Psychology A Journey 4e Psychology A Journey 4e Dennis Coon John O Mitterer Brock University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Psychology: A Journey, Fourth Edition Dennis Coon and John O Mitterer Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber Executive Editor, Psychology: Jon-David Hague Senior Sponsoring Psychology Editor: Jane Potter Managing Development Editor: Jeremy Judson Senior Assistant Editor: Rebecca Rosenberg © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Editorial Assistant: Alicia McLaughlin Media Editor: Lauren Keyes Marketing Manager: Tierra Morgan Marketing Assistant: Molly Felz Executive Marketing Communications Manager: Talia Wise For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Senior Content Project Manager: Pat Waldo Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935593 Creative Director: Rob Hugel Student Edition: Senior Art Director: Vernon Boes ISBN-10: 0-495-81170-X Print Buyer: Karen Hunt ISBN-13: 978-0-495-81170-1 Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text: Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston Loose-leaf Edition: Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: Don Schlotman ISBN-13: 978-0-495-81180-0 ISBN-10: 0-495-81180-7 Photo Researcher: Kathleen Olson Production Service: Dan Fitzgerald, Graphic World Inc Text Designer: Jeanne Calabrese Wadsworth 20 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cover Designer: Jeanne Calabrese Cover Image: Dave & Les Jacobs/Getty Images Compositor: Graphic World Inc Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/Wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 For Justin ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dennis Coon After earning a doctorate in psychology from the John O Mitterer was awarded his doctorate in cognitive psy- University of Arizona, Dennis Coon taught for 22 years at Santa Barbara City College, California Throughout his career, Dr Coon has especially enjoyed the challenge of teaching introductory psychology He and his wife, Sevren, have returned to Tucson, where he continues to teach, write, edit, and consult Dr Coon is the author of Introduction to Psychology and Psychology: Modules for Active Learning, as well as Psychology: A Journey Together, these texts have been used by more than million students Dr Coon frequently serves as a reviewer and consultant to publishers, and he edited the best-selling trade book Choices He also helped design modules for PsychNow! Wadsworth’s interactive CD-ROM In his leisure hours, Dr Coon enjoys hiking, photography, painting, woodworking, and music He also designs, builds, and plays classical and steel string acoustic guitars He has published articles on guitar design and occasionally offers lectures on this topic, in addition to his more frequent presentations on psychology chology from McMaster University Currently, Dr Mitterer teaches at Brock University, where he has taught over 20,000 introductory psychology students He is the recipient of the 2003 Brock University Distinguished Teaching Award, a 2003 Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) Teaching Award, a 2004 National 3M Teaching Fellowship, and the 2005 Canadian Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology Dr Mitterer’s primary research focus is on basic cognitive processes in learning and teaching While he has consulted for a variety of companies, such as Bell Northern Research, Unisys Corporation, IBM Canada, and computer-game developer Silicon Knights, he devotes most of his energy to applying cognitive principles to the improvement of undergraduate education In support of his introductory psychology course, he has been involved in the creation of textbooks and ancillary materials such as CD-ROMs and websites for both students and instructors Dr Mitterer has published and lectured on undergraduate instruction throughout Canada and the United States In his spare time, Dr Mitterer strives to become a better golfer and to attain his life goal of seeing all of the bird species in the world To this end he recently traveled to the Galapagos Islands, Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Australia, and South Africa vi BRIEF CONTENTS Introduction Psychology for Your Life—Self-Reflective Learning 10 11 12 13 14 Discovering Psychology and Research Methods Brain and Behavior 14 52 Human Development 87 Sensation and Perception States of Consciousness 132 182 Conditioning and Learning Memory < 225 264 Intelligence, Cognition, Language, and Creativity Motivation and Emotion Personality 343 387 Health, Stress, and Coping Psychological Disorders Therapies 301 428 469 509 Social Behavior 549 Appendix Behavioral Statistics 593 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Name Index N-1 Subject Index S-1 vii CONTENTS < Introduction Psychology for Your Life—Self-Reflective Learning Procrastination—Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues Time Management Goal Setting Make Learning an Adventure Self-Reflective Test Taking—Are You “Test Wise”? General Test-Taking Skills Hi There! Self-Reflective Reading—How to Tame a Textbook How to Use Psychology: A Journey Self-Reflective Note Taking—LISAN Up! Using and Reviewing Your Notes Self-Reflective Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Success Self-Regulated Learning—Academic All-Stars