Văn hóa ven sông Mã ở Thanh Hóa (Bước đầu tiếp cận)

Theo nhieu tai lieu dia chf bien soan tfl thdi Nguyin, vd'n tfl xfla sdng Ma da cd ra't nhieu ten gpi khic nhau nhfl: Ta't Mi, Ldi Giang, sdng Li, Dinh Minh, Nguyet Thfldng, Hdi Thfl[r]

Van hoa ven song Ma d Thanh Hoa (Budc dau tiep can)

NGUYEN BICH THUC*

Ngfldi xfl Thanh tfl hid cd mdt ddng sdng trfldng tdn cflng lieh sfl - sdng Ma Ddng sdng va eae phu lflu cua nd bao trum toan bp 11/27 huyen, thi, cua tinh Thanh Hda Sdng Ma da giup cho xfl Thanh cd mpt dien mao dia ly - lieh sfl - v i n hda ddc dio, cung gdp chung lam nen sfl da dang ve lieh sii, v i n hda Viet Nam q u i khfl-hien tai va hfldng den tfldng lai Theo nhieu tai lieu dia chf bien soan tfl thdi Nguyin, vd'n tfl xfla sdng Ma da cd ra't nhieu ten gpi khic nhfl: Ta't Mi, Ldi Giang, sdng Li, Dinh Minh, Nguyet Thfldng, Hdi Thfldng, Hpi Trieu, Nd Giang, Da Lpc Trong cic ten sdng nay, cd nhieu ten li'y theo ten gpi dia danh ndi ddng sdng di qua (nhfl di qua nui Da Lpc d Yen Dinh thi gpi l i sdng Da Lpc, di qua Hpi Trieu, tflc Hdi Thfldng thi gpi la sdng Hdi Trieu, hay sdng Hdi Thfldng ) Tfl nga Ba Bdng - mdt nhanh re qua Ha Trung ve ciia bien Bach Cau -dan gian v i n gpi la sdng Len, cdn sfl sach thi gpi dd la sdng Nga Giang, sdng Dai Lai, sdng Nam Thac, hoac sdng Cu, sdng

Che Rieng nhanh ve Ham Rdng de dd vio Cfla Hdi (tflc Hdi Trieu) thi van gpi la sdng Ma Gan chd Ham Rdng, n h i n h chay qua Tao de ve Lach Trfldng thi gpi la song Tao, hay sdng Lach Trfldng (cdn sfl sach thi gpi la Ngu Giang) Tfnh tfl dau ngudn tdi cfla bien, sdng dai 528 km, phan chay tren lanh thd Viet Nam la 410km Rieng tren dia phan Thanh Hoi la 242 km Theo sich Dia chf Thanh hda t i p I, cho biet: "Toin bd dien tfch lflu vflc sdng Ma la 28.106km^, phan ben Viet Nam la 20.2 lOkm^, rieng Thanh Hoa chiem gan 9.000km*' Theo thd'ng ke nam 1996, sdng Ma chay qua 11 huyen, phd', gdm 148 xa n i m hai ben trien sdng/ 637 xa toan tinh Thanh Hda

Trai qua qua trinh phat trien lau dai cua lieh sii, sdng M i gan nhfl khdng thay ddi ve hinh thu cflng nhfl ddng chay Duy chi cd cfla bien Lach Trfldng xfla la cfla chfnh cfla sdng Mi dd bien, thi nay, bien day lui ve phia Nam - qua trinh ay da lam cho cfla Lach Trfldng thu hep dan, mi't di vi trf sdmdt giao thudng

Nguyen Bich Thue - Vdn hoa ven song Md d Thanh Hda (Bude ddu dep cdn) 65 dfldng thuy tren sdng Ma Tam quan

trpng cua sdng Ma ddi vdi mpt vung dia ly tfldng ddi khep kfn trd nen vd cflng quan trpng va cd nhflng da'u an die biet lieh sfl van hoi

Ve phfldng dien van hda, sdng Ma dfldc xem l i thuyen chd nhflng ddng chay vin boa Sdng Ma vdi vi the l i sdng ldn nhi't vflng, sdng chuyen tai, ket ndi cic ddng chay van hoi, sdng giflp lflu gifl cic gii tri ban sic cua mpt vung Theo t i c gia Tran Lam Bien Mdt dfldng tiep can lieh sfl, n h i n dirih rang: "Khi ndi de'n vdn minh sdng Hong md khdng quan tdm de'n sdng Md thi nen vdn minh dy trd nen khdp khieng ", v i each day vai nam, nhieu nha nghien cflu cdn n h i n xet: "Vdn minh sdng Hdng thiic te la diia tren sii phdt trien ndng nghiep cua ddng bdng sdng Hdng, nhUng sii phdt trien cda nd thiic chdt lgi gdn vdi song Md, md dinh cao Id nin nghe thudt Ddng Sdn" Trfldc cdng nguyen, cac bp tpc ngfldi Viet cd da men theo hai ben bd sdng de giao lflu vdi cac vflng Sam Nfla (Lao), Tiy Bae (Viet Nam), die biet la vdi cac d i n tdc thieu sd (Mfldng, Thai, Mdng, Dao phfa Bic va Tay Bic Con ngfldi tfl vflng nui cao lai theo men theo ddng sdng xudng cic vflng ddng bing Tren dudng thien ly, nhieu bp phan da dflng lai dinh cfl ven cic gd ddi va eac thung lung mau md Vi le dd, tai nhieu huyen ddng bing nhu Trieu Sdn, Yen Dinh, Thp Xuan va ca thi xa Bim Sdn v i n cdn cd cac ban

Mudng sd'ng xen ke vdi ngfldi Kinh Do dia gidi hanh chfnh gan gui phfa thUdng ngudn sdng Ma cd ri't nhieu ba eon dan tdc thieu so' sinh sd'ng (thd'ng ke cd 06 d i n tdc) Vflng thfldng lflu sdng Ma la ndi dien bien nhieu sfl giao thoa van boa cua cic tdc ngfldi thieu sd' dpe ddi bd sdng Ma: Khd Mfl- Lid; Thii - Khd Mfl; Thii-Mfldng; Mfldng - Kinh Qua trinh giao thoa v i n hoi d i dem den nhieu gii tri van hoi ddc dio cdn bao tdn de'n ngiy thdng qua sinh boat v i n hoi cua b i cic d i n tdc dfldc the hien d thd ca, tuc trd, le hdi, diin xfldng

66 Nghien edu Dong Nam A 3/2011_

Lpc Ndi day cdn lflu gifl nhieu t a n g v a n h o i v i giai thoai vdi c i c ke R i n g , ke Ri, ke Bdn , thdng qua eac di ehi k h a o ed Nfli Dp, tfl di tfch Cdn C h a n Tien, di tich Ddng Khdi, di tich Quy Chfl den v i n h o i Ddng Sdn l i mdt q u i t r i n h lieh sfl p h i t t r i e n lien tuc, nd khdng chi dflng lai khdng gian cfla mdt vung, sflc m a n h v i n h o i Ddng Sdn lan toa den c i c vflng xa hdn nhfl sdng Hdng (Bic Bp), sdng Ca (Nghe An), rdi den eac qud'c gia Ddng N a m i , dien hinh l i v i n m i n h trd'ng ddng Ddng Sdn Trong s i c h Dia chf T h a n h Hda cho biet: so' 178 trd'ng ddng nhdm Heger I dfldc p h a t hien d Viet N a m thi T h a n h H o i ed 56 chiec

Trong gan 1.000 B i c thupc, vflng Ciiu Chan (Thanh Hoa) v i n la vflng hoang sd, hiem yeu, vdi dia b i n tfldng ddi k h e p kin, phfa B i c day Tam Diep g i i n g ngang, phfa Nam d i y Hoang Mai c h i n hiem, phfa Tay la day nfli da cao-dfldng bien gidi chung vdi nude ban L i o , phfa Ddng giap bien Ddng, dudng bd bien d i i den 102km Thdi ky n i y , chi cd nhflng ngfldi " t h i t tfn" vdi trieu dinh, dan ngheo di cU vao vflng n i y k h a n hoang, n h u n g cflng xui't hien mdt so' t h e Iflc ddi lap vdi t h e che Han, nhfl trfldng hdp cha Le Ngpc (the ky VII) Trong thdi ky B i c thudc va ca sau thdi Ly-Tran, T h a n h Hoa van cdn la vflng ehUa dfldc k h a i t h i c t r i e t de, dan cfl thfla thdt Trong dau thdi ky B i c Thudc d Cflu C h i n dan so' chi ed 166.013 k h a u , dd Giao Chau ed sd dan la 746.237 k h a u N h u n g den eudi thdi Ly, dau T r a n d i n sd

T h a n h H o i t a n g n h a n h nhieu doan di cu tfl B i c Bd v i o T h a n h H o i k h a i p h i da't dai, d i e biet den t h e ky XVIII dan sd Cflu C h i n t i n g dot bien len den 1.250.000 ngfldi Mae dfl di't dai rdng ldn, nhflng p h a n nhieu l i ddi nfli, da't ddng b i n g ft di, nen ven e i e ddng sdng, cfla sdng chfnh la ndi cfl dan t a p t r u n g ddng nha't

Nguyen Bich Thue - Vein hoa ven song Ma d Thanh Hoa (Bifde ddu dep edn) 67

Lflu vdi n h i e u t h a n tfch ky t h u ve nhflng vi n h a n t h a n cd cdng dflng nfldc, cd dflc eao giflp ddi Le hpi Mai An Tiem (Nga Sdn) l i mdt net mdi giao lflu budn ban vdi thfldng n h a n hai ngoai Cae den thd Dai Vfldng N a m Hai (thd ca Voi) cflng k h i phd bien d cac vflng bien T h a n h Hoa Cac t h a n tfch, le hdi d a n gian p h a n n i o p h a n i n h ddi sd'ng t i n h t h a n , vat c h i t , d i e trflng van h o i cua mdt vflng

Theo sd'lieu cua Ban q u a n ly Di tich va D a n h t h a n g t i n h T h a n h Hda, t i n h den n i m 2010 toan t i n h cd 147 di tich da dfldc xep h a n g ci'p qud'c gia va 457 di tich xep h a n g ci'p tinh, ven ddi bd sdng Ma ( b i n kfnh khoang 05 km trd lai) so'Ifldng cac di tfch xep h a n g da chiem den 230, edn r a t nhieu c i c di tfch chfla xep h a n g dang n a m rai r i c c i c thdn xdm, t a p t r u n g ehu yeu d c i c vflng ly sd qua cac thdi T i c gia Le Tad trdng L u a n a n Tien si d i e i n cfl vao c i c ddng sdng chia di tich t h i n h 04 nhdm - ndi cd m a t dp di tfch d i m d i e :

- Nhom di tich ven hg lUu sdng Md

gom: k h u vflc D d n g Sdn (den D i n h

Thfldng, den Q u a n T h a n h , chfla H i n h Sdn, l i n g Q u a n M a n , den thd Nguyen Van Nghi); Thieu Hoa (chua Vdm, chfla Hfldng Nghiem, den Dfldng Dinh Nghe, den Le V i n Hflu); Ha T r u n g (Ly Cung, nghe Trinh, den Ly Thfldng Kiet, den H i n Sdn), VTnh Lpc ( T h a n h n h i Hd, den T r a n K b i t C h a n -chua Hoa Long, nghe Vet-P h u Trinh ), Yen D i n h (tfldng B i i Lang, den Ho Bai, dinh lang Set ); H o i n g H o i

(Bang Mdn dinh, Nghe Nguyet Viet, dinh Phfl Khe, d i n h Tao Thfldng, den thd T r i n H u n g Dao ); T h i n h p h d T h a n h Hoa (chfla Dai Bi, chua T i n g Phflc, den thd Le Uy T r a n K h i t C h i n , chfla M a t Da, t h i i mieu n h i H i u Le)

- Nhdm di tich ven lUu vUc sdng Chu

gom: Thp X u i n (khu di tich Lam Kinh

h i n h cung Van Lai - Yen TrUdng), Ddng B i c Trieu Sdn ( l i n g Le Thdi Hien, Le Thdi Hai, den T h a n h Ludng )

- Nhdm di tich thugc lUu vUc sdng Yen

gom: Q u a n g Xudng, TTnh Gia, Ndng Cd'ng

(chfla Kenh, den Bflng, den H o i n g Bui H o i n , l i n g Le D i n h C h i u )

- Nhdm di tich thugc lUu vUc sdng Hoat

gom: Nga Sdn, H i u Lpc (chfla S u n g

Nghiem, chfla Bach i , bia va l i n g Ta Tdn Dai, bia d nfli V i n Ldi, dinh Trieu Lpc ) Neu lay diem hdp luu tai Nga Ba Dau cfla sdng Chu v i sdng Ma, hoac nga Ba Bdng sdng Ma chia n h i n h sdng Len thi v a n h dai di tfch n i m mpt h i n h trdn b i n kfnh tfl 50 km trd lai, xu hfldng d i m d i e hdn ve phfa Tay - B i c , so' di tich ven sdng Ma dfldc xep h a n g cd den hdn

68 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 312011 Quang deu cd den thd Ong L l hdi T h i n h

Ten, den thd d l i n g fch H a ( H o i n g H o i ) , truyen t h u y e t ve dng Bung v i dng Vdm thi sflc m a n h sieu nhien, ed k h a n i n g k h a i thien, l i p dia L l hdi d nghe Hd B i i (Yen Dinh) ve t r u y e n t h u y e t H u n g T r i n h Vudng-ecn t r a i thfl 11 cfla Lac Long Q u i n

den vung h a lflu sdng M a de "chpn di't l i p giang Bp" Chfnh c i c yeu t d ' h c h stt, yeu to' dia v i n h o i eua mpt viing da't cd n h i e u net d i e biet da nudi dUdng nhiing s a n g tao de cac nghe si eho r a ddi nhieu t i e p h i m lam n e n nhflng kiet t i e b i n g gd, da phong phfl, da dang ve npi dflng, h i n h thflc

Do yeu to' dja ly, T h a n h H o i trd nen cd mpt vj the d i e biet qua t r i n h p h a t trien ljch sfl Viet N a m Vung di't ma h a u het cac trieu dai phong kie'n thi't the hay phuc quoc chpn lam c i n cfl (Tran N h i t Duat yem q u a n dUa Vua chay l i n h n a n ; n h i Hd ep vua T r a n T h u a n Tdng ve Ly Cung 1397, dflng t h i n h luy d An Tdn mUu viec ldn; Le Ldi dUng cd khdi nghia L a m Kinh n i m 1418; n h a Trjnh phd Le T r u n g Hflng 1533, dflng h a n h d i n h b Yen Trfldng, Van Lai chd'ng n h a Mac ), vung da't ma ngUdi va ngudn lUe dfldc h u y dpng tdi da cho cac cupc k h a n g chien, vung da't dfldc chia cat bdi bdn sdng ldn: sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Hoat, sdng Yen ta't ca da tao nen nhflng yeu to', tfnh c i e h ngUdi xfl Thanh, v a n h o i xfl T h a n h qua khfl va a n h hfldng den

Do yeu to' d i e t r u n g ve dja ljch sii, dja van hoa-xa hdi ma T h a n h Hoa cd mdt s i c

t h i i d i e trflng, t r o n g dd sdng Ma la t i c n h i n q u a n trpng, nhflng s i c t h a i v i n -h o i i'y -h o i c -h u n g vdi ddng c-hay eua v i n h o i Viet N a m theo mdt cflng bae rieng, l i m n e n sfl da d a n g s i c t h a i v a n h o i dan gian, ddng thdi cung p h a n i n h ljch sfl-v i n h o i cua mdt sfl-vung, ddng gdp cho kho t i n g v i n boa Viet N a m "thd'ng n h i ' t da dang"./

TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O

Dio Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua

cdc ddi, Nxb Thuan Hda, 1997

TS Ha Manh Khoa, Ldng nghe thii cdng vd

ldng khoa bdng thai phong kie'n d ddng bdng songMd, Nxb Tfl dien bach khoa, 2009

Tinh uy, Hpi ddng nhan dan, fly ban nhan dan tinh Thanh Hda, Dia chi Thanh Hda (lieh sfl va dia ly)-Tip 1, Nxb V i n hoa-Thong tin, 2000

Ban nghien cflu va Bien soan lieh sfl Thanh Hoa, Lieh sd Thanh Hda (tap den tap 5), Nxb Khoa hpc x i hpi, 1990 Ban nghien cflu v i bien soan lieh sfl Thanh Hoa, Tu lieu dia chdt, thuy vdn, lieh sd,

vdn hda tieu viing vdn hda song Md xd Thanh, Vien am nhac, Ha Npi, 1999

Le Ngo Cat, Pham Dinh Toai, Bai Nam

qud'c sd diin ca Lieh sd Viet Nam, Nxb

Van hoa Thong tin, 2004

Vien Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam, Dgi Viet

sd ky todn thU (tap 1, 2, 3, 4), Nxb Khoa

hpc Xa hoi, 1998

Le Quang Dinh, Hodng Viet nhdt thd'ng