ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION

GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION CONTENT PREFACE PART I CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 1.2 OUT LINE OF THE PROJECT 1.3 DOCUMENTS USED FOR DESIGNING CHAPTER 2: PROJECT AREA IN THANH HOA PROVINCE 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS 2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTIC 2.4 HYDROLOGY 13 2.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 13 2.6 DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENT 14 2.7 TRAFFIC CONDITIONS OF THE REGION 14 CHAPTER 3: DETERMINE THE TECHNOLOGY FACTORS OF ALIGNMENT 15 3.1 DETERMINE ROAD LEVEL 15 3.2 CAPACITY OF THE ROAD 16 3.3 SPECIFIC GEOMETRY OF CROSS SECTION 18 3.4 DETERMINE SIGHT DISTANCE 21 3.5 DETERMINE MAXIMUM GRADES OF THE ROAD 24 3.6 DETERMINE MINIMUM RADIUS OF HORIZONTAL CURVE 26 3.7 WIDENING IN CURVE 28 3.8 DETERMINE SUPERELEVATION AND SUPERELEVATION TRANSITION 29 3.9 SPIRAL CURVE 30 3.10 ENSURE SIGHT DISTANCE IN HORIZONTAL CURVES 31 3.11 ENSURE SIGHT DISTANCE IN PROFILE 32 3.12 TOTAL GEOMETRIC FACTOR OF THE ROAD 36 CHAPTER 4: ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ON THE PLAN 37 4.1 OVERALL DESIGN 37 4.2 PRINCIPLES FOR ALIGNMENT SELECTION 38 CHAPTER 5: PROFILE DESIGN 40 5.1 GENARAL CONTROLS FOR VERTICAL ALIGNMENT 40 5.2 ARRANGE VERTICAL CURVE IN PROFILE 40 5.3 COMBINATION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVE 41 CHAPTER 6: ROAD-BED DESIGN 44 6.1 DEFINED TYPES OF MATERIAL CAN USE MAKING ROAD BED 44 6.2 DEFINED TALUS OF ROAD BED 44 6.3 DEMAND OF COMPACTNESS AND LOADING CAPACITY OF ROAD BED 45 6.4 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF ROAD BED 46 6.5 EXCAVATION AND FILL VOLUME 46 CHAPTER 7: PAVEMENT DESIGN BASE ON 22TCN 221-06 61 PAVEMENT STRUCTURE AND REQUIREMENT 62 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE 63 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGN 63 Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION CHAPTER 8: DRAINAGE SYSTEM 76 8.1 DESIGN CULVERT 76 8.2 DESIGN SIDE DITCH 80 CHAPTER 9: SAFETY FACILITIES OF ROAD 83 9.1 SIGN 83 9.2 MAKER POST, KMSTONE, GUARDRAIL 84 9.3 ROAD MARKING 85 PART II 169 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 104 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 104 1.2 OUT LINE OF THE PROJECT 104 CHAPTER : ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ON THE PLAN 124 2.1 DETERMINE ROAD LEVEL 106 2.2 CAPACITY OF THE ROAD 107 2.3 SPECIFIC GEOMETRY OF CROSS SECTION 108 2.4 DETERMINE SIGHT DISTANCE 111 2.5 DETERMINE MAXIMUM GRADES OF THE ROAD 114 2.6 DETERMINE MINIMUM RADIUS OF HORIZONTAL CURVE 116 2.9 SPIRAL CURVE 118 2.7 ENSURE SIGHT DISTANCE IN HORIZONTAL CURVES 118 2.8 ENSURE SIGHT DISTANCE IN PROFILE 119 2.10 TOTAL GEOMETRIC FACTOR OF THE ROAD 123 CHAPTER : ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ON THE PLAN 124 3.1 OVERALL DESIGN 124 3.2 PRINCIPLES FOR ALIGNMENT SELECTION 125 CHAPTER : PROFILE DESIGN 127 4.1 GENARAL CONTROLS FOR VERTICAL ALIGNMENT 127 4.2 ARRANGE VERTICAL CURVE IN PROFILE 127 4.3 COMBINATION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVE 128 CHAPTER :ROAD-BED DESIGN 130 5.1 DEFINED TYPES OF MATERIAL CAN USE MAKING ROAD BED 130 5.2 DEFINED TALUS OF ROAD BED 130 5.3 DEMAND OF COMPACTNESS AND LOADING CAPACITY OF ROAD BED 131 5.4 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF ROAD BED 132 5.5 EXCAVATION AND FILL VOLUME 132 CHAPTER : ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ON THE PLAN 124 6.1 PAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGN 138 6.2 CALCULATION PARAMETERS AND SECTION FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE 139 6.3 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGN 138 CHAPTER : DETAIL DESIGN OF PILE CULVERT 145 7.1 DESIGN CULVERT 145 7.2 DETAIL OF SIDE DITCH 145 CHAPTER 8: DETAIL DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE 159 Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION 8.1 DESIGN DATA 130 8.2 SETTING OUT OF THE CURVE 130 8.3 ATTAINMENT OF SUPERELEVATION 131 8.4 SUPERELEVATION RUN OFF 132 8.5 E PAVEMENT WIDTH IN CURVE 132 CHAPTER 9: SAFETY FACILITIES OF ROAD 159 9.1 TRAFFIC SIGNING 159 9.2 MAKER POST, KMSTONE, GUARDRAIL 160 9.3 ROAD MARKING 161 PART III : SPECIAL SUBJECT 169 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 170 1.1OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY 170 1.2TESTING METHODS 170 CHAPTER II: SURVEYING RESULTS 180 2.1 HANG BONG STREET 180 2.2 HANG VOI STREET 185 CHAPTER III: PAVEMENT CONDITION ASSESSMENT 188 3.1 PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX (PCI) 188 3.2 PAVEMENT STRENGTH ASSESSMENT 193 3.3 PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS ASSESSMENT 194 Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION PREFACE In the career of building and protecting country, Communication and Transport are essential contributing important roles Along with country's continuous development in the past years, field of capital construction generally and civil engineering construction in particular have invested by Government and Party and having deservedly proud achievements In the next years, in order to implement the career of modernization and industrialization, Communication and Transport must precede a step, serve purposes of socio-economic development In the recent years, the government is investing much in Transportation and Communication; advanced constructing technologies are applied in Vietnam To apply in fact, civil engineers’ level must be better and better To satisfy demands of development, The University Transport and Communication is opening scope and raising quality of training After learning and gathering knowledge in the University Transports and Communications, now I am designing a graduation thesis about the road and highway I am guided directly by Associate Professor – Doctor Tran Thi Kim Dang and other lectures in the Road and Highway section, Civil engineering department of the Hanoi university of transports and communications I thank the lectures of the subject, especially Associate Professor – Doctor Tran Thi Kim Dang, my guide lecturer and Master of Science Tran Vu Tuan Phan, my revise lecturer I have tried to my thesis best with my knowledge, but it is not very good because of time and some other reasons I hope advices, remarks and suggestions of teachers and all of you Thank to you sincerely! Ha Noi, May-2011 Student Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION PART I PRELIMINARY DESIGN CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT PROJECT HIGHWAY ROUTE A - B CONTRUCTION PROJECT Option 1: STATION : KM0+00 TO KM4+676.16 Option 2: STATION : KM0+00 TO KM4+586.66 Nhu Xuan district, Thanh Hoa Province Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT Project name: Highway investment project Location: Alignment A-B is located in Nhu Xuan district, Thanh Hoa province Project manager: Ministry of transport Consultant organization: The University of Transports and Communications Hanoi Designer: Do Manh Long English Roads and Bridges Class K47 University of Transports and Communications 1.2 OUT LINE OF THE PROJECT 1.2.1 Objectives of the Project The main objectives of the Project implementation can be summarized as follows: The new road is strategically located at Thanh Hoa province to contribute to the economic and social development of the Central Highland region in Vietnam Concerns and improvement for the traffic safety, job opportunity and living level of the local residents in the project area is an important factor in the sense to share the profits of project 1.2.2 The base to carry out the project Base on Thanh Hoa Highway investment and construction policy Base on traffic volume investigation and forecast data The annual vehicles’ development coefficient is 7% The design traffic volume is 5484,5 (vehicle/day) Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION - Traffic Content: Traffic Volume (veh/day) PCU equivalent factors 1/ Bicycle 122 0.2 2/ Motobike 222 0.3 201 1.0 Vehicle Axle Loading Pi (kN) Front Axle Numbers Distance Numbers of of Rear between rear Rear Wheel Axle axles (m) Rear Axle 3/ Car Single Wheel 4/ Bus - Small 25.0 60.0 Single Wheel - 98 2.0 - Large 60.0 90.0 Dual Wheels - 102 3.0 5/ Truck - Light 25.0 60.0 Dual Wheels - 102 2.0 - Medium 25.0 70.0 Dual Wheels - 98 2.0 - Heavy 50.0 100.0 Dual Wheels - 99 2.5 - Tractor 60.0 120.0 Dual Wheels >3m 25 3.0 Table 1-1: st Year annual average daily traffic 1.3 DOCUMENTS USED FOR DESIGNING No Name of Standards Standard Ref No Survey T29 Topography drawing and measuring standard 96TCN 43-90 T32 Land survey in construction – general specification TCXDVN309-2004 Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION No Name of Standards Standard Ref No G09 Geotechnical Boring Investigation Standard 22TCN259-2000 G13 Geological survey for waterway work standard 22TCN260-2000 G27 Procedure for static penetration testing (CPT and CPTU) 22TCN320-2004 Road Design R16 Specifications for road design TCVN4054-2005 R28 Rural road design standard (used for frontage road and collector road) 22TCN210-92 Pavement P18 Vietnam Pavement standard of flexible structures 22TCN211-06 P38 Flexible pavement design (to collate with standard 22TCN21193) 22TCN274-01 P33 Standard for solid bitumen material – technical specification and testing method 22TCN279-01 P26 Technical specification and testing method for polymer bitumen material 22TCN319-04 Water Treatment W12 Technical classification for domestic inland waterway TCVN5664-92 W11 Flood flow calculation 22TCN220-95 W37 Design external drainage system of the structure 22TCN51-84 Safety T Roadway traffic signal regulations 22TCN237-01 Lighting L Lighting Standard 20TCN 95-83 1.4 STUDY SCOPE The study scope has limited in direction route, it bases on the long-term transport programming of the area in the future Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION CHAPTER 2: PROJECT AREA IN THANH HOA PROVINCE 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS Thanh Hoa is a large province of Central Vietnam It has borders with Son La, Hoa Binh and Ninh Binh province in the north, Nghe An province in the south, the sea in the east and it also border Laos in the west Thanh Hoa is comprised of three categories of mountain, plain and highland terrains 2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTIC Thanh Hóa has diverse terrain, lower from west to east, divided into three distinct areas: - The mountainous and midland’s area is 839,037 ha, it is 75.44% of the province The average height of the mountains from 600-700 m with slopes above 25o; midlands has an average elevation of 150 - 200m and slope about 15-20 o - The delta has an area of natural land is 162,341 ha, accounting for 14.61% of the province, the accretion by the Mã river, Bạng river, Yến River and Hoạt river The average height from to 15 m, interspersed with low hills and limestone exclusive lap - The littoral zone covers an area of 110,655 ha, accounting for 9.95% of the province, with 102 km long coastline, terrain is relatively flat 2.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS The climate in the project area is under highland tropical monsoon climate There are two distinct seasons: rainy season from May to October, and dry season from November to April of the following year The monthly climatic records at Thanh Hóa are summarized in the figures given below The average annual rainfall is 2000mm at Thanh Hóa Average temperature is 23-24 deg Cover the year Relative humidity is high throughout the year with an average of 81% Average wind speed varies from 14m/s to 32m/s Annual average sunshine hours is about 1600 hours in which, during the rainy season, sunshine duration is the least and about 50-100 hours per month The most sunshine duration is from May to July, exceeding over 280 hours per month Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Raining day mm 1400 18 1200 16 Raining days 1000 14 12 800 10 600 400 200 0 10 11 12 Month Figure 2.1: Diagram of monthly rainfall and number of monthly rain day Month Rainfall (mm) Rainning day 10 11 12 85 88 98 110 400 900 1000 1100 1300 1200 500 100 10 12 14 16 17 15 Table 2.1: Number of monthly rain day in Thanh Hóa Source: Viet Nam Climate, by Mr Pham Ngoc Toan & Mr Phan Tat Dac, Technical and Science Publisher – 1993) TN: Thanh Hóa Meteorology Station (Temperature: 1950-1970, Rainfall: 19151925; 1930-1945; 1955-1970, Humidity: 1958-1970, Wind: 1959-1970, Sunshine: 1958-1970) Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 10 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Benkelman beam rebound deflection survey result (No: / .) Item : General rebound modulus measurement on asphalt concrete pavement surface Survey date : April 2010 Survey device : French Model Benkelman Beam Temperature : 17.2 o Transfer ratio: 2:1 C I CHECK TRUCK WEIGHT: Load of one side wheel: 4900 (kg) Rear axle load: m= 9800 (kg) Rear axle weight Q= 9614 (daN) weigh 1/2 axle load m/2 = 4900 (kg) II Measure area of wheel path: Area of wheel path: Equivalent diameter of wheel path: Pressure of wheel 912 (cm ) Sb = Db = 1.13*SQRT(S b) = 34.1 (cm) P b = Q/(2.S b) 5.27 (daN/cm ) = III Calculate factors Weight adjustment factor Kq = Pb Db1.5 P D 1.5 With P - Pressure of standard wheel on road surface D - Equivalent diameter of standard wheel path Temperature adjustment factor Kt = 0.92 (cm ) = P = daN/cm D = 33 cm2 =  T  A  − 1 +  30  With T - survey temperature A - factor A=0.35 with surface course has slurry A = 0.3 with surface course has no slurry Kt = ⇒ Deflection adjustment factor Km Km = Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 1.1 (cm) o T= 17.2 C A = 0.35 1.176 1.06 Page 182 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION 2.1.3 Merlin test result Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 183 GRADUATION THESIS Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Page 184 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION 2.2 HANG VOI STREET 2.2.1 Surface condition survey result 2.2.2 Benkelman beam rebound deflection survey result 2.2.3 Merlin test result Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 185 GRADUATION THESIS Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Page 186 GRADUATION THESIS Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Page 187 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION CHAPTER III: PAVEMENT CONDITION ASSESSMENT 3.1 PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX (PCI) 3.1.1 PCI pavement condition assessment method With this method, pavement condition index PCI is determined by the following formula: PCI = C − ∑∑ a (Ti , S j , Di j ) F ( t , d ) n m i =1 j =1 Where: C – Maximum score for perfect pavement street section; C = 100 score Ti – Type numbers of defects Sj – Severe level of that type of defect, there are levels, those are light, medium and serious a(Ti, Sj, Dij): Score has to deduct depending on type number of defect Ti, Severe level of that type of defect Si and defect density of deducted street area Dij F(t, d): weighted factor is considered when streets have many defect types with variously severe level Table 14: Types of pavement defect: Types of defect Cracking Asphalt pavement Longitudinal cracking Transvese cracking Net cracking Large net cracking Reflect cracking Surface deformations Rutting Corrugation Depression Pushing Surface defect Bleeding Pothole Raveling Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 188 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Table 15: Score has to deduct with each defect type (asphalt pavement) Defect type Severe level Bleeding 10 50 100 30 50 60 Medium 10 14 22 35 55 75 12 17 28 45 70 10 16 25 32 40 Serious 12 20 35 62 68 Light 10 20 45 60 Serious 10 20 30 60 80 Light 10 20 33 65 75 Serious 12 27 40 75 100 Light 12 25 42 67 80 Serious 10 17 30 52 77 100 No level 10 12 20 30 Large net cracking Light Pothole 18 Serious Depression 0.1 12 Small net cracking Light Rutting Defect density (%) Table 16: Assessment criteria to plan repairing Fault rate Very good Good Fair Medium Bad Very bad PCI index 100-91 90-81 80-71 70-51 50-31 ≤ 31 Repair method Routine Small Unnecessary maintenance repair Smallmedium repair Medium- Major repair Major or repair improvement Table 17 – Basis to determine severe level and defect density Type of defect Basis to determine severe level Basis to determine defect density Unit Dij (%) L(m length) lxb A Longitudinal,transverse cracking Width of cracking,breaking of cracking edge Crocodile cracking Width of cracking, breaking of edge and dimension of cracking S(m2) S A Depression Depth of depression S(m2) S A Rutting Depth of rutting S(m2) S A Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 189 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Basis to determine defect density Basis to determine severe level Type of defect Unit Dij (%) Raveling No level classification S(m2) S A Patching Perfect level of patching S(m2) S A Note of table 17: l – Length of cracking (m) b – Width of pavement is affected by hydrous cracking, choose b=0.3m A – Total area of survey street section pavement (m2) S- Area of defect part (m2) 3.1.2 Hang Bong Street assessment by PCI - PCI is calculated as the formula: PCI = C − ∑∑ a (Ti , S j , Di j ) F ( t , d ) n m i =1 j =1 With: C= 100 Table 18: Calculate deducted score Right carriageway Station Section Ti Sjmax Dijmax(%) a No Left carriageway F a.F Ti Sjmax Dijmax(%) a F a.F 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 1 0 0 15 10 2 1 10 1 20 5 0.71 1.42 0 0 25 1 10 1 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 190 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION 40 0 0 0 0 45 10 0 0 0 0 50 11 0 0 0 0 55 12 1 10 1 1 0 0 60 13 1 10 1 1 10 1 65 14 1 1 1 0 0 70 15 0 0 0 0 75 16 1 10 1 1 1 80 17 2 1 10 1 85 18 1 10 1 1 10 1 90 19 1 10 1 1 10 1 95 20 1 10 1 1 0 0 100 21 1 10 1 1 10 1 Total score 19.42 Note: Sj – Severe level of that type of defect, there are levels, those are 1-light, 2-medium and 3-serious PCI = C − ∑∑ a (Ti , S j , Di j ) F ( t , d ) =100-(19.42+7) = 73.58 n m i =1 j =1 PCI = 71÷80 so following table 16, we can conclude that pavement surface condition of Hang Bong Street is fair and repair method of this Street is small repair 3.1.3 Hang Voi Street assessment by PCI - PCI is calculated as the formula: n m ( ) PCI = C − ∑∑ a Ti , S j , Di j F ( t , d ) i =1 j =1 With: C= 100 Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 Page 191 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Table 19: Calculate deducted score Right carriageway Station Left carriageway Section Ti Sjmax Dijmax(%) a F a.F Ti Sjmax Dijmax(%) a No F a.F 0 0 0 10 2 1 10 1 1 10 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 10 1 20 0 0 0 1 10 1 25 0 0 0 10 2 30 1 10 1 10 0.71 35 0 0 0 10 2 40 0 0 0 1 10 1 45 10 0 0 0 10 1 50 11 1 10 1 10 0.71 55 12 0 0 0 1 10 1 60 13 0 0 0 1 10 1 65 14 1 10 1 0 0 0 70 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 16 1 10 1 0 0 0 80 17 1 10 1 10 2 85 18 1 10 1 0 0 0 90 19 0 0 0 1 10 1 95 20 0 0 0 1 10 1 100 21 0 0 0 1 10 1 Total score Đỗ Mạnh Long – English Road and Bridge - 47 2.13 2.13 22.26 Page 192 GRADUATION THESIS ROAD AND HIGHWAY SECTION Note: Sj – Severe level of that type of defect, there are levels, those are 1-light, 2-medium and 3-serious PCI = C − ∑∑ a (Ti , S j , Di j ) F ( t , d ) =100-(7+22.26) = 70.24 n m i =1 j =1 PCI = 51÷71 so following table 16, we can conclude that pavement surface condition of Hang Voi Street is medium and repair method of this Street is small - medium repair 3.2 PAVEMENT STRENGTH ASSESSMENT 3.2.1 Assessment method Load capacity of pavement is assessed by intensity coefficient Kcd: Kcd=Ett/Eyc Where: Eyc (daN/cm2): Requirement elastic modulus depending on volume and load of traffic in survey time, as in 22 TCN 211-06 standard Ett (daN/cm2): Equivalent modulus elastic of the survey pavement is measured by Benkelman as in 22 TCN 251-98 standard Kcd