chuyên đề ôn tập môn tiếng anh

Giới từ là từ hay cụm từ thường được dùng trước danh từ hay đại từ để chỉ mối liên hệ giữa các từ này với các thành phần khác trong câu.. Kinds of prepositions..[r]

CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP ÔN TẬP LỚP 12

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: TENSES OF VERBS

I. SIMPLE PRESENT : (Thì đơn) 1. Form:

Affir : S+Vinf /V+s, es Ex : Water boils at 100o c. Neg: S+ do/ does + not+

Vinf

Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry Inter: Do/ does+ S + Vinf …? Ex : How often you go to school? 2. Cách dùng chính:

Diễn tả :  Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức hiện tại ( I’m tired/she doesn’t know what to now )  Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán.( The Vietnamese have “banh chung” on Tet holiday)  Chân lí, thật hiển nhiên.(Water boils at 1000 C.)

 Hành động thường xuyên xảy ra.(Mary often goes to school by bike)

 Hành động xảy theo thời gian biểu, lịch trình, chương trình (The train leaves at 7.30 tomorrow morning)

 Dùng mệnh đề thời gian, thay cho tương lai đơn để hành động xảy ( When I arrive at the destination, I’ll phone you.)

Các trạng từ dùng kèm : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then

Notes : Qui tắc thêm es động từ có S số : - Các đợng từ tận là : o, sh, ch, x, s, z

- Các động từ tận là y mà đứng trước y phụ âm ta đổi y  i + es ( She studies, Tom tries, He plays ).

II PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( Thì tiếp diễn) 1 Form

S + am/ is/ are + Ving Ex: We are studying English now S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving Ex: The company I work for isn’t doing

well this year

Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving ? Ex: What are you doing in the future? 2 Cách dùng:

Thì HTTD dùng để diễn tả:

+ Mợt hành động diễn thời điểm hiện tại; sau câu mệnh lệnh, đề nghị Trong câu thường có trạng từ: now, right now, at the moment, at present,

Ex: Be quiet! My son is sleeping

+ Một hành động lên kế hoạch thực hiện tương lai gần Ex: I am going to the cinema with my father

+ Một hành động thời không kéo dài lâu, thường dùng với today, this week, this month, these days, 3. Những động từ khơng dùng HTTD:

b Đợng từ tình cảm, cảm xúc: love Hate, like, dislike, want, with,

c Động từ trạng thái, liên hệ: sở hữu: look, seem, appear, have, own, belong to, need, d Đợng từ sinh hoạt trí ṭ: agree, remember, know,

III PRESENT PERFECT TENSE : (Thì hoàn thành)

1. Form

2. Cách

dùng: Thì hiện tại hồn thành diễn tả:

2.1 Một hành động xảy khứ khơng xác định rõ thời gian Eg I have visited London.

2.2 Một hành động vừa xảy Cách dùng thường dùng kèm trạng từ just: Eg She has just gone out.

2.3 Một hành động bắt đầu khứ tiếp tục đến tương lai Cách dùng thường dùng kèm với for (trước khoảng thời gian) since (trứơc mốc thời gian):

Eg We have learned English for years I have lived here since 1995

2.4 Thì hồn thành dùng cấu trúc sau:

This is the first/ second time + S + have/ has +V3/ ed. Eg This is the first time I’ve ever visited London

3 Thì hồn thành thường dùng với từ sau đây: already, never, ever, yet, before, for, since, so far/ until now/ up to now/ up to present (cho đến bây giờ)

IV PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS : (Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

1. Form

2. Cách dùng: Thì hồn thành diễn tả:

2.1 Một hành động bắt đầu khứ và cịn kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại và cịn tiếp diễn đến tương lai, thường dùng với How long / since/ for.

How long have you been waiting for her? => I have been waiting for her for an hour Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành: Nhấn mạnh kết quả, số lần hành đợng

Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn: Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành đợng V SIMPLE PAST (THì khứ đơn)

1 Form

S + V2ed Ex: I saw him yesterday. S + did + not +

Vinf

Ex: She didn’t come last week S + has/ have + V3ed Ex1: I’ve just opened the door

Ex2: We have studied English for many years S + has/ have + not + V3ed Ex3: Jack hasn’t come recently.

Has/ Have + S + V3ed? Ex4: How long have you studied English?

S + has/ have + been + Ving Ex : It has been rainning for two hours

S + has/ have not + been + Ving Ex: Jack hasn’t been doing nothing this morning Has/ Have + S + been +Ving? Ex: Why are your clothes so dirty? What have

Did + S + Vinf ? Ex: Did Mr Lee phone an hour ago? 2 Cách dùng:

Thì khứ đơn dùng để diễn tả hành động xãy và hoàn tất khứ với thời gian xá định rõ Các trạng từ kèm yesterday, ago, last week/ month/ year, in the past, in 1999

VI PAST CONTINUOUS (Thì khứ tiếp diễn) 1 Form

S + was/ were + Ving Ex: We were watching TV at pm yesterday S + was/ were + not + Ving Ex:I was writing while my father was reading Was / were + S + Ving ? Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang 2 Cách dùng chính:

2.1 Một hành động xãy vào một thời điểm một khoảng thời gian khứ. Ex: She was studying her lesson at last night

What were you doing from pm to pm yesterday?

2.2 Một hành động xảy (V-ing) khứ có mợt hành đợng khác xen vào (V2/ed) Ex: She was sleeping when I came

2.3 Hai hành động diễn song song lúc khứ.

While I was doing my homework, my younger brother was playing video game. VII.PAST PERFECT (Thì khứ hoàn thành)

1 Form

S + had + V3ed Ex: I had gone to bed by 10 o’clock last night. S + had + not + V3ed Ex: The man was very nevours He hadn’t flown

before

Had + S + V3ed ? Ex: Had Sarah left the party by the time we arrived?

2 Cách dùng chính: Thì QKHT dùng:

2.1 Một hành động xãy và hoàn tất trước một thời điểm một hnàh động khác khứ ( hành động trước dùng had + V3/ed, hành động sau dùng V2/ed).

Ex: Lucie had learned English before she came to England

2.2 Một hành động xãy chưa hoàn thành, tính đến thời điểm nào khứ. Ex: By the time I left that school, I had taught there for ten years

3 Thì dùng với từ, ngữ sau đây: 3.1 After, before, when, as, once

Ex: When I got to the station, the train had already left

3.2 No sooner than ( vừa ); Hardly/ Scarcely when (vừa ) Ex: He had no sooner returned from abroad than he fell ill

 No sooner had he returned from abroad than he fell ill (Anh vừa trở từ nước ngoài đâm bệnh)

VIII PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Thì q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn) 1 Form

S + had + not + been + Ving

Had + S + been + Ving? How long had you been living here when we met?

2 Cách dùng

Thì QKHTTD dùng để nhấn manh tính LIÊN TỤC hành đợng một hành động khác xảy ra khứ

Ex: When she arived, I had been waiting for three hours. IX SIMPLE FUTURE (Thì tương lai đơn)

1 Form

S + will / shall + V1 Ex1: I’ll buy it tomorrow

S + will / shall + not + V1 Ex 2: I think it won’t rain tomorrow

Will / Shall + S + V1? Ex3: Will you go with me? 2 Cách dùng chính: Thì TLĐ dùng để diễn tả:

2.1 Một hành động xảy tương lai. I will call you tomorow.

2.2 Một định đưa vào lúc nói It is cold I’ll shut the window.

2.2 Một tâm, lời hứa , một đề nghị, yêu cầu I will lend you the money.

2.3 Mợt tiên đốn, dự báo tương lai People will travel to Mars one day.

3 Một số trạng từ thời gian thường gặp: tommorrow, tonight, next week/ month/year, some day, in the future,

LƯU Ý : cách dùng BE GOING TO + V - Diễn tả ý định ( khơng có kế hoạch)

Ex: I have saved some money I am going to buy a new computer - Diễn tả mợt dự đốn có

Ex: Look at these clouds It’s going to rain

X FUTURE CONTINUOUS(Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) 1 Form

S + will / shall + be + Ving Ex1: I’ll be seeing Jonh at 8o’clock tonight

S + will / shall not + be + Ving

Ex 2: We won’t be doing anything this time tomorrow

Will / Shall + S + be + Ving?

Ex3: Will you be working at your office 10a.m this morning?

2 Cách dùng: Thì TLTD dùng để diễn tả một hành động sẻ diễn một thời điểm hay một khoảng thời gian tương lai

XI FUTURE PERFECT (Thì tương lai hoàn thành) 1 Form

S + will / shall + have + V3ed Ex1: I’ll have finished my work by noon

S + will / shall not + have + V3ed Ex2: He won’t have finished the report by next Monday

Will / Shall + S + have + V3ed? Ex: Will you have finished your work by 10 a.m tomorrow?

2 Cách dùng chính: Thì TLHT dùng để diễn tả:

2.1 Một hành động hoàn tất trước một thời điểm tương lai. Ex: It’s now pm I will have finished teaching this class by 8.30. 2.2 Một hành động sẻ hoàn tất trước một hành động khác tương lai Ex: By the time you come back, I will have written this letter

Thì thường bắt đầu bằng: By + time ( by then, By the time, By the end of this week/ month/ year). XII FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Thì tương lai hồn thành tiếp diễn)

1 Form

S + will / shall + have + been + Ving Ex1: By the end of this year, my father will have been working here for 20 years

S + will / shall not + have + been + Ving

Will / Shall + S + have + been + Ving?

2 Cách dùng chính:

Thì TLHTTD dùng để nhấn mạnh tính LIÊN TỤC hành động so với một thời điểm nào hành đợng khác tương lai

Ex: By next month, he will have been working in the office for ten years.

When George gets his degree, he will have been studying at Oxford for four years

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2: SỰ PHÙ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ (SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT)

My brother is a tescher Her brothers are doctors

1 Dt kết hợp với với từ AND làm chủ ngữ:

Chỉ hai người động từ chia số nhiều ( AND hai người) Ex: A and B are students Chỉ người động từ chia số ít: (AND hai chức vụ người)

Ex: The CEO (lãnh đạo cấp cao) and Managing director is Mr Long 2 Cụm danh từ: THE N1 Of THE N2 + V- N1

The reports of the department were lost yesterday. The report of the department was lost yesterday. The danger of eating too many chips worries her.

- Attendance at this year’s seminar is low.

NOTE: KHƠNG NHẤT THIẾT PHẢI ĐI VỚI GIỚI TỪ OF CĨ THỂ GIỚI TỪ AT/ IN TA CHỈ CẦN QUAN TÂM ĐẾN DANH TỪ ĐẦU

3 Each (mỗi) , every( Mọi) ln với danh từ đếm được, số + động từ số ít: + Every body is hungry

+ Each of the + N so nhiều + V so ít

Each of the students has a pencil ( Each đứng trước) + Each đứng sau dt + V số nhiều

The students each have a pencil (Each đứng sau) NOTE: Each student and every teacher + V số ít

Both N1 and N2/ Both students/ Both of the students/ Many (adj) students / many of the students/ A few/ several + N số nhiều + V số nhiều

4 Gặp “neither nor”, “either or”, “not only but also” – V phu thuoc vao chu ngu sau (either + S1 or S2/ neither S1 nor S2 + V-S2 )

Either he or I am wrong

Not only the students but also the professor is going to attend Không sinh viên mà vị giáo sư tham dự

5 as well as, in addition to, together with, along with, accompanied by, including, not to mention S1, + as well as / along with/ accompanied by , + S2 + V- S1

Ex: Obama, accompanied by his wife and children, is coming into the White house.

Dorothy, as well as her brothers, intends to spend the summer here Dorothy, em trai cô ấy, dự định nghỉ hè

6 Khi chủ ngữ danh từ tập hợp: jury, committee, crowd, team, group, majority -crowd (đám đông), team, group, family + V- số : chun gs ta coi là một đơn vị/ V-số nhiều ta coi là cá nhân mợt tổng thể

My family are arriving for the wedding at different times (Các thành viên) Gia đình đến dự đám cưới vào thời điểm khác

My family is happy

7 Subject mơn học có “-ics” “-s” + V-số ít

 Các mơn học và hoạt động: athletics (điền kinh), economics (kinh tế học), linguistics (ngơn ngữ học), mathematics (tốn học), politics (chính trị học) news

 Các mơn chơi, trị chơi: billiards (bi-da), checkers (cờ đam), darts (trị chơi phóng lao nhà),  Tên một số bệnh: diabetes (bệnh tiểu đường), measles (bệnh sởi), mumps (bệnh quai bị),

- Measles still strikes many Americans Bệnh sởi giáng xuống nhiều người Mỹ 8 Subject danh từ số nhiều: pants, trousers, shoes, scissos + V- số nhiều

A pair of V- số ít

- The scissors are very sharp Cái kéo sắc

- A pair of scissors was left on the table Cái kéo để lại bàn 9 S = khoảng thời gian/ khoảng cách địa lý/ khoản tiền + V- số ít

25 minutes is too late. 5 dollars is not much.

Twenty miles is the length of the race

10 Subject = tỉ lệ phần trăm: half of/ plenty of/ the rest of/ 30 % of + N ko dđ + V số ít/ + N số nhiều đếm + V số nhiều

- Sixty percent of his house is painted blue.( 60% nhà anh sơn màu xanh.)

- More than thirty percent of the houses on this street are for sale ( Hơn 30% nhà phố này chào bán.)

- Half (of) her relatives live abroad ( Một nửa thân nhân cô sống hải ngoại.) All, half, plenty, rest of + N-số ít/ N- số nhiều + V- số ít/ V-số nhiều:

All of my books are history. All of my money is

- All + N số nhiều / All of the Nsn + V số nhiều: All students / All of the students are intelligent.

- All + N ko đếm được/ All of the money + V số ít: All money The number of + N- số ít/ nhiều + V- số

A number of + N- số nhiều (= many) + V- số nhiều A number of students are late today

The number of students is 42

11 Khi chủ ngữ tựa sách, tên tác phẩm nghệ thuật, kịch động từ số - Sons and Lovers was one of the strangest books I have ever read

12 Here/ There + Inversion

Ex: Here comes the train! (Tàu đến rồi)- chủ ngữ là THE TRAIN There is a cat on the table.

CHUYÊN ĐỀ : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I HÌNH THỨC CÁCH DÙNG

Types and Use (Loại và Cách dùng )

If Clause ( Mđề IF) Main Clause ( Mđề chính)

Possible Condition  ĐK xảy HT&TL

- IF + S + V ( HTĐ) *BE: am, is ,are

- IF + S + should + Vinf ( Chỉ ĐK có khả xãy ra)

- S + shall + Vinf can may

- S + V(HTĐ) : hành động thường xuyên xảy ra, thật hiển nhiên

- Câu mệnh lệnh Type

Present Unreal

Condition:

 ĐK xảy HT&TL (trái HT)

- IF + S + V (QKĐ)

*BE: were dùng với mọi chủ ngữ)

- IF + S + WERE + To Vinf ( Nếu phải làm : Chỉ bổn phận, trách nhiệm)

would

S+ should + Vinf could might

Type

Pass Unreal

Condition

 ĐK xảy khứ(trái QK)

IF + S + V(QKHT) V (QKHTTD)

would should

S + could + have + V3ed might

Type

Mixed Condition  DDK hỗn hợp ( Kết hợp loại và loại 2)

IF + S + V (QKHT) (Loại : ĐK trái QK)

Would

S + Should + Vinf Could

Might

(Loại : Kết trái hiện tại) Ex: If it is fine, we will go camping

If you should know where he is, please tell me (=If you happen to know where he is , ) They always go fishing if they have time

I’d fly everywhere if I were a bird

If you had met the president yesterday, what would you have done? If I hadn’t been working at that time, I would have gone with you If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now

II MỘT SỐ TỪ KHÁC CÓ THỂ THAY THẾ CHO “IF”: - Supposing (that) : giả sử

- Provided that : miễn là

- In case + clause/ In case of + N : phòng khi, đề phòng trường hợp - In the event that : trường hợp

- On the condition that + clause : Với Đkiện là - As long as : miễn là

- But that + Clause = Unless / If not : Nếu khơng - But for + N: Nếu khơng vì/Nếu không nhờ

- Without + N : Nếu

Eg: - Without water, life on the earth would come to an end. = If there were no water, life on the earth - Bring a raincoat in case of a rain

= Bring a raincoat in case it rains

- But for your help, we couldn’t have done the work = If you hadn’t helped us, we couldn’t - Be careful or you will cut your hand

Be carefull Otherwise, you will cut your hand = If you are not carefull, you will cut your hand  Sentence Transformation: (Chuyển đổi câu)

1 UNLESS/BUT THAT = IF … NOT

If + Neg form = Unless/But that + Affir form am /is/ are not

/does not + Vinf If + S + did not+Vinf were not had not+ V3ed

am /is/ are Vinf/+s /+es = UNLESS + S + V2ed BUT THAT were had + V3ed Ex: If you didn’t study hard, you’d get bad marks

= Unless you studied hard, you’d get bad marks.

Note: Nếu câu với Mđề IF Kđịnh, Mđề thể phủ định , ta chuyển sang UNLESS = cách đổi Mđề thành thể Kđịnh

Ex: If you are lazy, you can’t be successful = Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.

2 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có without sang dùng if :

Without + N = If + S + V(phủ định) , mệnh đề lại giữ nguyên ( tùy theo nghĩa mà có câu cụ thể) Ví dụ:

Without your help, I wouldn’t pass the exam ( khơng có giúp đỡ bạn ,… ) = If you didn’t help, I wouldn’t pass the exam ( bạn không giúp,… )

Without water, we would die ( khơng có nước,… )

= If there were no water, we would die ( khơng có nước, ) 3 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có Or, otherwise sang dùng if :

Dạng này thường có cấu trúc là câu mệnh lệnh + or, otherwise + S + will … Cách làm sau:

Đổi câu mệnh lệnh sang If you don’t … và bỏ or, otherwise Mệnh đề cịn lại giữ ngun Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late ( nhanh lên, không bạn trễ)

= If you don’t hurry, you will be late ( bạn không nhanh lên, bạn trễ) 4 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có But for sang dùng if :

- Thay But for + N = if it + be not + for + N , phần lại giữ nguyên Hoặc: Thay But for + N = If + S + V phủ định

Ví dụ: - But for your help, I would die = If it weren’t for your help, I would die Hoặc : If you didn’t help me, ………

- If it weren’t for the money, the job wouldn’t be worthwhile = But for the money, III. VIỆC BỎ “IF” TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN.

Trong câu điều kiện ta thực hiện đảo ngữ mệnh đề với If (If clause)

Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại I (type I): If-clause = Should + S + V(bare-inf.)… Eg: - If he comes, I’ll call the Police => Should he come, I’ll

- If he has cheated, he will have to be punished  Should he have cheated, he will have to be punished

b Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại II (type II): If-clause = Were + S + to V… * Câu có động từ "to be": If + S + were > Were + S

Eg: If I were you, I wouldn't that => Were I you, I wouldn't that

Eg: If Alan ate breakfest, he would’t = If Alan were to eat breakfast, he wouldn't overeat at lunch. => Were Alan to eat breakfast, he wouldn't overeat at lunch

If he worked more slowly, he wouldn't make many mistakes = If he were to work  Were he to work more slowly, he wouldn't make many mistakes

i Câu điều kiện loại III (type III): If + S + had Vpp => Had + S + Vpp Eg: If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently

 Had they realized the danger, they would have done it differently

Notes: Voi câu điều kiện phủ định, đảo ngữ ta để NOT sau chủ ngữ

Eg: - If you don't believe what I say, ask your mother => Should you not believe what I say, ask your mother

- If she were not shy, she would enjoy parties => Were she not shy, she would enjoy parties

- If I hadn't seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it => Had I not seen it with my own eyes, …

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 4: PASSIVE VOICE

1 Form: Active: S + V + O + …….

Passive: S + be + PP2 + adverb of place + by + O + adverb of time Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelf every weekend. Passive: The books are arranged on the shelf by her every weekend. Notes:

Sử dụng BY + tác nhân (agent) để nói người gây hành đợng.

* Nếu O câu bị động vật, việc ta dùng giới từ “ with’’ + O Eg: Smoke filled the room

- The room was filled with smoke Ex: The bird was shot with the gun. –> The bird was shot by the hunter. A kite was made by John

BẢNG GHI NHỚ CÁC MẪU BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA CẤC THÌ

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE

2 Present progressive S + am, is are + V.ing + O S + am, is, are +being+ Vpp (+ by O) Present perfect S + have, has + Vpp + O S + have, has + been + Vpp + (by O) Past simple S + V ( khứ ) + O S + was, were + Vpp + (by O)

5 Past Progressive S + was, were + V.ing + O S + was, were + being + Vpp + (by O) Past Perfect S + had + Vpp + O S + had + been + Vpp + (by O)

7 Future Simple S + with , shall + V.ing + O S + with , shall + be (o chia) + Vpp + (by O) be going to + V.inf S + be going to + V.inf +O S + be going to + be(o chia) + Vpp + (by O) Modal Verbs S + Modal verbs + V.inf + O S + Mdv + be (o chia)+ Vpp + (by O)

2 Các trường hợp đặc biệt.

Active Pasive

Make sb sth

The teacher is making us work hard

Be made to sth

We are being made to work hard by our teacher

Help sb (to) sth

He helped me (to) repair the washing machine

Be helped to sth

I was helped to repair the washing machine by him

Let sb sth

(1) His parents didn't let him buy a motorbike. S1 let sb S1( cho phép làm mình) (2) He let her cheat him (lừa dối)

(You )Don’t let others to see you ( câu mệnh lệnh chủ ngữ là You

Be let sth ( or be allowed to sth )

(1) He wasn't let buy ( wasn't allowed to buy) a

motorbike by his parents. Let oneself be PII

( ) He let himself be cheated  Don’t let yourself be seen by others

3 Động từ có hai bổ ngữ:

1 Đợng từ với giới từ TO: give, lend, send, show, …

Active: John will give me this book (=John will give this book to me.)  Passive1: I will be given this book by John

 Passive2: This book will be given to me by John 2 Động từ với giới từ FOR: buy, make, get, …:

Active: He bought her a rose (= He bought a rose for her.)  Passive1: She was bought a rose

 Passive2: A rose was bought for her 4 See / Notice / Hear / Listen to / Watch

Active: Passive

See seen

Notice noticed

Hear sb sth Sb Be heard to sth

Listen to sb doing sth listened doing sth

Eg: - Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police.

- He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police. 5 Câu bị động truyền khiến (Active and Pasive Causatives)

Active: HAVE SB DO SOMETHING/ GET SB TO DO SOMETHING Passive: HAVE /GET SOMETHING DONE (BY SB)

Ví dụ: - I have my younger brother clean the floor - I have the floor cleaned by my younger brother

6 Bị động đặc biệt:

Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce dùng với một hai cấu trúc sau: Cấu trúc 1: It is/was + Past participle + that + clause

People say that he is 100 years old => It is said that he is 100 years old

People expect that the strike will end soon => It is expected that the strike will end soon

Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses => It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses

Chú ý: Cấu trúc tương đương với câu chủ động có chủ ngữ số nhiều với nghĩa nói chung: people, everybody…

Cấu trúc 2:

S + Be + Past participle + to + Verb (1) Be + V-ing (2)

Have + Past Participle (3) Have been + V-ing (4)

Dùng (1) động từ mệnh đề phụ chia đơn, tương lai đơn: He is said to be 100 years old

The strike is expected to end soon

There is said to be a secret tunnel between those two houses

People said that he was a dedicated worker => He was said to be a dedicated worker

· Dùng (2) động từ mệnh đề phụ chia tiếp diễn, tương lai tiếp diễn:

They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain

People believe that she is studying abroad => She is believed to be studying abroad

· Dùng (3) động từ mệnh đề phụ chia hồn thành, q khứ đơn:

People say that he e s ca p e d to a neutral country => He is said to h a ve e s ca p e d to a neutral country People think that she h a s made progress in her studies => She is thought to h a ve made progress in her studies People allge that he sto l e the money => He is alleged to h a ve sto l e n the money

· Dùng (4) động từ mệnh đề phụ chia hồn thành tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn:

People say that he h a s b ee n pl a y i n g football since he was 5.=> He is said to h a ve b ee n pl a y i n g football since he was

Chú ý: Be supposed to ( do) dùng theo hai nghĩa sau: 1 Tương đương nghĩa với Be said to (do): “ Được cho rằng” - This film is said/supposed to be very interesting

2 Để nói bổn phận nghĩa vụ phải làm tương đương với cấu trúc: It’s sb’s duty to sth - It’s her duty to make tea at o’clock => She is supposed to make tea at o’clock

- It’s his duty to lock the door after the school finishes => He is supposed to lock…

Chú ý: was / were supposed to dùng để nói kế hoạch, xếp thường khác so với thức tế xảy ra:

- The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late - You were supposed to clean the windows Why didn’t you it?

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 5: REPORTED SPEECH

A.TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT (REPORTING VERB) Ở THÌ HIỆN TẠI: ->He says (that) he has not found his keys.

Ex1: He says: “I have not found my keys.”

Ex2: She says: “I shall go with my father tomorrow.” ->She says (that) she will go with her father tomorrow. Chú ý: - Đỏi cho phù hợp

- Khơng đổi đợng từ và trạng từ

B.TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT (REPORTING VERB) Ở THÌ Q KHỨ: -Đổi ngơi cho phù hợp

I He / she We - they You I / we

-Đổi động từ theo nguyên tắc “LÙI MỘT THÌ” (Thì q khứ hồn thành q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn khơng thay đổi )

-Đổi trạng từ thời gian nơi chốn sau:

Today that day

Tonight that night

Yesterday the day before / the previous day Last year the year before / the previous year Tomorrow the following day / the next day

Now then

Ago before

……… I C ÂU PHÁT BIỂU (Statements):

Reported Verbs: say that/ say to sb that/ tell sb that

Note: “I have to learn English right now I’ll go out with you tomorrow.” She told me

 She told me she had to learn English right then AND she would go out with me the following day. II.QUESTIONS:

Reported Verbs: ask + Object, inquire, wonder, want to know (no object) III/ C ÂU MỆNH LỆNH (Imperative): “VERB!” or “DON’T + VERB!” 1 Orders and requests:

Ex1: The teacher said to us: “Please keep silent.” ->The teacher told us to keep silent

Ex2: The teacher said to him: “Don’t talk in lass.”

->The teacher told him not to talk in class

“Please don’t tell anybody what happened,” Ann said to Jim - > Ann asked Jim not to tell anybody what had happened

* Sau đổi câu mệnh lệnh sang lời nói gián tiếp, ta có cấu trúc tổng quát sau đây:

* CHUÙ Ý: Ta dùng ASKED (yêu cầu) vào vị trí TOLD IV. Special Cases:

1. “ Shall we ?” ; “ Let’s ” ; “How about ?” ; “What about ?” Reported verb: SUGGEST + V-ing/ that + S + should st

Ex: “ How about going out tonight?” He said to me  He suggested our going out that night

 Or: He suggested that we should go out that night  Not right: He suggested going out that night.

2. “ Cigarrete?” he asked “No thanks.” I said (Thuốc ko?) Reported verb: offer sb st and reject/ decline

 He offered me a cigarette but I rejected/ declined

3 Câu hỏi bắt đầu Shall I/ we? Trong lời nói gián tiếp. Câu hỏi bắt đầu SHALL I/ WE có loại:

+ Lời ước đốn yêu cầu thông tin việc tương lai:

“ Shall I ever see them again?” he wondered ( Anh ta tự hỏi “ Tơi sẻ cịn gặp lại họ không?”)  He wondered if he would ever see them again

“ When shall I know the result of the test?” she asked  She asked when she would know the result of the test  S + wondered / asked if / Wh + S + would + inf + Lời yêu cầu dẫn lời khuyên:

“ What shall I say , mother ?” he said => He asked his mother what he should say/ was to say

“ Shall we post it , sir?” He said to the customer => He asked the customer if they were to post / should post it

 S + asked/ required if/ wh + S + should/ were/ was (phải) to inf + Lời đề nghị:

“ Shall I bring you some tea?” he said “ Would you like me to bring you some tea?” “ I’ll bring you some tea if you like.”

He offered to bring me some tea.  S offered to inf

+ Lời gợi ý: => suggested

“ Shall we meet at the theatre?” he said  He suggested meeting at the theater 4 Must needn’t

+ Lời suy đoán, mệnh lệnh: ko biến đổi Must

She said “ I’m always running into him; he must live in the area!” ( Tôi bắt gặp ta, là sống )

 She said that he must live near in the area

+ Must bổn phận thời gian thực định sẵn, lập kế hoạch bổn phận thực nhanh chóng => HAD TO

He said: “ I must wash my hands.” => He said that he had to wash his hands + needn’t thường không đổi

5 Câu điều kiện lời nói gián tiếp

+ Câu đk loại có biến đổi thì, loại ko + VD If clause + mệnh lệnh

He said “ If you have time wash the floor” => He asked me to wash the floor if I had time Or: He said that if I had time I was to wash the floor ( sử dụng)

+ Mệnh đề If + câu hỏi => tường thuật mệnh đề If bỏ sau: “ If the baby is a girl what will they call her?” he wondered  He wondered what they would call the baby if it was a girl “ If the door is locked what shall I do?” she asked

 She asked what she would if the door was locked

REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVE 1 Reported requests and orders

* to tell/ask someone to something

- “Listen to me.”, my teacher said => My teacher told me to listen to her - “Shut the door.” She said => She asked me to shut the door

* to tell/ask someone not to something

- “Don’t talk in class.” => My teacher asked me not to talk in class 2 Reported offers and suggestions

* offer, promise, refuse, agree, threaten, hope, wish,… => S +reported verb+ to –inf - “I will my homework.” => She promised to her homework

* remind, warn, advise, invite, allow, encourage, request, recommend, forbid => S +reported verb+ object + to-inf

- “You should not drink too much beer.” => He advised me not to drink too much beer REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND

1. Verb + Preposition

Here are some verbs plus a preposition followed by a gerund: to apologize for ing

to confess to ing = admit doing st to object to ing to complain about ing to participate in ing to dream of ing to take part in ing to insist on ing to think of ing to look forward to ing to win by ing to end in doing st (rốt phải làm gì: She ends in choosing English to learn.)

To put off to succeed in

To result in: gây kết to result from : có kết từ gì 2. Verb + Object + Preposition

Here are some verbs plus an object plus a preposition followed by a gerund:

to accuse someone of ing to prevent someone from ing to blame someone for ing to keep someone from ing to charge someone with ing to stop someone from ing to compliment someone on _ing to thank someone for ing

to congratulate sb on _ing to take advantage of ing to criticize sb for _ing to warn someone against _ing to fine someone for ing to have a good reason for ing to have difficulty in ing

3. To Be + Adjective + Preposition

Here are some combinations of the verb "to be" plus an adjective plus a preposition followed by a gerund: to be accustomed to ing to be interested in ing

to be excited about ing to be capable of ing to be responsible for ing to be used to ing to be tired of ing to be bored with ing to be good for ing to be good at ing to be bad/good/ skilled at ing to be guilty of ing to be embarrased at to be content with: hài lòng to be frightened/ scared of to be ashamed of

to be angry = furious about st/ with sb for doing st/not doing st 4. To Be + Noun + Preposition

Here are some combinations of the verb "to be" plus an object plus a preposition followed by a gerund: to be a victim of ing to be an advocate of ing

to be a believer in ing to be a supporter of ing to be a critic of in

MỘT SỐ CÂU THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG ĐỀ THI ĐẠI HỌC

1 “Why don’t you join us for our next class reunion?” Mary said to me (đề thi đh 2014) A Mary insisted on my joining them for the next class reunion

B. Mary cordially (/'kɔ:djəli/- thân ái; chân thành) invited me to join them for the next class reunion. C Mary strongly urged me to join them for the next class reunion

D Mary advised me not to join them for the next class reunion

2 “ Send this urgent document immediately!” the officer told the soldier. a The officer advised the soldier to send the urgent document right away b The officer ordered the soldier to deliver the urgent document instantly. c The officer requested that soldier rush out due to the document’s urgency

d The officer recommended the soldier leave right away because of the urgent document

3 “ I would be grateful if you could send me further details of the job,” he said to me (đề thi đh 2013) a He flatted me because I sent him further details of the job

d He politely asked me to send him further details of the job.

4 “ Why don’t we wear sunglasses?” our grandpa would say when we went out on bright sunny days. a Our grandpa used to suggest wearing sunglasses when we went out on bright sunny days.

b Our grandpa would warn us against wearing sunglasses on bright sunny days

c Our grandpa asked us why we did not wear sunglasses when going out on bright sunny days d Our grandpa reminded us of going out with sunglasses on bright sunny days

1. Advice:

Reported verb: advised sb to st/ advised sb not to st = advised sb against V-ing + “ If I were you, ” + “ You should ” + “ You’d better ” ; + “ Stop +V-ing or ”

2 Promise: promised to st + “I will ” ;

3 Invitation: invited sb to st + “ Would you like to inf ?” ;

4 Warn: warned sb not to st = warned sb against V-ing + “ Be carreful! ” ; “ Don’t or ” ;

5 Threaten: threatened to st + “ If you don’t , I/ we will ” ;

6 Suggestion: suggested + v-ing/ that + S + should + bare inf

+ “ Why don’t we ” ; “ Shall we go ” ; “ Let’s ”; “How about ?” ; “What about ?” Remind: reminded sb to st

+ “Remember to inf ” ; “ Don’t forget ” ; Beg: begged sb to st

+ “ Please, ” ;

9 Offer: offered sb to st

+ “ Would you like me to ” ; “ If you like, I’ll ” ;; 10 Order : ordered sb to st

+ “ Take immediately!” ; “Verb ”

CHUYÊN ĐỀ : RELATIVE CLAUSE

1 Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ trạng từ quan hệ mệnh đề quan hệ.

Restrictive clause Non- restrictive clause

Person Thing Person Thing

Subject Who

that

Which that

who Which

Object of verb Who/ whom

That/ Ø

Which That/ Ø

Who/ whom which Attached object of

preposition

Whom which whom which

preposition That / Ø That/ Ø

Possessive Whose

Of whom

Whose Of which

Whose Of whom

Whose Of which

1.1 WHO: Who là đại từ quan hệ người, đứng sau danh từ người để làm chủ ngữ (subject) tân ngữ (object) cho động từ đứng sau

Ex:

- The man who is standing overthere is Mr Pike - That is the girl who I told you about

1.2 WHOM: Whom là đại từ quan hệ người, đứng sau danh từ người để làm tân ngữ (object) cho đợng từ đứng sau

Ex:

- The woman whom /who you say yeaaterday is my aunt - The boy whose/ who we are looking for is Tom

Who/ whom làm tân ngữ lược bổ mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clause). Ex:

- The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt - The boy we are looking for is Tom

1.3 WHICH: Which là đại từ quan hệ vật, đứng sau danh từ vật để làm chủ ngữ (Subject) tân ngữ(object) cho động từ đứng sau

Ex:

- This is the book which I like best - The hat which is red is mine

Which làm tân ngữ lược bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clause) Ex: - This is the book I like best

- The dress I bought yesterday is very beuatiful

1.4 THAT: Xét chung, ta dùng THAT để thay cho WHO,WHOM WHICH (trong ví dụ tren)

a.Khơng dùng THAT để thay cho WHO, WHOM WHICH trường hợp sau đây: -Khi có giới từ trước: The woman whom he spoke to / to whom he spoke got angry with him -Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn (xem mục C dưới)

b.Bắt buộc phải dùng THAT trường hợp sau đây: -Sau cụm danh từ người lẫn vật:

The old man and the two dogs that passed my house were arrested by the police -Sau tính từ cực cấp (so sánh nhất): This is the most beautiful dress that I have -Trong cách nói sau: It + be + S + that … (Chính…… mà ……):

It is my friend that wrote this sentence

- sau cac tu : all, every, very, only : He reads every book that he can borrow - Sau tu First, Last: He was the first person that came in

_ Sau tu every, some , no, any : Everything that is under the sun is nothing new

1.5 WHOSE: Whose là đại từ quan hệ sở hữu Whose đứng sau danh từ người vật và thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ Thay cho sở hữu người, vật ( his- , her- , its- , their- , our- , my- , -’s ) Whose kèm với một danh từ.

1. 6 WHEN: When là đại từ quan hệ thời gian, đứng sau danh từ người vật và thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ thời gian When dùng thay cho at/on/ in which, then.

Thay cho cụm từ thời gian : then, at that time, on that day…. Ex: - May Day is the day when (on which) people hold a meeting. - That was the time when (at which) he managed the company

1.7 WHERE: Where là trạng từ quan hệ nơi chốn, đứng sau danh từ nơi chốn Where dùng thay cho at/ in/ to which, there.

Ex: - Do you know the country where (in which) I was born? - Hanoi is the place where I like to come

1.8 WHY: Why là trạng từ quan hệ lý do, đứng sau the reason Why dùng thay cho for which. Ex: - Please tell me the reason why (for which) you are so sad

- He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before 2 Phân loại mệnh đề quan hệ:

Có loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining/ restrictive relative clause) và mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining/ non-restrictive relative clause)

2.1 Defining relative clauses (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)

Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết tiền ngữ chưa xác định, khơng có câu không đủ nghĩa Ex: - The man who keeps the school library is Mr Green.

- That is the book that I like best

2.2 Non-defining relative clause (mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định)

Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết tiền ngữ xác định, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa

Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng xác định ngăn với mệnh đề dấu phẩy Trước danh từ thường có: this, that, these, those, my, his tên riêng.

Ex: - That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike. - This is Mr Jones, who helped me last week - Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar

- Harry told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much

Lưu ý: Không dùng THAT mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non-defining relative clause). 3 Giới từ mệnh đề quan hệ:

- Trong trường hợp đợng từ mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ, ta đem giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề quan hệ (trước whom, which).

Ex: The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike.

The shop from which I got my stereo has lots of bargains

- Ta bỏ whom, which và đặt giới từ sau động từ mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clause)

.Ex: The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.

The shop I got my stereo from has lots of bargains - Khi dùng that who, ta không đưa giới từ trước.

Ex: The man that/ who Mary is talking to is Mr Pike (NOT The man to that/ whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike.)

- Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ là thành phần cụm động từ (phrasal verbs) ta khơng đem giới từ trước whom, which.

- Khi dùng whom, which giới từ đứng sau đợng từ (ngoại trừ without). Ex: The man whom Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.

That is the man without whom we'll get lost (NOT the man whom we'll get lost without.) 4 Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ:

4.1) Dùng cụm Ving : Dùng cho mệnh đề chủ động

The girl who is sitting next to you is my sister = The girl sitting to you is my sister Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?

-> Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night? 4.2) Dùng cụm Phân từ hai : Dùng cho mệnh đề bị động

The house which is being built now belongs to Mr John = The house built now belongs to Mr Jonh They live in the house that was built in 1890 = They live in the house built in 1890.

4.3) Dùng cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to Vinf)

Dùng danh từ đứng trước có từ bổ nghĩa như: ONLY, LAST, số thứ tự như: FIRST,SECOND… He is the last man who left the ship = He is the last man to leave the ship.

-Động từ là HAVE/HAD: He had something that he could/ had to = He had something to -Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)

There are six letters which have to be written today There are six letters to be written today

GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to inf bạn cần nhớ điều sau: - Nếu chủ ngữ mệnh đề khác thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.

We have some picture books that children can read.= We have some picture books for children to read - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ phải đem xuống cuối câu ( lỗi dễ sai nhất).

We have a peg on which we can hang our coat = We have a peg to hang our coat on. 4.4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )

Dùng mệnh đề tình từ có dạng:

S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ

Cách làm: -bỏ who ,which và be: Ex: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 7: ARTICLES (MẠO TỪ)

MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH (INDEFINITE ARTICLE) : A/AN Quy tăc 1: a or an phải dựa vào phiên âm từ

- A/ An + count noun A + noun (phụ âm) a dog

An: đứng trước dt bắt đầu nguyên âm (ueoai) An uncle/ onion/ organe

Note: A university /ju:ni'və:siti/ A one /wʌn/-way street

An hour Quy tắc 2:

- a/ an không dùng với danh từ số nhiều

Quy tắc 3: dùng a/ an/ dt số nhiều cấu trúc: There + be + N There is a cat on the table

There are 12 cats on the table There is water in the glass Quy tắc 4: dùng với dt TIME

- time: (nghĩa: thời gian dt ko đếm được): ko dùng a/an: Time is gold. - Time: (lần- dt đếm được) 10 times

- Chỉ đơn vị đo lường, giá tiền: có dùng mạo từ

Ex: Eggs are just 79 cents a dozen Trứng 79 cents một tá. My car gets 20 miles a gollon ( gollon = 1,5 lít)

A plane can reach more than 60 miles an hour.

MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH (DEFINITE ARTICLE) : THE QUY TẮC 1: Dùng THE:

- Nhắc lại dt lần thứ hai dùng THE: There are cats on the table The cats are drinking milk The milk is good

- In the morning, in the afternoon at night

QUY TẮC 2: Dùng THE dt nhắc lần đầu hai người nói tự ngầm hiều dt được đề cập.

Ex: Lan went fishing, stood up in the boat, and fell in the water (hai người nói hiểu vùng nước nào)

QUY TẮC 3: The dùng trong:

- Dùng cụm dt với hai từ THE: the of the

- Xác định thêm cụm giới từ: THE + N + OF + THE Ex: The man in the black shirt is my teacher.

The black of the room is dirty. QUY TẮC 4: THE + N + MĐQH

Ex: The man who is sitting at the corner is my teacher

QUY TẮC 5: cấu trúc so sánh kép: The + ss + S + V, the + ss + S + V The cooler it is, the more I feel

- Trong cụm từ thứ tự: the first, the second , the next, the only QUY TẮC 6: Dùng THE tên sông, suối, quần đảo, đại dương

The Red river, The Pacific, The Atlantic Ex: The Thames flows into the North Sea.

QUY TẮC 7: Dùng THE với vật nhất: The earth, the sun, the moon The moon is full tonight

QUY TẮC 8: Dùng THE người: The poor, the rich, the English QUY TẮC 9: Dùng THE phương hướng

North/ South/ East/ West To the North: Về phía Bắc

- NOTE: số động từ Go / travel / turn/ sail/ fly/ walk/ move ko dùng THE với từ phương hướng Ex: go North ( phái Bắc)

- QUY TẮC 10: Dùng THE với nhạc cụ Play the guitar/ piano/ violin

Go to bed/ school/ college/ church

QUY TẮC 11: Ko dùng THE với số tên bệnh Measles ( bệnh sởi- đợng từ sau ln chia số ít)

Heart disease/ cancer/ mumps /mʌmps/ bệnh quai bị / influenze /,influ'enzə/: bệnh cúm QUY TẮC 12: Những từ dùng với THE

- The + tên: The Smiths (gia đình ơng Smith) - Trong quân đội: in the army, The police QUY TẮC 13: giống nhau

The same as ( có cùng): Kathy and I got the same grade Twins often have the same interests KHÔNG DÙNG MẠO TỪ: (NO ARTICLE)

QUY TẮC 1: Với dt không đếm được, đếm số nhiều cta nói chung chung. Ex: Dogs are loyal (loài chó trung thành)

Football is life

QUY TẮC 18: Ko dùng THE vời dt tên nước, đảo, núi, hồ, thành phố, sân vận động, tên công viên, sân bay, đường phố, cầu.

We live in France

We took the train from Hanoi to HCM city I live on PĐP street

QUY TẮC 19: Ko dùng THE tên một ngôn ngữ, bữa ăn English is an international language.

It’s time for lunch (BUT THE LUNCH I had at Cafe Sol was good value.)

QUY TẮC 20: Phân biệt với dt: PRISON, SCHOOL, HOSPITAL, UNIVERSITY Sally is in prison (she’s a prisoner.)

Sally is in the prison ( she’s a visitor to that specific building) phân biệt a little, little +N-uncount noun

a few, few + N- count noun

He is a man of few words ( Anh ta là mợt người đàn ơng lời)

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 8: INVERSION

1. Với từ: NO/ NOT

No + Noun + Inversion (Auxiliary + S + Verb ( inf)) Not any + Noun + Inversion

Eg: + I won’t lend you any money from now on (từ giừo trở tớ sẻ ko cho bạn vay tiền)  No money will I lend you from now on/ Not any money will I lend you from now on No time will he spend reading these books./ Not any time will he spend reading these books + Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy

(Cô ko nhỏ một giọt nước mắt nào câu chuyện kết thúc bi kịch)

I have never seen such a beautiful girl in my life = Never in my life I seen such a beautiful girl I seldom listen to rock music => Seldom I listen to rock music

2 He hardly ever speaks in the public => Hardly ever does he speak in the public

3 There was no precedent for the King’s resignation Ko có tiền lệ nào cho việc từ chức nhà vua) = chưa bao giờ trước có => Never before had any King resigned

Viết lại câu với khứ hoàn thành.

4 This is the first time I have seen such an interesting film Never => Never before have I seen such an

5 The way so much money has been spent on so little purpose must be a record (= never before) (Cách mà dành nhiều tiền vào mục đích nhỏ nhoi hẳn là một kỉ lục

Never before => Never before (chưa bao gời trước đây) has so much money been spent on so little purpose

3. Sử dụng cất trúc đảo ngữ với cấu trúc ONLY: Only once ( lần)

Only later ( sau này)

Only in this way ( cách này) Only in that way ( cách đó)

Only then ( ấy) + Auxiliary + S + verb ( inf) Only after + Noun/ V-ing/clause ( sau khi)

Only by + noun/ V-ing ( cách) Only when + clause ( khi)

Only if + clause ( nếu) Only with + Noun ( với)

Only in + adverb of time/ place ( vào/ ở…)

Ex: I have met her only once ( toi moi chi gap co ay nhat mot lan.)  Only once have I met her.

- Only later did I realize that my family played an important role in my life. Only when I went abroad to study, did I realize that

Only by doing a test every day, can you feel confident. 4. Đảo ngữ với từ NO:

At no time = Never (không bao giờ) + inver. On no account (ko có hồn cảnh nào) On no condition + inver (ko co dk nao)

Under / In/ no circumstances + inver (ko theo hoan canh nao) For no reason + inver (ko có lí gì)

In no way + inver.

No longer / Any longer + inver Ex:

2 He never suspected that his girl friend was an enermy spy = At no time did he suspect that  You mustn’t touch the switch on any account On no account ( On no account must you touch )

3. This button musn’t be touched under any circumstances

Under no circumstances (could this button be touched.) ( không dùng “must” nghĩa câu thây đổi)

4 He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day = He doesn’t smoke 20 cigaretts a day any longer No longer (does he smoke 20 cigarettes a day.)

5 At no time Eg: He never suspected that she was a witch ->At no time did he suspect that

5. Đảo ngữ với: No sooner had + S + P II + than + clause; Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely… When/before ( Vừa ….thì…) I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang

=> No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang I had hardly arrived home when the phone rang => Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang

1/ He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk

No sooner……… No sooner had he returned from his work than he got down to writing the letter 2/She just had time to put up her umbrella before the rain came down in torrents

No sooner……… No sooner had she put up the umbrella than the rain came down in torrents

3/She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her Hardly………

Harly had she begun to speak than people 6. Đảo ngữ với SO VA SUCH

a/ Đảo ngữ với SO: So + adj/adv + Au + S + that + clause He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch

=> So hard did he work that he forgot his lunch

The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night  So popular is the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night

1 It is so hot that you can fry an egg on the pavement So………… (So hot is it that you can fry Her grief was so great that she almost fainted So………

So great was her grief that she

3 The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book So……… b/ Đảo ngữ với SUCH: (Subject + such + N + that + clause)

 Such + Be + Noun + that + clause

The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night (= It is such a popular play that )  Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night

She is so beautiful that I can’t take my eyes off her Such is her beauty that I can’t take my eyes off her

Notes: Trong trường hợp Be + so much/ great => Such + be + Noun ( S) The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted

Her grief is so great that she almost fainted (C1: So great is her grief that )

 Such is her grief that she almost fainted (SUCH THAY THẾ CHO SO GREAT)

1 He was so intelligent that he could answer all the questions in “ Who wants to become a millionaire?”

Such

Such was his intelligence that ……… She is so attractive that many boys follow her

Such……… The hurricane winds were so strong that no building in the town escaped damage

Such……… -ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG SO SÁNH VỚI AS VÀ THAN:

- The cake was excellent, as the coffee was ĐN:- The cake was excellent, as was the coffee

- I thought, as my friend did, that the exam would be difficult ĐN:-I thought, as did my friend, that the exam would be difficult - He has more money than you

ĐN:- He has more money than you

7 Đảo ngữ với NOT ONLY/ ONLY WHEN: Not until / only when + clause/ adv, + invers Mãi đến

I didn’t realize who he was until he came into the light.  Not until he came into the light, did I realize who he was He couldn’t speak until he was

1 I didn’t know that I had lost my key until I got home

It was not until……… Not until………

2 He forgot (= he didn’t remember) about the gun until he got to the police station Not until……… Not until he got to the , did he remember about ( maĩ đến tới sở cảnh sát ) He didn’t return to his country until last June

Not till……… Not until last June, did he return to his country

8. NOWHERE + Inversion (ko đâu cả)

Nowhere + Au + S + V (NOT ANY = NOWHERE)

You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs Jones.( Bạn ko thể tìm thấy mợt người cơng nhân mẫn cán bà Jones)

Nowhere (will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones.) Nowhere can you find your wallet

Nowhere in the world is the climate as rough as that in the North Pole Nowhere I feel as comfortable as I at home

9. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện (Inversion in Conditional Sentences)

a. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại I (type I): If + S + Vhtd, S => Should + S + Vinfinitive

Eg: - If he comes, I’ll call the Police => Should he come, i’ll - If he has cheated, he will have to be punished

 Should he have cheated, he will have to be punished

b Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại II (type II): If + S + Vqkd, be- were, would ) * Câu có động từ "to be": If + S + were > Were + S

Eg: If I were you, I wouldn't that  Were I you, I wouldn't that

* Câu dùng động từ thường: If + S + Ved/irregular verb => Were + S + to Vinfinitive

Eg: If Alan ate breakfest, he would’t = If Alan were to eat breakfast, he wouldn't overeat at lunch. => Were Alan to eat breakfast, he wouldn't overeat at lunch

If he worked more slowly, he wouldn't make many mistakes = If he were to work  Were he to work more slowly, he wouldn't make many mistakes

b. Câu điều kiện loại III (type III) If + S + had Ved2 => Had + S + Ved2

Eg: If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently  Had they realized the danger, they would have done it differently

Notes: Voi câu điều kiện phủ định, đảo ngữ ta để NOT sau chủ ngữ Eg: - If you don't believe what I say, ask your mother

=> Should you not believe what I say, ask your mother - If she were not shy, she would enjoy parties

=> Were she not shy, she would enjoy parties

- If I hadn't seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it => Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it 10 Đảo ngữ với cụm trạng từ: Phrase + S + V

Here comes the train.

A portrait of Lenin was above the fireplace Above the fireplace was a portrait of Lenin On the table sat the cat!

Up went the price!

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: PREPOSITIONS (GIỚI TỪ)

A Definition

Giới từ là từ hay cụm từ thường dùng trước danh từ hay đại từ để mối liên hệ từ này với thành phần khác câu

I PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: (Giới từ thời gi n) On

On Sunday (morning) / 25th April / New Year‘s Day …

On holiday / business / duty / a trip / an excursion / fire / sale / a diet… In

In April / 1980

In summer / spring / autumn / winter In five minutes / a few days / two years

In the morning / afternoon / evening At

At o‘clock / the weekend / night / Christmas At the end of / at the age of

From to From 1977 to 1985 Since

Since 1985 / Monday / o‘clock For

For three days / a long time / one hour On

On a table / a wall / a bus / a train / a plane / the floor / a horse / television / the radio / the telephone

In

In a garden / a park / a town / the water / my office / hospital / a car In the middle of

At

At home / work / school / university / the station / the airport / a on ert / a party / a football match thichtienganh

At 10 Pasteur Street  By

By car / bus / plane (on foot)

By accident / chance: tính cờ, ngẫu nhiên  For

For a walk / a swim / a drink For breakfast / lunch / dinner

(*) SOME OTHER PREPOSITIONS:

- From : từ … Ex: I am from Vietnam, I get the book from the man - From … to … : từ … đến Ex: From o‘clock to o‘clock; from my house to school - Next to = near : cạnh Ex: I live near her house

- Behind : phìa sau Ex: the shop is behind the postoffice - In front of : rước Ex: my house is in front of the school

- On : rên Ex:the book is on the table

- Under : dưới Ex: the pen is under the book

- In : trong Ex: he is in the room - Out : ngoài Ex: he is out of the room

- Oppos te : đối diện Ex: my house is opposite the shop

VERB + NOUN + PREP: (Động từ + d nh từ + giới từ)

- give way o : nhượng bộ, chịu thua - catch sight of : thoáng thấy - give place o : nhường chỗ cho - keep pace with : theo kịp - lose sight of : hút, khơng nhín thấy - pay attention to : ý đến

- lose track of : dấu vết - put a stop to : put an end to: chấm dứt - lose touch with: liên lạc với - set fire to: burn : phóng hỏa

- make allowance for: xẫt đến, chiếu cố - take advantage of : lợi dụng - make use of : dùng, tận dụng - take care of : chăm sóc

- make fun of : chọc ghẹo, chế nhạo - take account of : quan tâm tới, lưu ý tới - make room for: dọn chỗ cho - take note of : lưu ý đến

- make a fuss over / about: làm om xòm - take notice of : ý thấy, nhận thấy II VERB + PREP: (Động từ + giới từ)

1 VERB + TO 2 VERB + FOR 3 VERB + ABOUT

- apologize to sb for sth - apply for - care about

- belong to - care for - dream about sb / sth

- complain to sb about sb / sth - pay for - think about

- happen to - look for - hear about: be told about

- introduce to - wait for - warn about

- listen to - blame for

- speak / talk to sb - leave for

- write to - search for

- prefer to - ask for - explain to

- invite to

4 VERB + ON 5 VERB + OF 6 VERB + AT

- concentrate on / focus on - consist of - laugh at / smile at

- depend on / rely on - die of - shout at

- live on - take care of - look at / stare at / glance at

- congratulate on - accuse of - point at / aim at

- spend on - remind of

7 VERB + IN 8 VERB + WITH 9 VERB + FROM

- succeed in - provide with - suffer from / borrow from - arrive in / at - charge with - save / protect / prevent from III ADJECTIVE + PREP: (Tính từ + giới từ)

1 ADJ + TO 2 ADJ + FOR 3 ADJ + ABOUT

- accustomed to - available for - angry about

- harmful to - famous for - worried about - similar to / agreeable to - late for - excited about - good / nice / kind / polite / rude

/… to sb - important to

4 ADJ + ON 5 ADJ + OF 6 ADJ + AT

- keen on - afraid of / full of - surprised at

- dependent on - aware of / tired of - quick at

- ashamed of - bad / good at

- capable of - brilliant at

7 ADJ + IN 8 ADJ + WITH 9 ADJ + FROM

- confident in - equipped with - different from

- successful in - bored with - absent from

- interes ed in - busy with - safe from

- rich in - acquainted with

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 10: COMPARISONS

I. SO SÁNH BẰNG:

S1 + v + as + adj/adv + as + S2

Ex: I am as tall as you (Tôi cao bạn)

Trong so sánh “khơng bằng” ta dùng so…as thay cho as….as I am not so tall as you (Tôi không cao bạn)

So sánh cho đối tượng khác yếu tố so sánh

Mary was as intelligent as she was beautiful (Sự thông minh Mary với nhan sắc cô ấy.) So sánh khác đối tượng lẫn yếu tố so sánh

She is as kind as her brother is honest (Cô tốt bụng với anh cô thật thà

Có thể thêm chữ sau trước so sánh để làm rõ nghĩa hơn: exactly = just, nearly= almost, hardly, twice, three times…

I am exactly/just as tall as you (Tôi cao bạn) I am almost/nearly as tall as you (Tôi cao gần bạn) II. SO SÁNH HƠN:

S1 + v + adj/adv+er +than + S2 S1+ V + more adj/adv + than + S2 I am taller (Tôi cao hơn)

I am taller than you (Tôi cao bạn) I am more beautiful (Tôi đẹp hơn)

I am more beautiful than you (Tôi đẹp bạn)

I am far taller than you (Tôi cao bạn nhiều) I am much more beautiful than you

This house is slightly more expensive than that one (Căn nhà này mắc nhà kia.)

III. SO SÁNH NHẤT

S+ V + the + ADJ/ ADV – est S + V + the most + adj/adv I am the tallest (Tôi cao nhất)

I am the tallest student in the class (Tôi là học sinh cao lớp) Nếu muốn nói số đối tượng dùng of phía sau Mary is the tallest of the three girls (Mary cao số gái) Cũng để cụm of… đầu câu:

Of the three girls, Mary is the tallest (Trong số cô gái, Mary cao nhất)

IV. SO SÁNH KÉP

+ Cùng tính từ: Cấu trúc này có nghĩa là : càng lúc càng , càng ngày càng

Cú pháp:

- Tính từ/Trạng từ ngắn: S + V + adj/adv + er + and + adj/adv + er - Tính từ/Trạng từ dài: S + V + more and more + adj/adv

Ví dụ: The weather gets colder and colder Thời tiết càng ngày càng lạnh

His daughter becomes more and more intelligent Con gái anh ngày càng trở nên thông minh

+ tính từ khác nhau: càng càng

The + comparative + S + V the + comparative + S + V.

Ví dụ:The richer she is the more selfish she becomes Càng giàu,cô càng trở nên ích kỷ The more intelligent he is the lazier he becomes Càng thông minh,anh ta càng trở nên lười

+ Dạng khác: (càng )

The + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Ví dụ: The more we study the more stupid we feel

Lưu ý: Trong câu so sánh kép, túc từ danh từ ta đặt danh từ sau tính từ so sánh.

Ví dụ: The more English vocabulary we know the better we speak. Càng biết nhiều từ vựng tiếng Anh, ta càng nói tốt

V SO SÁNH SỐ LẦN (dùng so sánh số lần để trước so sánh)

- Cú pháp S + V + multiple numbers * + as + much/many/adj/adv + (N) + as + N/pronoun. * là số half/twice/3,4,5 times; Phân số; Phần trăm

Ví dụ: She types twice as fast as I Cô đánh máy nhanh gấp hai lần đánh máy

I am twice as heavy as you (Tôi nặng gấp lần bạn) Nam drinks three times as much water as I

SO SÁNH SỐ LƯỢNG (Dùng so sánh HƠN số lượng để trước so sánh ) Ví dụ: I am kg heavier than you Có thể dùng danh từ thay cho số lượng

Ví dụ: I am a head taller than you (Tôi cao bạn đầu) = I am taller than you by a head

Lưu ý:

- Khi dùng so sánh loại phải xác định rõ danh từ đếm hay khơng đếm đằng trước chúng có much many

SỬ DỤNG ĐẠI TỪ THAT/ THOSE TRONG CẤU TRÚC SO SÁNH( tránh lặp lại dang từ cấu trúc so sánh)

Ex: The water of Death Sea is saltier than THAT of the Pacific Ocean.

The students in Ms Hong’s class is more hard- working than THOSE in the next door one.

Ghi chú: Riêng tận Y đổi thành I thêm er est narrow và clever thêm _er cho so sánh He is cleverer than I I am happier than you

-Cần phân biệt the least (ít nhất) với in the least cấu trúc not inthe least ( Không…chút nào) I am the least surprised.(Tôi ngạc nhiên nhất)

I am not in the least surprised (Tôi chẳng ngạc nhiên chút nào) Lưu ý:

1/ Nếu đối tượng so sánh với cách chung chung bỏ THE.

The stars are brightest when there is no moon (Nhất khơng có so với ai, đối tượng nào khác) 2/ Cần phân biệt most so sánh most mang nghĩa “RẤT” Khi mang nghĩa “RẤT” không dùng the.

He is a most brave man (Anh là một người dũng cảm)

3/ Các tính từ dài tận y, er, ow, ble, ple, tle, ite áp dụng cơng thức tính từ ngắn Riêng tận Y đổi thành I thêm er est.

He is cleverer than I I am happier thanyou

4/ Các tính từ so sánh khơng theo quy tắc: good/ well; bad …

5/ Có thể dùng cấu trúc sau với danh từ để so sánh: more of a, less of a, as much of a enough of a.

He is more of a sportman than his brother It was as much of a success as I expected He’s less of a fool than I thought

He’s enough of a man to tell the truth

6/ Những từ : clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, pleasant, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet dùng tính từ dài ngắn

This is the most quiet place in the region I felt more tired because of noise

7/ Khi thêm “-er ; -est”

- adj/adv một âm tiết kết thúc = phụ âm trước phụ âm là nguyên âm phải gấp đơi phụ âm trước thêm -er/est.

- Những từ kết thúc = ‘e” thêm -r/st

- Những từ kết thúc = -y, đổi –y sang –i trước thêm –er/est large larger largest

big bigger biggest dry drier driest

8/ Dùng “far/much” trước so sánh hơn, “by far” trước so sánh để nhấn mạnh thêm. Ex: This exercise is far/much more difficult than that one

1. Trong trường hợp so sánh người (hoặc vật) với nhóm mà gồm có hai, ta dùng dạng so sánh hơn, đứng trước

She is the older and the more beautiful of the two sisters My right hand is the stronger one

2. Older oldest: có nghĩa “già hơn”, “già nhất”, dùng cho người lẫn vật. Nam is older than Van Nam is the oldest boy in my class

That is the oldest house in the city

3 Elder eldest: dùng với người để so sánh tuổi anh chị em gia đình, có nghĩa là: anh (chị) lớn, anh (chị)

My elder brother is three years older than I Nam is Linh’s elder brother Lan is my eldest sister 4. Farther farthest: Thường dùng để nói khoảng cách, không gian

Haiphong is farther from Hanoi than Haiduong

Further further: Có thể dùng để nói khơng gian, thời gian, further cịn có nghĩa “thêm vào”, “hơn nữa”.

It’s not further than a mile from here I will give you further details later I shall need further help with this

SỬ DỤNG ĐẠI TỪ THAT/ THOSE TRONG CẤU TRÚC SO SÁNH( tránh lặp lại dang từ cấu trúc so sánh)

Ex: The water of Death Sea is saltier than THAT of the Pacific Ocean.

The students in Ms Hong’s class is more hard- working than THOSE in the next door one. CÁC CẤU TRÚC ĐẶC BIỆT

1/ MORE adj THAN adj She is more brave than wise 2/ MORE n THAN n

It is more a cat than a tiger

3/ NOT SO MUCH….AS …(Chỡ trống là danh từ, đợng từ, tính từ hay mệnh đề ) 4/ NOT SO MUCH + adj +AS

They’re not so much friends as lovers (= They’re more lovers than friends.) 5/ NOT SO MUCH + N + AS

I not feel so much angry as sad (=I feel more sad than angry ) 6/ NOT SO MUCH + V + AS

I don’t so much dislike him as hate him!

Phân biệt: A is no bigger than B (= A is as small as B.) A is not bigger than B (= A is as small as/ smaller than B.)

7/ NO MORE…A…THAN… B…(=B là khơng có tụt đối rồi, và A ví B)

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is (Cá voi chả thể nào là cá ngựa chả thể nào là cá vậy) Cấu trúc áp dụng vế hiểu không thật rõ, vế dược so sánh thế)

Xem thêm ví dụ:

A -I think he is intelligent

B -What are you thinking about? He is no more intelligent than the Dau’s wife

8/ NO LESS…A THAN….B…(Nghĩa giống no more than khơng có phủ định) This house is no less cheap than that house (Nhà này rẻ chả nhà đâu)

1 /

adj / adv + ER

A + V + _ + THAN + B MORE + adj /adv

 B + V not + SO / AS + adj /adv … AS + A adj / adv(phản nghĩa) + ER

 B + V + _ + THAN + A MORE + adj /adv(phản nghĩa)

Ex: Betty is younger than Susan  Susan is not so young as Betty ( Susan is older than Betty.)

2/

adj + ER

A + be + a(an) + _ + n + THAN + B

MORE + adj.

 B + V not + SO /AS + adv + AS + A Ex: He is a more careful driver than I am (= than me)

I don’t drive so carefully as he does (=as him)

3 /

S + has/have + never/not + V3 + such + a(an) + adj + n (before) adj + est

This is the + _ + n + (that) + S + has/have + (ever) V3 most + adj

Ex: He has never watched such an exciting match before  This is the most exciting match he’s ever watched

4 /

adj + er

No one / Nobody + place + be + _ + than + A more + adj

adj + est

 A + be + the + + place most + adj

Ex: No one in the village is stronger than Tom  Tom is the strongest in the village  Một số cách diễn đạt so sánh khác.

1 S + V + the same + N + (S2 + V)

Ex : My brother and I have the same height = My brother is as high as me

2 S + V + twice/three times etc/half as + adj/adv/many/much N + as + S2 (+ Aux/V)

( gấp lần/bằng )