ISBN: 0-8247-0436-3 This book is printed on acid-free paper Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright © 2001 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Current printing (last digit): 10 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To my son, Cyrus Foreword For the last decade, this collection of essays on topics in comparative and development public administration has been a basic source of information for academics, practitioners, and students around the world Professor Ali Farazmand of Florida Atlantic University has now planned, organized, and edited this revised and expanded Second Edition, which updates and enhances the value of the original publication Although a large majority of the chapters have been retained, most of them have been revised taking into account recent developments More than 20 new chapters have been added, increasing the collection to 76 chapters and making it even more comprehensive and current Most parts of the volume contain new contributions The contents are organized in two main units, the first treating a variety of elements in the study of comparative and development administration and the second dealing more specifically with administrative performance and political responsibility There are two major alterations in the format, one in each unit The first is a new group of four essays on historical bases of public administration and bureaucracy, dealing with ancient Persia; Greece, Rome, and Byzantium; India; and the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas The second is the deletion of a brief section on bureaucratic behavior and public policy, although one of the two articles in it has been shifted elsewhere in the volume As before, the authors represent an impressive array of expertise for many countries, but their contributions not advocate any particular approach to comparative analysis The result is a collection valuable enough to serve the differing needs of a variety of users This is a welcome addition to the literature available in our field at the opening of a new century Ferrel Heady Professor Emeritus Public Administration and Political Science University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico v Prologue Public Administration always involves both processes and tools: the processes of implementing public policy and the tools of public office Officials bear the responsibility for turning goals into realties—without them, policies remain only promises In this context, development has two faces: it may refer to policies that affect a society’s ability to achieve public goals, or to the capacity of government agencies to implement these purposes I think of the first as the administration of development, and the latter as the development of administration Of course, both need to be viewed in a comparative perspective in order to reach valid conclusions Analyses based on just one case or country cannot discover what has general and theoretical significance and what is better is explained by unique circumstances This second edition of the Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration is a greatly expanded version of a work that has already established itself as a prime source of knowledge in this field It is divided into two parts: the first dealing more with the administrative processes involved in development (both economic growth and bureaucratic capabilities) and the second part focuses on bureaucracy as a crucial instrumentality for these processes Although the work emphasizes development in less developed countries, it does not neglect the experience of more developed countries: each sheds light on the other Moreover, although the focus is on contemporary conditions, the book includes chapters on historical antecedents that put current conditions into a deeper context Whatever happens today needs to be understood by looking into the past and this perspective also paves the way for anticipating the future more clearly The bureaucratic role in development is always complementary with non-bureaucratic roles Within governance as a broad process, the agenda or goals of development are normally set outside the bureaucracy which is then charged with special responsibility for implementing public policies set by others The private sector, including entrepreneurs working for profit in market systems and civic groups working for a wide diversity of principled concerns, is a partner in this process in that they both support and constrain public officials Public policy depends heavily on their cooperation and initiatives to achieve its goals Thus, both administration and bureaucracy must always be seen as elements in a complex, as parts of a much larger system Nevertheless, the processes of policy implementation and the interest of bureaucrats as citizens and subjects of a state inevitably help shape outcomes We need to see these forces at work in the making of policy, where bureaucratic interests play a role, as well as in the implementing of vii viii Prologue policy where the capabilities and constraints experienced by officials help shape outcomes In short, the divide between politics and administration is always amorphous and fluctuating In some respects, we may even say that administration is just a form of politics The chapters that follow shed light on these phenomena in many ways, at different levels, places, and times They not necessarily agree with each other or present a unified message Rather, just as our world is a manifold inviting multiple perspectives on complex phenomena, so this handbook offers the reader a wide variety of points of view and insights Editor Ali Farazmand has performed a remarkable service by bringing them all together and presenting them in a coherent pattern Fred W Riggs University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii Preface The second edition of this encyclopedic handbook is a major update—a revised and expanded version of the first edition, published a decade ago The first edition was an overwhelming success as the only comprehensive handbook ever published that covered the twin fields of comparative and development public administration plus the field of bureaucratic politics and administrative theory It was well received, readily adopted by key scholars, teachers, and trainers at universities and institutes around the world Due to its overwhelming success, the first edition was reprinted several times during the 1990s, a decade of historical changes that included the fall of the USSR, sweeping privatization and governmental reforms around the world, and accelerating globalization of capital with significant implications—both positive and negative—for governance, public administration, and national self-determination The second edition of this encyclopedic handbook reflects these global changes with new discussions of historical roots of governance and public administration traced in the ancient civilizations, as well as original materials on ethics and accountability issues in modern public administration Contemporary changes of significance demanded substantial revision of the first edition, plus significant updates that reflect currency in the fields of comparative and development public administration, as well as bureaucratic politics and administrative behavior worldwide Addition of the historical materials as well as new treatments of ethical dimensions contributed to the expansion of the handbook from the 55 chapters of the first edition to 76 chapters, plus major revision and expansion of the chapters carried over from the first edition The breadth, scope, issues, and coverage of materials in the new edition take the readers well beyond the horizon of the triple fields through their intellectual/conceptual foundations, development, and applications around the world The purpose of this edition remains the same as that of the first: to bring together essays that analyze basic issues and major aspects of the fields of comparative and development public administration, and comparative bureaucratic politics and public policy Aspects of each field include a wide range of sectoral issues of industrial, urban, rural, agriculture, education, and other aspects of development and administration The major concerns of students of comparative and development public administration as well as of policy makers include issues of changes, modernization, dependency and independence, government reorganization, administrative reform and development, privatization, globalization, political economy of reform, ethics and accountability, ix x Preface professionalism, and historical roots of modern public administration in the ancient and medieval civilizations and philosophical grounds of both the East and the West Additionally, a focus on bureaucracy, bureaucratic politics, and political regime maintenance, as well as alternatives to bureaucratic administration, can be chosen for comparative analysis of administrative performance and political functions Alternatives to bureaucratic administration have gained global currency Much of this global trend in government and public administration reforms has embraced sweeping privatization, which must be understood in the much broader context of the globalization of capitalism This book covers these aspects and approaches, as well as a wide range of functions and related issues These include budgeting and financial management, planning and development, personnel administration, public management, public enterprise management, policy analysis, organization and reorganization, local and intergovernmental administration, globalization and regionalization, civil service politicization, bureaucratic politics, administrative efficiency and effectiveness, representation, corruption, ethics and accountability, civilization and administration, change and revolution, democracy, and more Such a comprehensive treatment has never been attempted before Although smaller collections are available in the fields, they are narrowly conceived and have not gone beyond certain specific areas of the world Most of these works either are grossly outdated or serve only a limited audience The new edition of Ferrel Heady’s Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective is, of course, a powerful textbook and is well adopted, but it is neither a handbook nor an encyclopedia The worldwide adoption of the first edition of this handbook as a primary textbook as well as a reference book provided a strong impetus for publication of the second edition The result is a comprehensive and up-to-date volume of original materials on governance, public administration, comparative and development administration, and comparative bureaucratic politics administrative theory and behavior that could have easily been published in two volumes but is offered in a single volume for adoption as a primary textbook as well as an encyclopedic reference book The book is divided into two major units, followed by a comprehensive index The first unit, which is very broadly focused, is organized into 10 parts and 56 chapters It covers a wide range of issues and aspects of public administration and public policy in developed and developing nations of the world Part I examines comparative and development administration in the temporal context of past, present, and future perspectives, followed by a discussion of the problems and organizational aspects of development and comparative administration Part II presents a comprehensive discussion of ancient civilizations and administration, with original chapters on the administrative legacies of Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, India, early native America, and later European traditions that shaped the modern enterprise of public administration Part III presents 11 chapters on public administration in more developed nations of the West (North America and Europe), the East (Japan), and Australia Of these, five chapters are entirely new, while others have been revised and updated Part IV offers impressive material on public administration and governance issues in the former Soviet Union and eastern and southern Europe Part V presents nine chapters on various aspects and issues of public administration and governance in Asia and Africa, with the most chapters focusing on Asia—covering countries from China, Thailand, and Korea in East Asia to India Kenya, Nigeria, and southern Africa are covered by three other chapters Part VI covers various aspects of public administration in developing nations of the Near and Middle East, Latin America, and the Caribbean; seven chapters—three new and four revised and updated—analyze such issues as state and public administration traditions in Iran from ancient times as well as contemporary reform in that country, bureaucracy and reform in the Middle East and Latin America, local government in authoritarian Chile, and state administration in socialist Cuba Part VII presents two chapters examining the issues of dependency, independence, 1110 Index Law-bearer, 41 Law enforcement, cryptography, 796 Law of countercontrol, 781 Law of Hamurabi, 53 Law of Personnel Exchange between the Public and Private Sectors, Japan, 269– 272 Law on Local Self-Government, Russia, 326 Law on Oblast and Krai Soviets and Oblast and Krai Administrations, 326, 327 Law on State Enterprise of 1987, Russia, 321 Laws accountability, 783 Achaemenid Persian Empire, 47, 52–53 corruption, 769 religion, 637 Judea, 63 Roman empire, 70 Lawson, Nigel, 162 Leadership code, 768–769 Lebanon, civil service, 576 Left-right orientation, Poland, local authorities, 357 Legislation, occupational safety and health, Soviet Union, 305 Legislative oversight, accountability, 782 Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, 863 Legislative system, Sasanian Empire, 544 Legislative yuan, 406 Legitimacy, 73, 365 Leitourgiai, 66 Lender opinion, privatization, developing countries, 981 Lenin, 314–316, 337 center-periphery structure, 314–316 regional relations, 314–316 self-determination, 332 Lesotho, 530 political economy, 522 Letter of agreement, 466 Liberal-nonliberal orientation, Poland, local authorities, 356–357 Liberal Party, 587 Liberals, Italy, 228 Liberation Theology, 637–639 Liberia anticorruption agencies, 769–770 corruption, 768 Liechstenstein, 646 Life insurance, electronic commerce, 800 Linkages, Literacy, Brazil, 713 Literature administrative reform, Australian executive branch, 240–242 [Literature] change, 551–553 change agents, 552–553 Fort Lauderdale, FL, 133–134 Sasanian Empire, 545 Lithuania, 333 case study, 369–376 analysis and comparison, 374–376 context, 369–370 program impact, 373–374 program methodology, 372–373 training, 370–372 NGOs, 370 ownership, 366 physical deterioration, 373 work ethic, 366 Liturgies, 66 Load shedding, 677–678 Loan festival, 484 Loan mela, 484 Local Authority Transfer Fund (LATF), Kenya, 493 Local Autonomy Act, South Korea, 446– 449 Local Autonomy Act Amendment, 455 Local councils, ROC, 406 Local financial system, South Korea, improving, 446 Local government Achaemenid Persian Empire, 53–54 Chile, 605–612 Kenya, policy development, 492–493 Poland, 347–348, 348–353 ethical reasoning, 353–354 population, 359–370 1980’s, 348–350 1990’s, 350–353 values, 354–359 satrapies, 541 South Korea, 449–451 revenue sources, 452 Local Government Act, Kenya, 490 Local Government Service Commission, Kenya, 497 Local party politics, Chile, 610–611 Lok Sabha, 476 Lose-lose solution, 722 Love, country, 65 Loyalty, 945 Lullubi, 535 Lycurgus, 63 MacArthur, Douglas, 132 Madeira islands, 214 Magies, 36 Index Magister, 110 Magna Carta, 111–112 Magnates, 107 Mahamatra, 80 Mahanager Telephone Nigam Limited, 462 Mahmud II, 1022 Maine, Henry, 62–63 Mainland, 507–508 Majlis, 892, 1081 Majlis, 1080 Malabre, Alfred, 160 Malawi, 530 political economy, 522 Malekin, 893 Mameluke dynasty, 821 Management effectiveness, 365 Managerialism, 680–681 Australian executive branch, 244–245 Southern Africa, 521–530 Managerialist regime, Australian executive branch, 244 Managerial/organizational approach, accountability, 782 Mandarins, 817 Mantri, 80 Mantrin, 80 Mantri parishad, 80 Mao Zedong, 409, 726 Marashu and Sons, 525 MARD (See Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) Marduk, 41 Mariam, Mengistu Haile, 1067 Marketing, ethics, Internet, 801 Market surrogates, 755 Marshall Islands, 646 Martyrs Foundation, 637 Marx, Karl, 726 Marxism-Leninism, China, 410 Marxist parties, 610 Marxists, India, 85–86 Marzpan, 543 Materialism, Poland, local authorities, 355–356 Matignon, 965 Mauryan Empire, 78–81 bureaucracy, 79–80, 85 Mavardi, 545 Mayas bureaucracy, 92 education, 97 judicial order, 96 nugatory agricultural practices, 94–95 religion, 92 taxes, 93 Mayors Chile, 609–610 Italy, 230 Mazdakite movement, 544 McClelland, David, 26–27 Meden Agan, 62 Medes, 536–537 Media (See also Press) bureaucracy, 877–882 characteristics, 879–880 images, 878 motives, 879–880 politics, 881 public agenda, 880–881 Median Empire administration, 35–36 bureaucracy professionalization, 49 justice, 36 military, 36 Medieval England, 103–116 evolutionary development, 114–115 parliament, 112–113 public administration evolution, 105–113 Medieval Islamic Iran, 545–547 Meiji constitution Japanese public administration, 249–252 administrative culture, 250–251 study and education, 251–252 mentoring, Thailand, women, 936 Mercer Group survey, 137 Merit reform Latin America, 593–602 conceptual model, 594–595 environment, 599–601 problem, 595–598 reforms, 598–599 Merit system, 817 Sasanian Empire, 544 Merton, Robert, 26 Messiah, 864 Metaxas dictatorship, 384 Mexico, 1058 regional development, 584 Michelson, Lopez, 588 Microsoft, recruitment, 862 Middle Ages, 114–115 Middle East bureaucrats, 565–578 defined, 566–567 development agents, 569–570 development-oriented regimes, 570– 573 military, 570 proliferation, 567–569 1111 1112 Index [Middle East] state role, 565–566 studies, 573 civil service, 575–578 Migrants, stateless, 574 Military chief, 583 Cyrus the Great, 38 Median empire, 36 Middle East bureaucrats, 570 officers, Portugal, 215 Persian, 37–38 Military-industrial complex, 780 Mill, John Stuart, 85 Millet toleration system, 860 Milosovic, Slobodan, 341 Minimum wage, controversy, superoptimization, 721–722 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), 885, 893–894 achievements, 888 change management, 888–889 failures, 888 organizational/structural changes, 890–892 power, 886 regime challenging, 890 revolution, 889–894 debureaucratization, 891–892 rebureaucratization, 892 status quo, 891 1960’s reforms, 887–888 politics, 887–888 Ministry of Home Affairs, organization, 450 Ministry of Local Authorities, Kenya, 489– 490 Ministry of Local Government, Kenya, 497 Minos, 63 Misdemeanors, 109 Mission statement, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 132– 133 Mitterand, Francois, 226 Mobadan, 544 Mobad mobadan, 542 Mobile technical assistance teams, Portugal, 215 Mobilization Corps for Defense of the Revolution, 1081 Modern Foods and India Tourism Development Corporation, 462 Modern state, persistence, 754–755 Moghul Empire, 81 Mohammed, Murtala, 768 Moldova, NGOs, 366–367 Mombasa, 488, 491 Mombasa Conference, 490 Monaco, 646 Monarchists, Italy, 228 Monarchy, Medieval England, 108 Money, value for, 662–663 Montenegro, 338 Montezuma, 93, 96 Moralists, corruption, 762 Moral majority, 158 Morals, 785 defined, 789 Morocco, civil service, 576 Mosaddegh, 547 Moses, 63 Mostazafin Foundation, 1087 Motherland Party, 571, 1025 Mozambique, 530 political economy, 522 Mubarak, Hosni, 569, 574 Mughal Empire, 84 Multiple social values, achievement crisis, 859–860 Municipal Common Fund, 607 Municipal courts, Kenya, 489 Municipalities, Kenya, legal parameters, 489– 491 Muramatsu, Michio, 273 Muslims clergy, 637 Russia, 336 Myzeqe Plain, 703, 706 Nabunaid, 36, 537 Nakorn Nayok Province, women, governor, 929 Nakuru, 488, 491 Namibia, 530 Nanda dynasty, 78 Nanking Treaty, 399 Napoleonic period, Spain, 234 Narayanan, K.R., 477 Nasir-al-Din Tusi, 545 NASPAA, Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 569, 571 National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA), National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working life (NCPQ), 121–122 National Commission of Administrative Reform, 606 Index National Debureaucratization Program, Brazil, 659, 663 National Environment Protection board, Sweden, 177 National Front, 588 National Government Organization Law, Japan, 276 National Immigration and Naturalization Board, Sweden, 177 National Industrial Board, Sweden, 177 National Institute of Agrarian Reform, 622 National interest, privatization, developing countries, 980–981 National Irrigation Administration, 640 Nationalist Party, ROC, 402 Nationalization, Great Britain, 147–148 National Liberation Front, 571 National Parks, 115 National People’s Congress, 636 National Personnel Authority (NPA), 253, 278 National Public Service Law, Japan, 253–254 National Renewal Fund (NRF), India, 468 National security cryptography, 796 privatization, developing countries, 980 National Swedish Board of Universities and Colleges, 182 National Women’s Promotion and Coordinating Committee, 928 Nauru, 646, 649 Navotny, Antonin, 333 Navratna, 465 NCPQ, 121–122 Negative recruitment, 862–863 Negotiated settlements, Portugal, 214 Nehemiah, 49 Neighborhood Committee, 1079 Neoclassical economists, 755 Neocorporatism, 968–970, 972 Neoliberal paradigm, globalization, 753–754 Neoliberal reaction, 752–753 Nepotism, Incas, 92 Networking, Thailand, women, 936 New constitution, Japanese public administration, 254–272 New Democracy party, Greece, 385 New Economic Policy Russia, 316 Stalin, 317 New French Revolution, 224–225 New Hebrides, 647 New Local Autonomy Act, 455 New Public Management (NPM), 551 1113 New Right, Greece, civil service, 385–386 New Russian Constitution, Russia, 327 New Zealand executive personnel reform, 740 reform, 678 Next Steps, United Kingdom, 675, 678–680 NGOs (See Nongovernmental organizations) Nicaragua, 1030–1032, 1047–1048, 1057, 1061 regionalization, 1048 Nielsen Task Force, 680 Nigeria, 501–517 accountability, 515–516 anticorruption agencies, 769–770 autonomy, financial resources, 504–507 bureaucratic reorientation, 517 community participation, 511–512 corruption, 766, 768 decentralization, 502–507 development, 507–512 development administrators, 512–514 commitment, 512–513 underdevelopment, 514 development planning, 509–510 devolution, past performance, 515 empowerment, 511–512 functional jurisdiction, 503–504 political autonomy, 503–504 state interference, 506–507 structural reform, 515–516 women, 923 Nishio, Masaru, 274 Niue, 649–650 Nizam-al-Mulk Tusi, 545 Nobility, Achaemenid Persian Empire, 47–48 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 363–377, 639–640 Lithuania, 370 Moldova, 366–367 sustainability index, 363–364 Thailand, 428–429 Nonprofit work, Russians, 365–366 Norfolk Island, 650 Norman Conquest, 107–110 Northcote, Stafford, 868 Northeast Jute Product, 426 Northern Ossetia, religion, 336 NPA, 253, 278 NPM, 551 NRF, India, 468 Nugatory agricultural practices, ancient civilizations, 94–95 1114 Index Nurie, Nategh, 1084 Nyeri Water and Sewerage Company, 495 Oblasts, 319, 323–324, 326 Obuchi, Keizo, 277–279 Occupational safety and health, 303–312 inside workplace, 309–310 inspectors, 310 legislation, 308–309 Soviet Union, 304–307 inside workplace, 306 inspectors, 306–307 legislation, 304–307 vs United States, 310–312 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 307–311 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 307–310 Odyssey, 62 Okrugs, 318–319 Omamo report, 488 Oman, civil service, 576 Open constitutive systems, 822–823 Open polities, Third World, 832 Open-systems approach, 904–906 Operation purge the Nation, 768 Opium War, 399 Oppenheimer, Robert, 859 Organization Chuan II government, 429–430 fragmentation, 781 Thailand, 423, 430–451 Organizational analysis, comparative, 26–29 Organizational factors, corruption, 766–767 Organizational framework, reform, 674–675 Organizational networks, 758–759 Organizational performance, public vs private sector, 121–122 Oroetes, 43 Orthodox Serbs, 336 OSHA, 307–310 Ostam, 543 Ottoman empire, 331, 332, 566, 702, 860 Outside inspectors, occupational safety and health, Soviet Union, 306–307 Ozal, Turgut, 571 Paedeia, 65 Pahalavi language, 543 Pahlavi autocracy, 547 Pakistan bureaucratic proliferation, 567–569 civil service, 576 Palau, 646 Palestine, bureaucratic proliferation, 567–569 Palestinian Authority, civil service, 576 Panas, 80 Pan Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), 380, 383 civil service reform centralization, 387 dependent constituencies, 387–388 destroying conservative control, 386–387 egalitarian tendencies, 388–389 Greece, 386–388 meritocratic tendencies, 388 comeback, 389 Panitchpakdi, Suphachai, 427 Papandreou, Andreas, 380, 387, 953 Paradigms, 1–2 Parental attitude, women, 921 Paretomalimum solution, 722 Pareto-optimum solution, 722 Parliamentary regimes, 823–824 Parliaments Medieval England, 112–113 vs presidents, Latin America, 731–735 vs prime minister, India, 477–479 Parsa, 537 Parthian Iran, 541 Participative management literature, change agents, 552 Participatory control, 694–696 Partisan politics, Bangladesh, 999–1002 Partnership in governance, 55–56 Party-based mass clientelism, 380 Party-dominance model, Japan, 273 Pasargade, 50 PASOK (See Pan Hellenic Socialist Movement) Pastrana administration, 588 Patronage, 818 Cuba, 621 Iran, 1082 Pattaya bill, 428 Pay, 66 corruption, 766 Japan, merit-based, 279 Sweden differentials, 190 gender gap, 188 individual skills, 192 Pay and Services Commission, 994 Pay reform Sweden, 189–191 civil service, 192–193 PBO, 757 PCC, 480 Peasants, MARD reforms, 887–888 Index Pensadores, 582 People’s Councils Act of 1975 Poland, 346 People’s Home, 174 People’s Power, 623–624 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 397–398, 409–418, 726 bureaucracy, 410 nature, 412–414 prospects, 416 public administration, 410–411 scope, 411–412 theory building, 414–415 Perestroika, 321, 333, 338, 753, 822 Performance agreement, 466 Performance-based organization (PBO), 757 Performance contract, 466 Performance evaluation, women, Thailand, 935 Performance improvement, women, Thailand, 935 Pericles, 63, 67 Persepolis, 50, 539 Persian army, 37–38 Persian Empire, 537–541 See also Achaemenid Persian Empire Persian King, 41 Persian renaissance, 546 Personal integrity, 784 Personality-based spoils system, 380 Personal monarchy, Medieval England, 108 Personnel system (See also Civil service) reform, 771 ROC, 401–402 Peru regionalization, 589 writings, 582–583 Peter the Great, 314 Philippines, 640, 1057, 1060, 1062 Phillip II, Spain, 234 Philosophers, 104 PIDE, Portugal, 215 Pindar, 62 Pinochet regime, 587 Piras, Aldo, 584–585 Pittsburgh Agreement of 1918, Russia, 332 Plato, 62, 64–67 Poder Popular, 623–624 Point-source diffusion, 596 Poland, 345–360 local authorities, 348–353 ethical reasoning, 353–354 population, 359–370 1980’s, 348–350 1115 [Poland] 1990’s, 350–353 values, 354–359 postwar, political structure, 345–346 transition to democracy, 346–348 local government, 347–348 political system, 346–347 Policia Internacional de Defesa (PIDE), Portugal, 215 Policy Affairs Research Council, Japan, 275 Policy-making, executives, 746–747 Polish United Workers Party (PUWP), 345–346 Political background, Thailand, 424–425 Political culture, 878–879 Political development, 1054–1055 Political economy, 413 Southern Africa, 521–525 Political environment Achaemenid Persian Empire, 45 developing countries, 840–843 Iran, 886 ROC, 397–398 Political-governmental self awareness, beginning, 62–64 Political modernization, Greece, 389–391 Political setting, greece, 382–383 Political stability, corruption, 764 Political system, Poland, 346–347 Politicians, fiscal stress, 670–671 Politicized accountability, impact, 696 Politics administration, 815–833 bureaucratic variables, 816–820 extrabureaucratic institutions, 820 institutional framework, 821 modern polities, 821–823 parliamentary regimes, 823–824 presidentialist systems, 824–828 Third World, 828–833 administration bureaucratic link, 815–833 bureaucratic variables, 816–820 extrabureaucratic institutions, 820 institutional framework, 821 modern polities, 821–823 parliamentary regimes, 823–824 presidentialist systems, 824–828 Bangladesh, 992–999 media, 881 Polytechnique, 964, 965 Ponts et Chausses, 965 Popular Christian Party (PPC), 589 Popular court, 107 Popularly based firms, 391 1116 Index Popular Participation Law, 640 Population, local authorities, Poland, 359–370 Porojektgruppen, 675 Portugal civil service, 216 post-1974, 213–221 excessive centralization, 214–217 excessive power centralization, 214–217 negotiated settlements, 214 policy changes, 220–221 public service perception, 217–220 Position-based pay, Swedish civil service, 192 Position classification, Thailand, 927 Positivism, 775 Postrevolutionary economic boycotts, Iran, 896 Post-Roman/Anglo-Saxon period, 106–107 Poverty, corruption, 766 Power, Thailand, 422–429, 434–436 Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation Japan, 279–280 PPC, 589 Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), 480 PRC (See People’s Republic of China) Prebend, 818 Prediction-based management, 559–561 Prefecto, 230 Prefects, 964 Presidentialist systems, 822, 824–828 bureaucratic politics, 827–828 cabinet members, 825–826 congressional agenda, 826 judicial review, 827 Third World, 832–833 two-party system, 826–827 Presidents vs parliaments, Latin America, 731–735 vs prime minister, India, 473–477 Press (See also Media) free, corruption, 769 Indonesia, 769 Pretty Good Privacy cryptography program, 797 Priests, Medes, 537 Prime minister, 541 India vs parliament, 477–479 vs president, 473–477 Sasanian Empire, 542–543, 545 Prime Minister Barzargan, 1078 Prince Cambyses, 38–39 Priorities, setting, 679–680 Pripyat, 303 Private sector executives, 682 vs public sector, 119–127 Privatization, 4, 126, 135–137, 656–658 alternative, 131–142 concept, 146 developing countries, 977–985 government intrusion, 980–981 rationale, 978 French administration, 968 Iran, 1087–1088 laboratories, 136–137 negative aspects assuaging, 139 public managers, 137–139 Thailand, 426–427 Problems, defining, 5–7 Procedures, reform, 675–676 Procurator-General, occupational safety and Health, USSR, 305 Producers, competitive markets, developing nations, 979 Professional identity, 785 Professional integrity, 784 Professionalism, 912 ethics, 778–780 Professionalization, bureaucracy, Persia, 57 Profitability-based pay, Swedish civil service, 193 Project management literature, change agents, 552 Promotion, women, Thailand, 932–934 Promotional factors civil service, rules and regulations, 922 women, 922 Provincial and Communal Law of 1934, Italy, 228 Provincial assemblies, ROC, 406 Provincial governor, 42 Provisional Act on Local Autonomy, 448–449 Prudence, 784 Prussian bureaucracy, German public administration, 202–203 Pstamdar, 543 PTE Exploration and Production Company, 426 Public administration American experience, 104–105 classic theories, 26 comparative and development, 12–20 history, 103–104 origins, 10–12 Index Public agenda, media, 880–881 Public awareness, Thailand, 431 Public corporations, ROC, 403 Public dissatisfaction, Iran, 1084–1085 Public hearings, ROC, 402 Public human resources, ROC, 401 Public interest, misrepresentation, 780 Public management, 413 bureaucracy, Achaemenid Persian Empire, 50–51 more effective, 661–662 Public managers developing countries administrative environment, 843–846 political environment, 840–843 public environment, 847–848 strategic environment, 839–851 privatization, 137–139 Public Officials’ Violations Act, Thailand, 430–431 Public opinion, privatization, developing countries, 981 Public Organization Act, Thailand, 429 Public policy implementation, developing countries, 711–718 Public schools, ROC, 403–404 Public sector vs private sector, 119–127 findings, 120–124 fundamental differences, 125 method, 120 Public Sector Disinvestment Commission, India, 465 Public service, image, crisis, 776 management, postmodern alternatives, 983–985 perception, Portugal, post-1974, 217–220 personnel, ROC, 404–405 Public Service Commission, Bangladesh, 992 Public spirit, 784 Public’s political consciousness, South Korea, 453 Public trust, guardians, 780–781 Public works, Persia, 58 Purges, corruption, 768 Push-oriented technology, advertising, 798– 799 PUWP, 345–346 Qajar dynasty, 546 Qanats, 536 1117 Qatar, civil service, 576 QIT, 133 Quality improvement teams (QIT), 133 Quechua language, 98 Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 548, 895, 1084, 1086 Rajasuya sacrifice, 78 Ramakrishna, G.V., 465 Rangarajan, C., 465 Rao, P.V Narasimha, 481 Rashtriya Janata Dal government, 477 Rashtriya Swayamesevak Sangh (RSS), 481 Rationalism, 775 Rawlings, Jerry, 768 Reagan, Ronald, 752, 905 Reagan administration economic policies, 157–173, 164–168 budgetary changes, 164–168 conservative perspective, 158–160 expenditures, 167–168 philosophical foundations, 158–162 revenues, 164–167 supply-side perspectives, 160–161 Recession, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 134–135 Rechtsstat, 205 Reconstruction Crusade, 891, 1081 Recruitment capability, achievement crisis, 862–863 Kenya, 494 Red Army, 332 Red tape developing countries, 715 public vs private sector, 124 Reform, failure, Greek bureaucracy, 953– 960 Reformation, 75 Reform managers, Iran, 551–563 communication, 556 limitations, 561 managing up, 558–559 negotiation, 556–557 Refugees, Iran, 896 Regierungsbezirke, 208 Regime legitimacy, corruption, 764 Regional councils, Italy, 230 Regional development, Mexico, 584 Regionalism, 223 India, 482 Regionalization, 223–236 (See also individual countries) Regulation, 756, 946 Reinventing government, 757–758 Relational reforms, 676 1118 Index Religion (See also Clergy) Achaemenid Persian Empire, 45, 48 Eastern European federal systems, 334–336 Elam, 35 law, 637 Judea, 63 leaders, Sasanian Empire, 544 Mayas, 92 Renaissance, 75 Reorganization, 660–661 Republican Peoples Party (RPP), 571 Republican period, 1022–1026 Republic of China, establishment, 399 Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC), 397– 408 administrative accountability, 405–406 administrative development, 399–401 agencies, 399–400 public human resources, 400 reforms, 400–401 workers, 399 administrative system, 402–403 bureaucracy, 405 government organization, 401–404 policy making, 405 political environment, 397–398 public corporations, 403 public schools, 403–404 public service personnel, 404–405 Republic of Korea, 446 Republic of South Africa, political economy, 522 Research and development PRC, 415 ROC, 401–402 Research Committees on Sex Roles and Politics, 923–924 Residencia, 1040 Responsibility, 692–693, 784 Responsible, government, 873–874 Responsible government, bureaucrats, 873– 874 Responsiveness, 692 Retrenchment, 671–672 Reunification, German public administration, challenge, 207–209 Revenues Clinton administration economic policies, 168–170 Reagan administration economic policies, 164–167 Thatcher administration economic policies, 162–164 Revisionists, 763 Revolution, MARD, 889–894 Revolutionary Courts, 893 Revolutionary Guards Organization, 892 Revolution of 1917, Russia, 332 Revolution of 1978-1979 Iran, 547 Reza Shah, 547 Rhee, Syngman, 448 Riggs, Fred, 12 Riksdag, 177, 182 Risorgimiento, 228 Roads Achaemenid Persian Empire, 51 Incas, 92 Persia, 539–540 ROC (See Republic of China on Taiwan) Rojas-Pinilla, 587 Roldos-Hurtado administration, 600 Role conflicts, 859 Roman empire, 67–75 domination, 68–72 Romanovs, 331, 336 Rome, administrative legacy, 61–75 Rotation, in office, accountability, 782–783 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 64 Royal Civil Service Commission, 925 Royal court Achaemenid Persian Empire, 48 Sasanian Empire, 542 Royal judges, 41, 47 RPP, 571 RSFSR, 315, 316, 332 RSS, 481 Runnymede, 111 Rural police, Iran, 547 Rural services, Nigeria, 507–508 Russia (See also Soviet Union) center-periphery structures, 317–319 1991 coup, 322–323 Gorbachev, 321–323 regional relations Brezhnev, 320–321 Khrushchev, 319–320 Lenin, 314–316 Stalin, 316–319 Yeltsin, 328 Russian Empire land occupied by, 313 Lenin, 315 Russian Federation, 323, 326–327 Buddhists, 336 economic adversity, 337–338 economic disparity, 339–340 inability to govern, 340–341 Index Russian Republic asymmetry, 323–328 bilateral agreements, 324–325 republics, oblasts, and krais, 323–324 time, 325–328 center-periphery relations, 323–328 land occupied by, 313 Russian Revolution of 1917, 864 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 315, 316, 332 Ryan, Richard W., 3–4 Sachivas, 80 Sadat, Anwar, 569 Sadr-e-Aazams, 546 Safavids, 546 Sakanakkun, 35 Sakha/Yakutia republic, 325 Salination, Albania, 706 Sandinistas, 1030–1032, 1047–1048, 1057 Sardis, 41 Sarkaria Commission, 480 Sarvodaya, 637–639 Sasanian Empire, 541–545 administrative system, 541–542 satrapies, 543 Satraps, 41–42 Satrapy, 37–38, 40–41, 44–45, 48–50, 53–54, 538–539 capitals, 50 central control, 42–43 local government, 541 Sasanian Empire, 543 Satyagraha, 638 Saudi Arabia bureaucracy, 570, 574 bureaucratic proliferation, 569 civil service, 577 executives, 741, 744–748 assumptions, 744–745 study, 745–748 Scepter, 73 Schoolmen, 110 Schools, public, ROC, 403–404 Seasonal swamps, 95 Second Russian Republic, 327–328 Sedentarization, 747 Self-determination, Soviet Union, 332 Senior Executive Service (SES), 274, 661, 740, 782–783, 870, 873, 910 Senior Selection Pool (SSP), 995 Seoul, 449 Sepah-e-Basij, 1081 Separation of powers, executive, 742 1119 Serbia, 332 birth rate, 336–337 Serbs, Orthodox, 336 Serjeants, 111 Services, contracting, 755–756 SES, 274, 661, 740, 782–783, 870, 873, 900 Seven-Member Boards, 891, 893, 1081 Seychelles, 647 Shah, 886, 887 Shah, Nader, 546 Shahrikans, 543 Shapur, 542 Sharia, 637 Sheik Mujibur Rahman, 1058 Sheriffs, 109 Shewhart, Walter, 132 Shih Huang Ti, 398 Shinnin rank, 250 Shire-man, 107 Shires, 109 Shop labor protection commission occupational safety and health Soviet Union, 306 Showrahs, 891, 1079 SIDA, 177 Siedlce province, 348–349 Signaling system, 466 Simitis, Constantine, 383 Singh, Zail, 473–475 Single-party regimes, 822 Sixth Economic and Social Development Plan, 925–926 Skill-based vs seniority-based pay Swedish civil service, 192–193 Slaves, 66–67 as bureaucrats, 821 Slovakia, 332, 340–341 economic adversity, 338 Slovak National Council, 333 Slovak Socialist Republic, 334 Slovenes, 332 Slovenia, 338 economic disparity, 340 Smallness, defined, 644 Small-state governance, 643–652 IASIA, 644–646 innovation, 646–648 research, 650–652 Smith, Adam, 159 Snakes and ladders, 678 Social Christian Party, 585 Social Democratic party, Sweden, 174 Socialists, 953 efficiency, Cuba, 620–625 1120 Index [Socialists] France, 226, 227 neoliberalism, 753 Socialist societies, deviant bureaucracies, 947–950 Social programs, funding, 671 Social stratification, German public administration, 201 Social values, differences, accommodation, 860 Socioeconomic environment, Iran, 886 Sociological management literature, change agents, 552 Socrates, 62, 63 Sohnin rank, 250, 272 Solidarity, 346–347, 350 Solomons, 647 Solon, 63 Solvakia, economic disparity, 339–340 Somoza regime, 1030–1032 Southern Africa, managerialism, 521–530 political economy, 521–525 South Korea administrative reforms, 445–456 general public, education, 452 local autonomy affirmative influences, 451–453 desirable forms, 453–456 government attitudes toward, 453 history, 446–451 local autonomy act, 446–449 local chiefs, election, 455 local financial system, improving, 446 local governments, 449–451 financial self-sufficiency, 450 hierarchical structure, 449–450 public officials, 451 relationship to national government, 455–456 revenue sources, 452 local self-government units, 454–455 public’s political consciousness, 453 Soviet republics, former (See Former Soviet republics) Soviets of People’s Deputies, 305 Soviet Union (See also Russia) birth rates, 336–337 dissolution, 334–341 economic disparity, 339–340 economic frustration, 338–339 ethnic subdivisions, 337–338 ethnolinguistic differences, 334 functioning federalism, 333–334 [Soviet Union] historical background, 331–334 inability to govern, 340–341 land occupied by, 313 occupational safety and health, 304–307 postwar East European Federalism, 332–333 regional structure, 319 religion, 335–336 self-determination, 332 Sozialstaatsgebot, 206 Spain, regionalization, 232–235 Spamming, 798 SPC charts, 132 Spear-bearer, 41 Spoils system, 695 personality-based, 380 Sweden, 178 Spring and Autumn period, 398 Squeezing, 680 Sramik Karmachari Oikyo Parishad, 996 Sri Lanka, 638 SSMS, 353 SSP, 995 St Lucia, 646 St Vincent, 646 Stalin, 337 center-periphery structure, 317–319 Russia, regional relations, 316–319 State administration Cuba, 617–626 Aryans, 57 attorney, Persia, 539 corruption, 765–766 finances, Nigeria, 505–506 planning commission, Russia, 320 role, German public administration, 202– 204 society, 1054 Stateless migrants, 574 State Planning Agency, Russia, 321 Statistical process control (SPC) charts, 132 Stein, Herbert, 160 Stewart-Sprinthall Management Survey (SSMS), 353 Strategic environment, developing countries, training implications, 850 Strategies for Administrative Reform, 241 Strengthening Local Government Project in Lithuania, 367–368 Strong man, 596 Structures, 969–970 Index Subject peoples Achaemenid Persian Empire, 43–44, 48 Subversion, 781 Succession, 73 Sudan, civil service, 577 SUDENE, 583–584 Sui Dynasty, 82 Sukarno, 1059 Sultan, 1022 Sumer, 535 Sumerians, 10 Sunga dynasty, 81 Sunshine laws, 783 Sun Yet-sen, 401 Superintendency for Development of the Northeast (SUDENE), 583–584 Supermalimum solution, 722 Superoptimizing, 721–736 Africa, 724–726 arriving at, 722–723 Asia, 726–729 ideology, 726–727 inputs, 727–728 package of policies, 728–729 technocracy, 726–727 decision-aiding software, 723–724 East Europe, 729–731 example, 721–722 excess population, China, 726–727 growth economics, 724 Latin America, 731–735 rationale, 735–736 vs other solutions, 722 Supply-side economics, 160–161 Suppression, 860 Susa, 34–35, 35, 50, 51, 535, 539 Susiana, 535 Sustainability index, NGOs, 363–364 Swaziland, 530 political economy, 522 Sweden income equality, 188 reform, 678 Swedish Age of Greatness, 175 Swedish central administration duality, 175–185 future, 184–185 new situation, 182–184 questioned, 177–179 reform, 179–182 zenith, 176–177 Swedish civil service, 187–195 equity constructs, 190–191 1121 [Swedish civil service] pay, individual skills, 192 pay differentials, fairness, 190 pay reform findings, 192–193 methods, 191 position-based pay, 192 profitability-based pay, 193 reform, receptivity, 189–190 research, 189–191 skill-based vs seniority-based pay, 192–193 Swedish Gallup, 191 Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), 177 Syria administration, 573 bureaucracy, 574 Syrian Arab Republic, civil service, 577 Tamil Nadu, 481 Tang Dynasty, 82 Tanzania, 530 leadership code, 769 political economy, 522 Tanzimat period, 1022 Tatarstan, 325 Taxbase, Nigeria, 503–504 Tax collector, 52, 540 Taxes Achaemenid Persian Empire, 45 ancient civilizations, 93–94 early, 66 Medieval England, 113 Persia, 52 reform, Persia, 540 Russia, 324 Tax Reform Act of 1986, 167 TEAM, 132, 133–134 Team management Persia, 58 Persian, 50 Technicism, 983 Technology Assessment Act of 1972, 863 Technopolis, 368 TELECOM, Great Britain, 148–154 adversarial implications, 152 joint action, 150–151 politics, 153 private vs public monopoly, 149 Tenochitlan, 91 Tenure, 817–818 Terrorism, India, 484 Texts, 971 1122 Index Thai Airways International, 426 Thailand, 421–456, 1059 accountability, 430–432, 437–438 bureaucrat awareness, 431–432 business awareness, 432 civic awareness, 431 civil service promotion, 927 recruitment, 927 downsizing, 425–426 economic crisis, 425 environmental protection, 433 fairness, 432–434, 438–439 governance politics, 434–439 governance reform initiatives, 425–451 government awareness, 432 from government to governance, 422–424 human rights, 432–433 independent public organizations, 429–430 justice, 433–434 NGOs, 428–429 organization, 436–437 political background, 424–425 position classification, 927 power, 425–429, 434–435 privatization, 426–427 public awareness, 431 public sector, size reduction, 430 traditional monarchies, 830–831 women civil service, 926 deputy directors, 928 deputy district director, 929–930 district director, 930 district officer, 931 education, 935–936, 936 gender labels, 935 geologist, 931–932 headquarters, 932 hospital director, 930 mentoring, 936 networking, 936 performance evaluation, 935 performance improvement, 935 provincial officer, 930–931 societal image, 927 upward mobility, 925–937 Thatcher, Margaret, 656, 752 Thatcher administration, economic policies, 157–173, 162–164 budgetary changes, 162–164 conservative perspective, 158–160 expenditures, 164 [Thatcher administration, economic policies] philosophical foundations, 158–162 revenues, 162–164 supply-side perspectives, 160–161 Theodosius the Great, 73 Theory, 1–2 Third Five-Year Development Plan, 895 Third World, 828–833, 1065–1073 bureaucratic power, 830 constitutional models, 831–832 decentralization, 1066–1068 open polities, 832 presidentialist regimes, 832–833 traditional monarchies, 830–831 Thompson, Victor, 27 Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front, 1057 Tikal, 92 Tito, 334 Toffler, Alvin, 864 Together Everyone Accomplishes More (TEAM), 132 Tokyo Imperial University, 253 Tolerance, 860 Cyrus the Great, 38, 43, 45, 56, 538 Poland, local authorities, 355 Tonga, 646 Total quality, 141 Total quality management (TQM), 132, 141, 785 FPL, 133–134 training, 131 Toxic waste, Albania, 708 TQM (See Total quality management) Tractability, 594 Trade unions occupational safety and health, 305, 311 inspectors, 307 Traditional monarchies, Third World, 830–831 Training (See Education) Treasurers, 540 Treaties (See individual treaties) Trevelyan, Charles, 868 Tricoupis administration, 955 Trinity, 73 Trujillo, Rafael, 598 Trust, Poland, local authorities, 355 Truth, Achaemenid Persian Empire, 47 Tsar Alexander II, 314 Tsar Nicholas II, 315 Tsuji, Kiyoaki, 273 Tunisia, 572, 740 bureaucracy, 571, 574 civil service, 577 Index Turkey, 1019–1026 bureaucracy, 571, 574 civil service, 577 multiple social values, 860 Ottoman period, 1021–1022 Republican period, 1022–1026 Turkish Republic, 1021–1022 Turkish War of Independence, 1023 Tuvalu, 646 Ukraine, 303 economic disparity, 339 Union republics, 333 ethnic subdivisions, 337 Russia, creation, 316, 318 Unions, 140 Union Treaty Russia, 337 Soviet Union, 340 Unitarisierung, 206–207 United Arab Emirates, civil service, 577 United Front, 476 United Kingdom (See also Great Britain) Citizens’ Charter, 696–697 Complaints Task Force, 694 Financial Management Initiative, 675–676 Next Steps, 675, 678–680 United Nations Decade for Women, 924–925 United Nations Division for Public Administration, 593 United Nations project, Kenya, 488–489 United Peasant Party (UPP), 345–346 Unit Trust of India, 464 Universal Law of Darius, 53, 540 Universal Ordinance of Laws, 540 UPP, 345–346 Upward mobility women, 920 international study, 923–924 restrictions, 923 Thailand, 925–937 Urban services, Nigeria, 507–508 U.S Agency for International Development (USAID), 3, 363, 589 USAID, 3, 363, 589 Utilitarianism cryptography, 797 ethics, 778 Utilitarian philosophy, India, 85 Utopia, 863–864 Vacabara, 41 Vajpayee, Atal Behari, 476 1123 Values Greece, 62 Judea, 62 local authorities, Poland, 354–359 Vanuatu, 647 Varvaressos, Kyriakos, 953 Vazurg farmandar, 542, 545 Vejjajiva, Abhisit, 429 Venezuela civil service, 597, 600 regionalization, 585 Venizelos, Elevtherios, 383, 384, 955–956 Venkataraman, R., 481 Venkateswaran, A.P., 483 Verderers, 111–112 VHP, 481 Vicars, 69 Viceroy, 35 Viceroys, 80 Viitorul Foundation, 367 Village headman, 546 Virtue ethics, 777 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 481 Volonte generale, 964, 966 Voluntary compliance, occupational safety and health, 311 Voluntary organizations, 757 Voluntary retirement schemes (VRS), 465, 468–469 Voluntary service, 66 Volunteerism, Lithuania, 375 Volunteers, occupational safety and health, Soviet Union, 306 VRS, 465, 468–469 Wa, 984–985 Wages (See also Pay), minimum, superoptimization, 721–722 Waldo, Dwight, 12 Walesa, Lech, 347 Wallas, Graham, 903 Wapentake, 107 Warring States period, 398 Wasta, 984–985 Weber, Max, 26, 77, 85–86, 617–618, 779, 818, 902–905, 943 Weberian model, 617–620 distortion, developing countries, 716–718 Welfare state criticism, Sweden, 179 Great Britain, 670 West Germany former, 205 1124 Index Whigs, 871 Whistleblowing, 783 White, Louise, White Revolution, 887 William of Normandy, 107–108 William the Conqueror, 112 Wilson, Harold, 871 Wilson, Woodrow, 2, 742 self-determination, 332 Win-win solution, 722 Women, 919–938 Advancement, barriers, 920 behavior, 922 career advancement, barriers, 921 critical stages, 920–922 opportunities, 921 strategies, 923–924 career development, 920 education, 921–922 illiteracy, 921 Iran, 1081 Japanese civil service, 264–267 Nakorn Nayok Province, governor, 929 parental attitude, 921 Poland, local government, 350–353 promotional factors, 922 Thailand civil service, 926 deputy directors, 928 deputy district director, 929–930 district director, 930 district officer, 931 geologist, 931–932 headquarters, 932 hospital director, 930 promotion, 932–934 provincial officer, 930–931 societal image, 927 upward mobility, 925–937 upward mobility, 920 international study, 923–924 restrictions, 923 Work environment, public vs private sector, 123 Worker’s Party of Ethiopia, 1067 Work ethic, Lithuania, 366 Workplace occupational safety and health, 309–310 Soviet Union, 306 World Bank, 632–633, 677, 713, 753–754, 896 World Commission on Culture and Development, 640 Writing, Latin American regionalization, 582–583 Xerxes, 40, 45 Xiaopoing, Deng, 410 Xia Shu Zhang, 410 Yadav, Mulayam Singh, 479–480 Yellow pages, Internet, 798 Yeltsin, Boris, 324, 326–328, 337 Yemen Arab Republic, civil service, 577 Yemen PDR, civil service, 578 Yohnin, 250 Young Turk Revolution, 702 Yuan, 402 Yugoslavia birth rates, 336–337 dissolution, 334–341 economic disparity, 339–340 economic frustration, 338–339 ethnic subdivisions, 337–338 ethnolinguistic differences, 334 federalism, 333 historical background, 331–334 inability to govern, 340–341 post World War II, 332–333 presidents and parliaments, 734 religion, 335–336 Zambia, 530 leadership code, 769 political economy, 522 Zenawi, Meles, 1057–1058 Zenon, 66 Zhong Shan University, 410–411 Zimbabwe, 530 political economy, 522 Zogu, Ahmet, 703 Zoku politicians, 275 Zoroastrianism, 542 Zoroastrian religious institutions, 544 Zunkir, 35 ... Ali Farazmand (ed.) Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration New York: Marcel Dekker Farazmand, Ali (ed.) (1991b) Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration... Problem of Development Administration,” in Ali Farazmand (ed.) Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration New York: Marcel Dekker Sigelman, Lee (1976) “In Search of Comparative Administration.”... past and present of the twin fields of comparative and development administration and has outlined a number of trends and challenges that will face public administration in general and comparative