dong tti 6c CO nhiem vu rit quan ttgng ttgng su nghiep khdng chien, kiin quic, ttong eong cugc hodn fliinh dan chu mdi d i nin din CNXH"i». Trong each mang dan tgc dan chii nhan [r]
(1)NGHIEN CiPU - TRAO !
Sang tao cua Ho Chf Minli xay diAig \ lire mong nong cot cho Mat tran Dan tdc thdng nhat
• PGS, TS PHAM NGOC ANH - T h S V U T U A N
Hoc vt$n Chinh tri qudc gia Hd Chi Minh Hoc vien Ky thuat quan stf
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I, , ' = " ^ « * mang Wet Nam eung nhu thiy dugc vai ttd quan ttgng eiia ting lop tti diilc ttong su nghiep I T ' „ r S - " r ^ " ' ^ ' ' ' ' ^ ' ' * ' " ™ ' ' ™ ' ' ' ^ ^ ' " S v a p h a , t t i i „ ; | ^ l u d n c u a c h H a M e 1 ! -Lenin ve tap hgp luc lugng each mang vgi quan diem sang tao: Idy lien minh edng - nong tti thirc ! ImMinhatritaoradgngJucmanh^niedini each mang Viet Nam din didng lgi hoan loan
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TA„„ ui .u ^-^ L •^'" '^"P ^^"S nhan ddng vai trd lanh dao Dign Ah chn n h i n r d l ^ ' ^ p Z c u " l ^ r r a x ' ° r ' M " ^ ' ^ f , y c ^ = ^ n ^ i * * i d u g c s u e ^ d , i e ? p h t s :
chira nguyen nhan chu yeu cua that bai ttong cac cuoc Dinthdi VTIAii,? H,i |,„ i,- „ , - ,
(2)NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO 06l
tang lap lao dong khac mdt each khoa hoc phu hgp vdi tinh hinh thuc te ttong Caeh mang XHCN thang Mudi Nga (1917) \'di phuang cham: Hdy cho tdi mot td chirc ldi se ldm dao ldn ca mrdc Nga nham hien chien tranh de qudc thdnh ndi chien cdch mang V.I.Lenin cho rSng, hen rainh cdng - ndng la haj luc lugng chu cong ciia chinh quyen Xdviet Cd nhi^u liic VI.Lenin da dua ca binh linh (Hdngquan) tham gia \ao luc luong lien mmh ndng cot de tao th^ chan b^ng cdng nong -binh song ve ban chat thi bmh cung tir cdng - ndng ma ra ca, nen Hdng qudn chinh la quan ddi cdng ndng
Trong giai doan dau cua thdi ky qua ien CNXH khong chi co lien mmh cdng - ndng ma lien mmh vdi cac t^ng Idp lao dong khac Dac biet, ddi vdi cac nudc thudc dia, tien ttr ban ndng nghiep lac hau qua dp bo qua che nr ban chu nghia di len Cf-JXH thi day chinh la lire lugng each mang chu y^u Vdi tu each la giai cap lanh dao, giai cap cdng nhan ma dimg dAu la Dang Cgng san phai nam bat dugc nhimg yeu c^u khach quan lir cac giai cap, ting Idp de to chuc lien mmh \'irng chac dd khong chi ia di^u kien dira each mang d^n thang lgi rna cdn lam gia tang su doan k^t de "khdng cd the lire nao pha \'d ndi",
Nhu vay, CO the thdy ring, ca giai doan diu tranh gianh chinh quy^n lan chuyen chinh vd san, VI.Lenin deu khang dinh Clmien chinh vd sdn Id mdt htnh thdc dac biei cua Hen minh gitra giai cdp vd san 001 nen phong aia nhung ngirdi lao ddng) vin ddng ddo nhimg tdng lap ho ddng khdng phen vd ^an (Heu lir.'ian tmi chu ndng dan iri ihirc vv) Tuy co 6k cap dgn ca cac giai cap tang lop khac ngoai cdng nhan va nong daji song ldng li/f7 tri thdc van chua duoc xac dinh la luc lmmg ndng cdl nen chua duoc nhin manh va coi Uong, Dicii cd le diau kien lich su cua xa hoi nudc Nga Xoviet luc bay gid khic-n V l.Lenm va Dang Bdnsevich nhan thirc la chi cd nhimg luc luong true ligp tham gia lao dgng san xuat dong dao nhit xa hgi mdi cd the lao mot lien minli vung chic i ^ ndng col cho khdi doan ket loan dan Mat khac, cd die mat faing dan tri trinh nhan thuc y thiic to chirc k-y luat cua cdng •-ndng o nudc Nga Xovict da kha cao nen vai Uo ciia tri ihuc khong dugc the hien ro
2 Ho Chi Minh phat trien sang tao quan di6m cua chii nghia Mac-Unin >l xay dimg khfli lien minh cong - nflng - tri thuc sir nghiep each mang
Tmng vdi ly luan cua chu ntihia Mac-Lenin Ho C hi Mmh ludn coi "each mang la su nahicp cua quan
chimg, thang loi ciia each mang la su phan diu hy sinh va tri thdng minh sang tao ciia hang trieu nhan dfin, nhat la cdng nhan, ndng dan va nhiing ngudi tri thiic each mang"<", nhan dan la ddng lire chii ygu cua cadi mang Vi the, tac pham Dtrdng Cdch menh mic dli xac dinh "dan chiing cdng ndng la gdc each menh"") cdng nhan giij vai Ird lanh dao song su^ nen uinJi each mang, dii d thdi ky each mang giai phong dan tgc hay each mang XHCN, Ho Clii Minh d^u nhin thiic rd v6 vi Ui, vai trd cua ting Idp tri thiic each mang va xac dinh xay dung lien minh cong - ndng - tri thiic thanh luc lugng ndng cdt cho khdi dai doan kk dan tpc, tao dgng lire ca ban cho each mang,
Xudt phdt lif dac diem, tinh chdt dgc thu cuaxa h^ vd thirc liin cdch mgng Viet Nam Hd Chi Minh OS sdm nhgn thiic dirpc vi Iri, vai tro cur ky quan trpng Clia dpi ngu tri Ihuc ddi vdi su- nghiep cdch mgng vi sir phdi Irien ciia xd hpi
Ho Chi Mmh ludn coi tri thirc la "vdn hgng quy bau eua dan tgc" la bg ph^ii quan Irong Irong luc iupng ckb mang Ngudi nhan thiy tti thiic khdng phai la mgt giai cap, hg chi la mpt ting Idp cd sd lupng khiem tdn xa hoi Vi?l Nam (diu tlig ky XX) nhung ho ludn di diu, la ngoi nd phong ttao diu tranh ddi dpc lap doi quyen dan t6c dan chii Ngudi da nhan ro su khac bi^ giira tti thirc tai cac nudc thuoc dia ban thugc dia hay cac dan tpc bj ap birc vdi cac nudc tu ban dg qu6c Tri thuc Viet Nam "dii la tti thiic mot s6 kha dong Ihu^c phan phii ndng, dia chii, phong kign tti san ma nhung cung dgu bi dg qudc ap birc'i'*
La nhihig ngudi eo hgc thiic, hieu bigt, tri thirc Vi^ Nam rat nhay ben vdi cai mdi vdi nhimg tu ttrdng tiin bg Hd Chi Minh da chi hai ygu td tich cue ciia tri thirc Viet Nam "Cd dau dc dan tdc va diu 6c each mang"'*' Ngudi nhan xet, tti thirc "cd hpc tliirc, de co cam gik chinh m Ho klidng nvc tigp bdc lot lao dgng, Vi ny, ho dg ngp tho su giao due each mang va cung di vdi cong ndng"*'* Trong lam thirc cua moi tti thirc Viet Nam luon CO y thitc va tinh cam sau sic vdi dan tpc Ddi vdi hp dan tgc chinh fa cai noi sinh va nuoi dudng ly Hi, tmh cam, tmh than va tri tue tai nang ciia minh Vdi thfi manh la nhay ben ve chinh tti, nhimg ngudi tti thiic Vi^I Nam nlian thay ro tinh canh cua dan tpc va chinh ban than minh Hp cam thiy nd Ig, mil nudc la "qudc si" vi mong muon tim ldi thoat
Su nh^y ben ve chinh tti va ttnh than each mang ciia tn thiic ticp luc dugc bigu hien qua sy ddi tdn t^i v4 20
(3)NGHI£N cChj - TRAO e6i phat trien nhanh chong eua nhiing t i chirc chmh tti Clia
sinh vign, tti diuc (phin lon ttong s6 hg sau niy ttg thinh nhiing d i i ^ vien diu den Clia Ding Cgng sdn Viet Nam), ma Nguyen Ai Quie da nhie din Ogng bio eao gui Quoc te Cgng sin ngdy 5.3.1930: Ben eanh Viet Nam nien each mpng ding ehi hgi, eo ba nhom chmh ni: Nhom dianh nien Nam ky, Tdn Viet o Tmng kyvaAnNamquicddnDdngdBicky.Nhomthirnhit
» gom phan lgn l i men, sinh vien; nhom thir hai la ^' ni thuc; nhom thli ba l i tiiu tu sin
1^ Nhan thiic duoe vi tti, vai tto quan ttgng Clia tti fliirc Viet Nam cich mang ddn toe dan chu nhan dan vd cich mang XHCN, flidnh lip Ding Cgng sdn Viet » Nam, ttuoc yeu ciu phii co mgt dudng lii chinh tti rS * rang, phai phan dinh ro chiin ttiyin giira cich mang vd • phdn cich mang H i Chi M n h da xip tti thiic vdo hang ^ ngu luc luong cich mang cua dan tgc giai cip vo sin
lanli dao, la mgt ttong nhihig ding nunh gin gui cua giai > cap cong nhdn va nong dan Nguoi khing dinh mgt each I dut khoit ttong nhiing van kien diu tien mang tmh « cuong ffiih cua Ding Trong Sdch luge vin tat Clia Ding il Nguiri viet: "Ddng phii hit siic lien lac voi Biu tu sin, t tti fliire, ttung nong, Thanh nien Tin Viet, v.v d i keo hg i di vdo phe vo sin giai cip"i« Chuong ttinh torn a t cua Dang viet: "Dang loi keo tiiu ttr sin, tti Oiirc va ttung I nong ve phia giai cip vo san"m Vifc xac dinh tir rat siJra VI tti oia U fliirc nong luc lugng cdch mang da I gop phdn CO lap ke thil, dua ting liSp tri flnic v i phia each
mang ttr nhirng buoi ddu tien, lang cuemg sue manh Ion lao cho cich mang
^ CuOe cdch mang md H i Chu tich Ding ta va nhan dan ta tien hinh l i mgt euge caeh mang vo cung kho khan, gian k h i vdi nhung nhiem vu rit Ion lao Do li ddnh duoi de quic thuc ddn, phong kiin, doi lai tu do, dgc lap cho dan tgc v i m6ng dit eho ddn cay Xdy dung che dg din chit nhdn dan v i flin len xiy dung CNXH, chu nghia cgng san Thuc hien nhirng nhiem vu dy o Vi5t Nam CO din 95% dan s i mil ehu, hdu qud eua chlnh sdch t j ^ din didi be cat tri ciia fliire dan Phdp Ben canh vgi chinh sach cai tti h i khic, boc lot vg vet fliugc dia din tan xuong my, fliuc din Phip da diy nen ktah te nuoc ta vio ttnh ttang hit siie lae hau, tieu diSu, kiet qug, nhin dan hit siic cue khi, lim than Trong hoin cdnh ay nhigm vg each mang eua edc giai eip nhdndinVietNam cing tto nen nang ne,16nlaohonvi lat nhien, gidi tti flnic eung phai dam nhdn nhiiu ttgng ttdch lon hon, phiic tap hon H i Chi Muih xic dinh: 'iao
dong tti 6c CO nhiem vu rit quan ttgng ttgng su nghiep khdng chien, kiin quic, ttong eong cugc hodn fliinh dan chu mdi d i nin din CNXH"i» Trong each mang dan tgc dan chii nhan din, tti flnic phai myen ttuyin, gido due qudn chung nhung ttr ttrong each mang l i ngdi n i cho cde phong ttao each mang, diu ttanh ching lai nhung luan dieu phin dong mi ddn eua ke fliii Trong each mang XHCN, Hi tinic phdi di diu ttong viec ning eao dan tti, xay dung v i kiin tiiiit nude nhi Ho Chi Minh khdng dinh'Tri flnic phuc vu nhan dan bdy gid cung cdn, khdng diien kien qude eung cin, tiin len XHCN cdng cin, tiin len cgng sdn chii nghia lai edng cin'i'i
Ngudi nhin manh: "Chinh la nhirng dang each mang lai cing ttgng tti tfiuc: vi muin phdt hiin van hda flii phai can fliiy giag, muin phat ttiin siic khde eiia nhdn dan flii phdi cin fliiy fliuic, muon phat ttiin ky nghe phii cdn cdc ky su, v.v Tdm lai each mang lit ein tti fliue vd chinh chi cd cdch mang mdi biit tti fliuc'ii"' Trong mgi linh vuc, mgi flidi ky each mang diu rit edn den hgc vin, tdi nang vd tam huyit, sue luc ciia gidi tti fliuc Dgi ngu tti flnic ding hinh cimg dan tdc tiin hinh each mang ddn tgc dan chii nhan dan vd tiin len each raang XHCN Trong suit qua ttinh each raang 'Tri fliuc khong cd bao gid fliira, ehi cd fluiu tii flnic flidi'im
Tir Vflri, vai trv circ ky quan trpng eda dpi ngu tri thuc Ho Chi Minh eoi ddy la luc lupng ca ban va dim hp tham gia vdo khdi lien mmh cong -nong- tri thuc de Ipo Ihi "chan Iding" virng chic lam nong cit cho khoi dpi doan kit diin tpc
Hd Chi Minh dpi hdi ttong mgi giai doan cdch raang "cong, ndng, bi, can phai doan kit chat che flianh mgt khdt'i'a Theo Ngudi, "tinh chit each mang ciia ta id each raang din chu mdi, cho nen ddng luc cich mang gdm cd nhimg giai cip: cdng nhan, ndng dan, tiiu m sin""» Ngudi nhin manh: "Tuyen ngdn eiia Bdng ndi: "Ding Lao dgng -Viet Nam se gim nhung cong nhan, ndng dan va lao ddng ni dc yen nude nhdt, hdng hai nhit, each mang nhdf' Va, "lao dgng tti dc cin dugc khuyin khich giiip do, phat men tdi nang-i™ Khing dinh giai cap edng nhan la giai cip lanh dao cdch raang giai eip ndng dan la dgi qudn ehii luc ciia each mang H i Chi Mtah daxep tdng Idpoifliucli ding minheuagiaiedp cdng nhan, la mgt ddng luc ciia each mang, la mdt luc lugng Clia Dang Cdng sin Viet Nam Dd la chdn ly hiin nhien khdng chi dung ttong each raang din tdc dan chu nhan din md cdn dilng ttong each mang XHCN Khong CO tang lip ui Ihirc hap uie vdi giat cdp cing ndng Ihi
(4)NGHIEN CO'U-TFtAOedl r^
cdch mang khdng the thdnh cdng vd svr nghiep xdy dung mot nuac Viet Nam mdi se khdng the hodn thdnh duac Su khang dinh chic chin cua ngudi diing diu Chinh phli, bang Tuyen ngdn ciia Dang da dap tan mpi luan dieu xuyeo lac, bia dat cua ke thu hdng chia re khdi doan ket cdng - ndng - tri, mang lai niSm tm viing chic cho ting lop tri thiic
Xic dinh lien minh cdng - nong - tri thuc la n&i tang vung chic cua he thdng chinh tri, Hd Chi Minh nhic nhd: "Giai cap cdng nhan doan k^t chat che vdi gidi tri thirc, de giilp hg phuc vu each mang, phuc vu OpOi"!'*! va "ti^n dudng tifin dgn d o ^ k ^ tdi tluet ttrdng tri thiic ta nen tir dpng di buuc trudc tim den cong nong, va tdi chac rang cdng ndng se nhiet ii^t hoan nghgnh tri thuc""*'
Nhiing tri diuc Viet Nam di dieo Cdch mang sau thang 8.1945 hiu hgt duoc dao tao cac nha Qudng Clia chg dg thuc dan phong kign hoac \ka viec ttong bp may cua che dp cii nen it nhilu chiu anh hudng ciia tu tudng, ig ldi lam viec cil, nhu, lap ttudng thigu kien dinh, tinh ky luiit chua cao, xa rdi quin chung "ly lu^n khdng di ddi vdi thyc hinh, xem khmh Iao dgng, tu tudng rao hd, lap ttudng khdng vung, hanh dpng thi hay lung lay""" Dg trd ngudi lao dpng chan chinh, l\rc lugng quan tt-png cua each mang, bp phan ndng c6t khong thg thigu ciia khdi iien minh cdng - ndng - tri, Hd Chi Minh eho rang, "tri thiic ta cin cai tgo tu tudng, stia ddi 16 ldi lam viec"""> "Mye dich cai t ^ li lam cho nhung ngudi tti ihiic chiing ta ttd thinh nhung ngudi tti Ihlic ciia giai cip cdng nhan, hgt long het sue phye vu cdng nong, gdp phin xiing ding va ve vang vio cdng cupc xay dyng CNXH""" Mudn vay, cin phii thyc hi?n "cdng ndng tri thiic hda Tri thiic cdng ndng hda NghTa li cdng ndng cin hpc tap van hda dg ning cao trinh dp tti thiic ciia minh, bi thuc cin gin gui cdng nong va hgc t^p tinh thin, nghi lyc, sang kien va kinh nghiem ciia cong ndng Dd li nhiem vu chung v i cin kip, m i chiing ta phai cimg c6 ging lam cho ky dugc"'^'" Theo Ngudi, cin phai dua tri thiic tham gia Hyc tigp vio cdng cugc khang chiin, kign qudc, dg "anh em tti thiic ciing bigt ttpng lao dpng, oing biet lim Iao dgng, hgp thinh mpt khdi vdi cong nong, nang cao ttinh dp cong ndng vfi van hoa Iy lu^"n') Tit quan dilm chi dao Clia H Chi Minh nhidu tri thirc da hang hai xung phong ten ttiygn, tryc tigp vao cac nha may, rupng ddng, hoc tap, lao dpng, xay dimg y thuc phuc vy cdng nong cai tao m tudng, sira ddi ldi lim viec, ud
nhiing tri thuc each mang chan chinh Bdi vl, chl c6^ bd vdi cong nong, phuc vy, suy tir, tran trd v6 nhi de cd lien quan dSn v^n menh cua dit nudc, dSo hanh phuc cua nhan dan, het long, het siic phye w ^ qudc, phuc vu nhan dan, tri fliuc mdi khing djnh vai trd, vj tri cua minh doi vdi sir phit trign ciia dit dan tdc Dd cting chinh la ti6n dS quan trpng dg k h ^ minh cdng - ndng - Iri Ihiic n ^ y cing dugc cung cd chat, tang cudng siic manh va da thuc sy trd fliinh nhan ciia khoi dgi doan kit toin dan tpc
Trai qua nhieu thing trim, biln ddng ciia ljch nhung quan digm diing din cua H6 Chi Minh vfi vj vai trd ciia d^i ngu tri tiiirc ciing nliihig sing tdo Ngudi xSy dung khdi lien minh cdng - nfing thuc van cdn nguyen gia tri ca vg Iy lu|n lin thyc tii Nd mai la nggn duoc soi dudng thing lpi cho sy xay dyng luc lugng ndng cdt cho khdi dgi doin kit tdc Clia Dang va Nhi nudc ta Hien nay, nhan logi ^ vi dang budc vio ky nguyen mdi - ky nguyen cua kinh ^ tri thiic Trudc nhimg didi co, vgn hgi mdi dan xen v J nhiing thich thiic khdng nhd cua xu thl toan cau hda J hgi nhap qudc te cang sau rpng , d l thyc h i ^ muc tieu tdng quit ma Dai hoi XII da xac djnh: "Soni" dua nudc ta nudc cdng nghi?p theo hudng dai"(^), hon iiic nao hit Dang va N h i nude cin pl quin triet va vin dung sang tgo quan digm ciia Hi, Minh ve tti thiic, coi trpng v i cd bipn phip thiet flu xay dyng ddi ngu tri thiic cich mgng ng^y cing hi hiu, tao tiln d l cho lien minh cdng - ndng - tti thiic triln de xiy dyng lyc lugng ndng c6t cho khdi dai ket dan tgc vimg manh, qua dd khai thic mpi tiem va die manh cua cac giai ting xa hpi, phit huyi mgnh toan din tpc, tao dpng lire manh me cho sy nghij C N H , H D H d i t n u d c n
(1) H^ Chi Minh, Toan tap T14 Nxb CTQG H ,2011 tr.4 (2) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd T2 tr.297
(3),{4),(5),(9),(I0),(ll),(l3),(17).(21)H6ChiMinh;i T8, lr.53,54,258.59.53.56,255,258,57
(6), (7) H^ Chi Minh: Sdd T3, tr.3,4
(8), (14), (18), (20) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd T?, tr,72.71,72, TsJ (12), (16) H6 Chi Minh: say TIO tr.376,377 (15) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd T12 tr.371 (19) nh Chi Minh; SddTU, tr.243
^ (22) DSng COng san Vift Nam: Van Idfn DQI hpi<^ hihi A quoc lan thie XII, VSn phoog Tnmg uong EMng H.,20i6 22