako, M., 537, 538 Salpukas, Agis, 367 Sampler, Jeff, 629 Sampson, Gary P., 183 Samuelson, Paul, 583 Sanderson, Stuart, 604 Sanderson, Susan Walsh, 567 Sanger, David E., 276, 629 Santillan-Salgado, Roberto J., 249 Sanyal, Rajib N., 277, 369 Saunders, Peter, 621 Savers, Gabrielle, 629 Sawyer, W Charles, 183 Schermerhorn, John R., Jr., 402 Schlender, Brenton R., 468, 537 Schmenner, R., 308 Schneider, S C., 156 Scholl, Wolfgang, 368 Schonberger, Richard J., 308 Schott, Jeffrey J., 566 Schuchman, Lisa, 337, 437 Schuler, Randall S., 369 Schweiger, David M., 251 Scott, Bruce R., 469 Sen, Amartya, 126 Sequeira, Carlos G., 338 Serapio, Manuel G., Jr., 309 Sergeant, Andrew, 369 Seringhaus, F H Rolf, 338, 567 Shaffer, Margaret A., 369 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 663 INDEX Shan, Weijian, 630 Shaoming, Zou, 338 Shapiro, Alan C., 438 Shapiro, D L., 156 Shapiro, Daniel M., 566 Shapiro, Robert J., 468 Shari, Michael, 308 Sharkey, Thomas W., 338 Shaver, J Myles, 338 Shenkar, Oded, 156, 250, 369, 403 Shi, Xinping, 403 Shih, Stan, 569 Shipley, David D., 183, 566 Shrimsley, Robert, 182 Siddall, Peter, 275 Sikora, Ed, 183 Simison, Robert L., 275 Simmonds, Kenneth, 250 Simmonds, Paul G., 275 Simon, Benard, 275 Singh, Jitendra V., 276, 630 Sirmon, D G., 156 Sivakumar, K., 156 Slater, Robert W., 249 Slocum, John W., Jr., 249, 309 Smith, Adam, 583, 603, 611 Smith, Craig S., 125 Smith, Geri, 566 Smitka, Michael, 469 Snoj, Boris, 338 Sobek, Durward K II, 309 Solocha, Andrew, 567 Soloway, Julie A., 289, 567, 630 Soskin, Mark D., 567 Spall, Alan, 221 Spar, Debora L., 126, 629 Sparrow, Paul R., 368 Spencer, William J., 567 Speyer, Bernhard, 183 Spindle, B., 154 Stalk, G., Jr., 537 Stark, Andrew, 369 Starobin, Paul, 125 Stasavage, D., 403 Steinmetz, Greg, 125, 368 Stern, Gabriella, 468 Stevenson, Richard W., 182, 402 Stewart, Alice C., 403 Stewart, J Gordon, 308 Stewart, Thomas A., 308 Stiglitz, J E., 630 Stonehill, Arthur, 438 Stout, Hilary, 603 Strange, Susan, 221 Struck, Doug, 467 Sugiura, Hideo, 21, 125, 251 Suh-kyung Yoon, 308 Sullivan, Daniel, 92, 183, 277 Sullivan, Jeremiah J., 369, 629 Sundaram, Anant, 438 Swamidass, Paul M., 309 Sweetman, Mathew, 605 Taggart, James H., 500 Tahir, R., 403 Tait, Nikki, 275 Takagi, Haruo, 368 Takahashi, Dean, 629 Takeuchi, H., 537, 538 Tallman, Stephen B., 251 Tamburri, Rosanna, 565 Tan, Chin Tiong, 468 Tan, Hui, 604 Tanikawa, Miki, 249 Tavares, Jorge, 275 Taylor, Alex III, 307, 308, 437, 468 Taylor, Sully, 369 Teegen, Hildy J., 249, 566, 604 Tellijohn, Andrew, 337 Templeman, John, 337, 437 Terazono, E., 537 Terpstra, Vern, 183 Thakur, Manab, 251, 337 Theil, Rita, 50, 500 Thomas, D A., 155 Thomas, David C., 368 Thomas, Howard, 251, 629 Thomas, L G III, 538 Thompson, Judith Kenner, 500 Thompson, Sandra, 499 Thornton, Emily, 307 Tierney, Christine, 29 Tilley, J Roderick, 566 Tomlinson, Richard, 29, 91 Tonelson, Alan, 468 Torbiorn, Ingemar, 367 Toy, Stewart, 308 Toyne, Brian, 309 Trebilcock, Michael J., 126, 499 Treece, James B., 337, 629 Trevino, Len J., 566 Trevor-Roberts, E., 155 Triandis, Harry C., 156, 368 Trompenaars, Fons, 135–7, 140, 148, 154, 155 Tse, David K., 604 Tung, Rosalie L., 367, 369 Turner, John N., 467 Uhlenbruck, Klaus, 604 Ulgado, Francis M., 567 Ungson, G R., 402 Ushijima, T., 537 Vahine, Jan-Erik, 338 Van Ommeren, J., 155 van Spijker, Willem, 250 Vanderbroeck, Paul, 369 Vandermerwe, Sandra, 309, 630 Vastag, Gyula, 309 Verbeke, Alain, 30, 62, 92, 126, 183, 276, 309, 338, 466, 467, 468, 469, 499, 500, 567, 629, 630 Verhage, Bronislaw J., 338 Vermeulen, Freek, 250 Vernon-Wortzel, Heidi, 92 Vesey, Joseph T., 307, 308 Vlasic, Bill, 499 Vogel, E F., 537 Voigt, K., 154 Von Glinow, Mary Ann, 156, 369 Walker, Andrew, 29 Walker, Lucy, 182 Walker, Marcus, 91 Walker, Michael, 566 Wallace, Wanda, 438 Walsh, J P., 155 Walters, Peter G., 338 Walton, Sam, 27 Wan, W P., 537 Ward, Allen C., 309 Warner, Fara, 437 Wartzman, Rick, 566 Waverman, Leonard, 469 Weber, Max, 130, 141, 154 Wederspahn, G., 155 Weinberg, Neil, 437 Weintraub, Sydney, 567 Welch, David, 308 Welch, Jack, 530 Welfens, Paul J J., 500 Werner, Steve, 308 Westcott, William F II, 630 Westney, Eleanor D., 277, 537 Wheatley, Jonathan, 566 Whisenand, James D., 126 White, Gregory L., 368 White, Joseph B., 337, 437 Whitley, R D., 155, 156, 537, 538 Whitney Gibson, Jane, 276 Whyte, Ann Marie, 62 Wickens, Barbara, 565 Wilkinson, Barry, 604 Willard, Kristen L., 567 Willcocks, Leslie P., 402 Willey, Keith, 275 Williamson, John N., 367 Williamson, Oliver E., 92 Williamson, Peter J., 604, 605 Wilson, D C., 538 Wind, Yoram, 309 663 INBU_Z01.QXD 11/11/05 12:25 AM Page 664 INDEX Wines, Michael, 125 Wolf, Martin, 61, 537 Womack, J P., 537 Wong, Fanny, 467, 565 Wood, Nancy, 565 Woolfson, Karen, 90 Worthy, Ford S., 308 Wortzel, Lawrence H., 92 Wright, Chris, 603 Wright, Richard W., 630 Wulf, Schaper-Rinkel, 250 Wyk, Jay Van, 605 Xiao, G., 604 Xiaolian, Li, 275 664 Yan, Rick, 338 Yan, Yanni, 250 Yavas, Ugur, 338 Yeung, Bernard, 338 Yip, George S., 30, 92, 251, 309, 630 Yiu, D., 403 Yizheng, Shi, 605 York, Robert C., 499 Yoshida, Mamoru, 62 Yoshimura, Noboru, 275 Yoshino, Michael Y., 30 Young, S Mark, 309 Young, Scott T., 250 Young, Stephen, 182, 629 Yusuf, Shahid, 605 Zabriskie, John, 128–9 Zaheer, Srilata, 276, 277 Zahra, Shaker A., 277, 629, 630 Zaichkowsky, Judith Lynne, 402 Zambrano, Lorenzo, 74 Zander, Udo, 276 Zeira, Yoram, 369 Zeng, Ming, 604, 605 Zheng Zhao, 605 Zhu, Mingxia, 338 Zhu Rongji, 371–2 Ziegler, Bart, 337 ... Chapter International Politics International Culture International Trade International Financial Markets and Institutions xv xix xx xxiii xxviii xxx xxxii 36 67 99 127 157 191 Part Three INTERNATIONAL. ..INBU_A01.QXD 11/11/05 12:00 AM Page i INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Visit the International Business, fourth edition, Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/rugman to find... flower industry The environment, NGOs, and MNE 535 ✔ ■ International Chapter 20 ■ Active Learning Case International Business, Ethics ■ International Business Strategy in Action and the Natural