Dieu nay, ddi hdi vide xac dinh va phan logi cac dac trung nguy hiem chay cua vat lidu phai ddng bd vdi hd thong tieu chuan an todn chdy dp dyng eho nhd vd edng trinh, bdi vi$c quy do[r]
(1)V A T L I E U M O I T R U ' a N G KY THUAT HA T A N G
CAC OAC TRITNG NGUY HI^M CHAY CUA VAT Uf U XAY Dl/NG - QUY OjNH TRONG M O T SO HE THONG TIEU CHUAN VE AN TOAN CHAY CHO NhA VA CONG TRINH
ThS HOANG ANH GIANG Vi#n KHCN Xay du'ng
Tdm tat; Ndi dung bii vidt gi&i thidu mdt sd phugng phip phin lo?i ky thuit ddi v&i eic die trung nguy hidm vd ehiy cua vit lidu xiy dt/ng quy djnh trong hd thdng tidu ehuin an toan ehiy hidn hinh eiia Vidt Nam vi eua mdt sd qude gia hode vung linh thd khic Cic tidu ehuin ky thuit lidn quan eung nhirng ndt chinh eiia quy trinh thir nghidm xie djnh cie die trung nguy hidm ehiy tuang irng eua vit lidu eOng duge dd cip mdt cich ngin gpn
I D g t v l n d i
Dh dam bao an toan chdy eho nha va edng trinh, vat lidu xay dyng phai duac kiim tra, phan logi va s& dyng phu hap i" t&ng vj tri tren cdng trinh theo cae chi tieu ky thuat thu nghidm, duac quy djnh cac tai lieu chuan cua mdi quoc gia Cd mdt thye t i la eae quoc gia khac cd the quy djnh ap dyng eae phyong phdp thu nghiem vd phuang phap phan logi khdng giong ddi vdi cac ddc trung nguy hiem chay eua vat lieu Dieu nay, ddi hdi vide xac dinh va phan logi cac dac trung nguy hiem chay cua vat lidu phai ddng bd vdi hd thong tieu chuan an todn chdy dp dyng eho nhd vd edng trinh, bdi vi$c quy doi va xem xet tinh tuong duong cua cac hd thong phan logi theo eae tieu ehuin phuang phap thu khac la r i t khd khan, tham chi khdng t h i quy doi dudC
Nim rd eae phuang phap thu nghidm va phdn loai vat lidu xay dyng theo cac ddc tryng nguy hiim ve chdy dang duac dp dyng d Vidt Nam cQng nhu d mdt so quic gia khde nhu: My, chdu Au, Nhdt Bdn, Trung Quic se giup cd duac cdi nhin ting t h i hon v i v i n d i ndy vd tgo dieu kidn thudn lai cho vide lyg chpn dp dyng hd thing phdn logi phu hap vao thye t i san xuit va xay dyng d Vidt Nam NOi dung cua bai viit tap trung gidi thidu nh&ng ndt chfnh v i cac phyong phap thy nghidm va phan logi v$t li$u xdy dyng dang dypc quy djnh ap dyng QCVN 06:2010/BXD va cac tai li$u ehuin cua m i t s i quoc gia khac, ding thdi cd mOt so so sanh nhit djnh vide dp dyng cac h$ thong phan loai dd
Vide di sdu phan tfch cdc quy trinh thy nghiim va tidu chi ddnh gia k i t qua thy nghi$m cd t h i tim hiiu
tryc tiip cac tidu ehuin thy nghidm dypc viin d i n hode gidi thi$u [1,2]
2 Theo h§ thing tidu ehuin ciia Vi^t Nam
vat lidu xay dyng dydc phan logi theo tfnh chit va muc dO nguy hiim chay quy djnh QCVN 06:2010/BXD [3] Day cOng la each phan logi theo hd thing tidu ehuin hidn hanh cua Nga [4] Theo dd, vdt lidu xay dyng g i m hai logi chinh la vdt lidu khdng chdy vd vdt lidu chay duac Tiip dd, vdt lidu chdy lai duac phdn thdnh cae nhdm ed m&c dd nguy hiim chay khac theo tung chf tieu ky thudt sau
Theo tinh chay, duac phan 04 nhdm cd mi>c nguy hiim tdng d i n tu Chl (ehiy yiu) din Ch4 (chay mgnh);
Theo tinh b i t chay, duac phdn thdnh 03 nhdm co muc dO nguy hiem tdng d i n tu BCI (khd bit chdy) den BC3 (de bit chay);
Theo tinh lan tnjy^n lua tren be nndt dupe phan 04 nhdm cd m&c dO nguy hiim tang din tu LT1 (khdng lan truyen) den LT4 (lan truydn mgnh);
Theo kha nang sinh khdi, dudc phan 03 nhdm cd m&c dO nguy hiim tang d i n tu SKI (sinh khoi thip) d i n SK3 (sinh khdi mgnh);
Theo dOc tinh cua san phim khdi, dupe phan 04 nhdm cd muc dO nguy hiim tSng din t& DT1 (dOc t i thip) d i n 0T4 (dOc t i r i t cao)
V$t lidu khdng chay dudc coi la vdt liOu an toan ^ chay vd khdng phai phdn nhdm tiip
2.1 Tinh kh6ng ehiy (Non-combustibility)
Thu nghiOm vd ddnh gia tinh khdng chdy eug vat ' lidu xdy dyng dup^c thye hidn theo quy trinh neu tieu ChuIn TCXDVN 331:2004 [5] (hidn tieu ehuin ndy dang dup'c chuyin thdnh tidu ehuin Vi$t Nam) Ydu c i u v i thiet bj cung nhu quy trinh tien hdnh thu nghidm tieu ehuin hodn to^n tuang duang vdi ISO 1182:2002 [6], cd bo sung th§m ' nOi dung v i cdeh ddnh gid vd phdn nhdm v$t liSu ; chdy hode khdng chdy
(2)VAT LIEU MOI TRU'QNG KY THUAT HA T A N G Khi thu theo cdc tieu chuan nay, 05 m l u thu hinh tru trdn dudng kinh 45 mm, chieu cao 50 mm lin luat dupe dua vao mdt Id dot hinh ong dat thing d&ng, chiiu dai 150 mm, dudng kinh 75 mm Nhidt dd Id dupe kiem scat va giu on djnh d muc 750 ± °C khoang thdi gian 10 phut trudc dua mlu vao Yiu to ve nhidt dO cua Id dit, nhidt dO cua mlu thu va sy xuit hidn ngpn lua tren b i mdt mlu thy dupe theo ddi va ghi nhdn ehi tiit suit khoang thdi gian kdo ddi cua thu nghidm Sau liy khdi Id va d i nguOi ty nhidn binh hut i m , mlu thu dupe cdn Igi d i xdc djnh khoi luang suy giam
Theo quy dinh QCVN 06:2010/BXD, vdt lidu dupe thu ed the xep vdo nhdm vat lidu khdng chay neu:
- Muc gia tang nhidt dO cua Id dot khdng qua 50°C; - Khoi luang mlu bj giam khdng qua 50%;
Thdi gian kdo ddi cua ngpn lua khdng qua 10 giay Ndu thdi gian kdo ddi eua ngpn lua Idn hon 10 gidy nhung khdng vupt qud 20 gidy thi vdt lieu dupe thu ed t h i xip vdo nhdm chdy y i u (Chl) Ngoai ra, de xdc djnh va phan nhdm tiep theo doi vdi cac nhdm vdt lidu chdy (tu Ch2 d i n Ch4) c i n tiin hdnh thu nghidm theo mdt quy trinh bo sung khde
2.2 Tinh chat chay (Ignitability)
Tfnh bit chay cua vat lidu xdy dyng dyac thy nghidm theo quy trinh neu tidu ehuin ISO 5657 [7] Cdc mlu thy dgng t i m phdng hinh vudng kfeh thude 165 mm x 165 mm duac dat nim ngang dudi tae ddng cua nguon b&c xg nhidt cd cudng dd b&c xg khoang t& 10 kW/m^ d i n 70 kW/m^ kit hpp ngpn lua mii Vdi mdi c i p cudng dO b&c xg nhiOt ydu cdu tii thiiu phai cd 05 m l u dugc thu nghiOm khoang thdi gian tde ddng toi da Id 15 phut Trong khoang thdi gian thu nghidm, c i n theo ddi vd ghi nhdn cdc biiu hidn Idm vide eua mlu, ddc bidt Id thdi diem phdt chdy thdnh ngpn l&a trdn b i mdt mlu
Trong khoang thdi gian theo ddi cua thu nghiOm (15 phut) niu mlu thu bit chdy dudi cudng dO b&c xg nhidt > 35 kW/m^ thi vat lidu dudc x i p vdo nhdm khd bit chay (BCI), neu mlu thu b i t chdy khoang cudng dd b&c xg nhiOt t& 20 kW/m^ d i n dudi 35 kW/m^ thi v$t lieu duac x i p vao nhdm b i t chay vua phai (BC2) Vdt lidu duac x i p vao nhdm dd bit
chdy (BC3) niu mlu thu bit chdy d cudng dd b&c xg nhd hon 20 kW/m^
2.3 Tinh lan truyen li>a tren be mat (Spread of flame)
Cd hai hinh thuc thu nghidm d i ddnh gia tfnh lan truyin lua tren b i mdt vdt lidu hodn thiOn, ung vdi hai trudng hap lip ddt diin hinh thye t i : ldp ddt theo phuang d&ng (hodn thidn b i mdt tudng, vdch ngan) va lip ddt theo phuang ngang (vat lidu phu san) Doi vdi vdt lidu hoan thidn b i mat tudng, thu nghidm duac thye hidn theo ISO 5658-2 [8], doi vdi vat lidu hoan thidn san, thu nghidm duyc thye hidn theo ISO 9239-1 [9]
Vdi mii thu nghidm, it nhit 03 mlu thu dgng tim phdng duac thu nghidm mdi trudng nhidt dd b&c xg tieu ehuin vd ed ngpn lua mii gdy bit chdy Cdc mdu thu ndy ed chiiu ddy khdng Idn hon 50 mm (niu chiiu ddy thye t i Idn hon thi ed t h i cdt liy phin be mdt cd chiiu day bdng 50 mm) vd kfeh thydc ddi vd rdng thuOc vao c i u hinh th& nghidm Nguon nhidt b&c xg dyac tgo thdnh nhd mOt t i m phdng ddt bing gas, dat nghieng mdt gdc 15°C so vdi be mat eua miu thu, dam bao tgo sy phan bo cua cudng dd b&c xg nhidt theo tieu ehuin tren be mdt mlu (diem g i n tam bue xg nhat dgt cudng dd b&c xg nhidt khoang 50 kW/m^, cdn diim xa nhit dgt cudng dp b&c xg nhidt khoang kW/m^) Trong thdi gian thu nghidm, cdc y i u to nhu: thdi diem phdt chdy tren bd mdt mlu thu, thdi diim ngpn lua tren b i mat mlu thu dgt d i n cac moc khoang each nhit djnh va khoang each ma ngpn lua lan xa nhit tren be mat mlu thu duoc ghi nhdn chi t i i t
Vide ddnh gid vd phdn nhdm duac cdn c& vao muc cudng dO b&c xg tgi diem ma ngpn lua lan xa nhit tren b i mdt mlu thu Vdt liOu dupe x i p vao nhdm lan truyin mgnh (LT4) niu cudng dd b&c xg tgi diim lan xa nhit nho hon kW/m^, ngup-e Igi vdt liOu dupe x i p vdo nhdm khdng lan truyin lua (LT1) niu gid trj ndy > 11 kW/m^ [3]
2.4 Kha nang sinh khoi (Smoke generation)
M&c dO sinh khdi cua v$t lidu dugc ddnh gid tren CO sd kit qua thu nghiOm theo quy trinh neu ISO 5660 [10] Cac m l u thu dgng t i m phIng hinh vudng vdi kfeh thude mii ehieu 75 mm x 75 mm vd chieu ddy khdng qud 25 mm dudc d$t ndm ngang dudi tde ddng cua nguon b&c xg nhidt cd m&c
(3)V A T L I E U MOI T R t f O N G - KY THUAT HA T A N G cudng dO 25 kW/m^ va 50 kW/m^ Toan bO h i thing m l u thu va nguin bue xg dudc ddt buing th& nghidm cd kfeh thude tidu ehuin d i xac djnh cac chi tidu v i muc dO suy gidm cudng dO dnh sang s i n phim khdi dudc sinh mlu thu phat chay
vat lidu duac coi la ed khd nang sinh khdi thip (SKI) niu trj s i hd s i sinh khdi <, 50 m^/kG N i u trj s i > 500 m^/kO thi vat lidu duac coi la cd khd nang sinh khdi cao (SK3) Vdi cac gia trj trung gian gi&a hai gidi hgn trdn thi vat lidu duac x i p nhdm khd ndng sinh khdi vua phdi (SK2)
2.5 Dgc tinh cua sin pham kh&i (Toxicity)
Vide xac djnh cac chl s6 de dpa sy sing lidn quan din ham luang ddc t i sdn phim khdi ddi hdi phai tiin hanh ede thu nghidm tuang d i i phuc tgp, nhu su dyng ddng vdt (chuOt thf nghidm), mdy phdn tich hdm luang theo phuong phdp FTIR [11, 12] Cdc m&c dOc tinh cua sdn phim khdi sinh vdt lidu bj d i t chdy ed t h i phy thude vdo liiu ludng hit phai vd thdi gian bj phoi 10 diiu kidn liiu lup'ng dd Ve mdt ddc tinh cua san phim khdi, quy djnh QCVN 06:2010/BXD t h i hidn qua chi s i Haso, chl so lidn quan d i n m&c dd tdeh oxide cacbon (CO) thu nghidm dot vdt lidu d diiu kidn ehuin Tuy theo gid trj cua chi so vdt lidu duac phdn thdnh nhdm nhu da neu d tren
3 Theo h^ thdng tieu ehuin cua chau Au vd Trung Qu6c H i thing phdn nhdm ky thudt v i chdy d i i vdi vdt lidu, san phim xdy dyng cua chdu Au (gpi chung Id Euroelasses) duac quy djnh EN 13501 [13] V i tong t h i , tieu ehuin ndy phdn bidt 03 dgng co ban eua vdt lidu, san phim g i m : hoan thidn mat san, bao dn cho dudng ong va cac vat lidu, s i n phim xay dyng ndi chung (khdng thude hai dgng tryde) Cac nhdm vat lidu ndi chung duac ky hidu t& A d i n F, nhdm vat lidu mdt san dude ky hidu t& An d i n Fn cdn nhdm vat lidu each nhidt cho dudng ong thing dy<;yc ky hidu ty AL d i n FL Tuong ty nhy QCVN 06:2010/BXD, eae ehi tieu ky thudt v i chay 6ugc sy dyng 6e phan nhdm nhin chung cung bao g i m tinh khdng chay, muc dO chay lan va m&c dO sinh khdi Tuy nhidn, phuang phap thu nghidm tieu ehuin cung nhu trj so gidi han de phan logi ed nh&ng khde bi^t nhit djnh v i theo hd thong O i phan nhdm eae dgng v$t lieu khde c i n phai cdn e& vao it nhit la chl tieu ky thuat v i chay Rieng nhdm F khdng ydu c i u phai thu nghidm
46
Hd thing phan logi ky thu^t v i chdy d i i vdi v$t liOu va s i n phim xdy dyng hidn hanh cua Trung Quic tuan theo GB 8624-2006 [14] N i u so sdnh vi nOi dung ky thu$t cd t h i thiy rd sy tyang ding gi&a hd thing phdn logi vdi Euroelasses, d$c bidt \i cae chl tidu ky thudt v i chay va gia trj gidi hgn eua cac chf tidu dd hodn toan giing Chi ed diim khac bidt n i i bdt dd la: (i) HO thing phdn logi eua Trung Quie s& dyng cdc k i t q u i thu nghidm theo nh&ng tidu ehuin thu nghidm mang md s i cua Trung Quic va (ii) Hd thing phan logi cua Trung Quic khdng ed dgng vdt lidu each nhidt dudng i n g thing T& nh&ng ly trdn, mOt s i ndt ting quat eua hgi h$ thing phdn logi sd dup'c gidi thidu ehung nhu dudi day
3.1 V$t lidu nhdm A, A„ vi AL
Dh dugc x i p vao nhdm A, m i u v$t lidu phai dupe th& nghidm tfnh khdng chay theo EN ISO 1182 [15] v^ ting nhidt ludng s i n sinh chdy theo EN ISO 1716 [16] Tiiy thuOe vdo k i t qua thu nghidm thu dupe, nhdm A Igi dup'C phdn thdnh nhdm nho Id Al vd A2, vdi vOt lidu mdt sdn vd vdt liOu cdeh nhidt eho ong thing cd hai nhdm tuang &ng la Aln A2|| va AIL, A2L Ridng cac vdt lidu nhdm A2 va A2L ngoai vide edn cu vdo k i t qua cua hai thu nghidm dd neu, cdn phai dyz vao k i t qua cua thu nghidm cdc ehi tieu v i phat triin ngpn lua (chay lan, sinh khdi, t i e dO giii phdng nhiOt, ) theo EN 13823 [17] Tuang ty v|y, vi$c phdn nhdm d i i vdl A2fl cdn phai cdn e& vdo kit qua thu nghiOm muc dO ehiy lan theo EN ISO 9239-1 [9] So sanh cdc gia tri gidi hgn cua kit qua thir nghidm theo EN ISO 1182 d i i vdi nhdm A2 eho thiy, cac vdt liOu dude x i p v i o nhdm cd sy tuang ti/ vdi nhdm vOt liOu chdy y i u (Chl) theo QCVN 06:2010/BXD
3.2 V$t lidu nhdm B Bu C, Cu D va DL
K i t q u i thu nghiOm cdc chi tieu v i phit trien ngpn lua theo EN 13823 va tinh b i t chdy theo EN ISO 11925-2 [18] dudc su dyng de danh gid, phan vdt lidu vao cac nhdm B, BL, C , CL, D va DL
Trong thu nghiOm theo EN 13823, mlu vdt liiu dude l i p d|it vao b i m$t thing dung cua hai vdch tudng vudng gdc thuOc buing thiit bj ed kfeh thude x x (m) Kfeh thude mdi canh cua cum m l u thu l i n \ugt la 1500 x 1000 (mm) vd 500 x 100C (mm) Vdi cdeh l i p ddt nhu vdy, hO thong mlu thu
(4)VAT LIEU MOI TRU'ONG - KY T H U A T HA T A N G tgo mdt gdc tudng bao quanh nguin nhidt gdy bit chdy vdi cdng suit 30 kW ddt d gi&a Todn bO qud trinh thu nghidm duac kdo ddi 20 phut Cdc thdng so, biiu hidn ldm vide cua mlu thu c i n duac theo ddi ghi nhdn g i m : Sy phat triin cua ngon l&a tren be mdt mlu; Tong nhidt lup'ng san sinh thdi gian thu nghidm; Ting lup'ng khdi san sinh; Cac bieu hipn khac v i hidn tuang chay lan ngang va hidn tupng phdt sinh byi lua,
Thu nghidm tinh b i t chay theo EN ISO 11925-2 dupe thye hidn tren m l u thy phing vdi kich thydc dai 250 mm, rdng 90 mm, day t i i da 60 mm treo thing dung gia kpp va chju tac ddng tryc tiip cua ngpn l&a kich thich nhd d gde ngoai eua mdp dudi eung Thdi gian ma m l u thu chju tac ddng kfeh thfeh eua ngpn lua la 60 giay Trong khoang thdi gian dd, ein theo ddi va ghi nhdn sy b i t chay cua mlu thu vd khoang thdi gian ma mdt trdn eua ngpn lua dgt den chiiu cao 150 mm tfnh tu diim ma m l u chju tac ddng cua ngpn lua kich thich
Tu cdc gid trj gidi hgn cua chi tieu ky thudt v i chdy duoc quy djnh thiy ring, nhdm vat lidu each nhidt cho dudng ong thing cho phdp chi so phat then ngpn lua FIGRA cao hon so vdi vdt lidu ndi chung
3.3 Vat lieu nhom E va EL
Phdn nhdm vdt lidu vao E hode EL can cu vao kit qua thu nghipm tinh b i t chay theo EN ISO 11925-2 Ndi ehung cae gia trj gidi hgn v i chi tieu b i t chay theo hai nhdm la giong
3.4 Vat lidu mat sin
De danh gia va phan nhdm cac vdt liOu m$t sdn, ben egnh kit qua thu nghidm tinh bit chdy theo EN ISO 11925-2, doi vdi vdt lidu mdt sdn tieu ehuin thu nghidm cdc chi tidu ve phdt trien ngpn lua theo EN 13823 dupe thay t h i bing thu nghiOm c i c chi tidu chay lan theo EN ISO 9239-1
4 Theo he thdng tieu ehuin cua My
HO thong quy chuan va tieu ehuin ky thuat cua My cd mOt diem khac biOt Idn nhit so vdi cac quoc gia khde dd Id tinh ty nguyOn vd da dgng Trong ITnh vyc xay dyng, khdng cd mOt hO thong quy ehuin Chung ap dyng tren pham vi toan lien bang, cd nhiiu t i chuc nghien cuu bien sogn quy ehuin, tidu chuan theo cic mang ky thugt ehuyen nganh va nhung bO quy ehuin, tieu ehuin ndy dude coi la cdc quy ehuin
mlu (Model Codes), chua cd tfnh bit budc ap dyng T&ng tiiu bang, dya vao diiu kidn thye t i cua minh se chip nhOn mdt bd quy ehuin mlu nao dd va cdng b i nd la tai liOu ehuin chfnh th&c cua Tiiu bang dd cae v i n d i lidn quan d i n an todn chay ed the tham khdo d nhiiu bO quy ehuin mlu khac nhy International Building Code, International Fire Code hode bO tidu ehuin cua NFPA, Trong phgm vi bai viit nay, ehi xin xem xdt cdc nOi dung lidn quan dyac ndu tdi lidu cua NFPA
Xdt v i khfa cgnh an todn chdy, hO thing cdc tieu ehuin cua NFPA, vdt lidu dyyc xem xdt d dgng chinh gim: (a) vdt lidu Idm ede c i u kidn kit ciu edng trinh; (b) vdt liOu hodn thiOn mdt tydng vd trin; vd (e) vdt lidu hodn thiOn mdt sdn Moi dgng vdt lidu xem xdt ede ehi tieu ky thudt v i chdy hode duac phdn vdo cdc nhdm theo ddc tfnh chdy khde
4.1 Vit lidu lim cic cau ki$n kit cau
Vdt lidu Idm c i u kiOn kit ciu dudc phdn thdnh nhdm co ban la vdt lidu khdng chdy (Noncombustible materials) vd vOt liOu chay han c h i (Limited-combustible materials) [19] ViOc danh gia tfnh khdng chay cua vdt liOu cung duac thye hiOn thdng qua kit qua cua thu nghidm Id dot hinh ong tuong ty nhy tidu ehuin ViOt Nam [5] hode hO thong tieu ehuin chau Au [6] D i i vdi vat liOu chay hgn c h i cin xem xet them ehi tieu v i nhiOt lyang san sinh chay theo NFPA 259 [20] va ehi so chay lan theo NFPA 255 [21] hode ASTM E 84 [22] Thu nghiOm theo NFPA 259 ed t h i xac djnh cac thdng s6 tuong ty nhu d thy nghiOm theo EN ISO 1716
Thy nghiOm xac djnh chi s i chay lan dyac thye hiOn trdn t i m mlu phdng ddt up trdn miOng thiit bj Id dot cd dgng kenh, vdi chieu ddi hon m vd chju tde ddng cua ngpn lua (edng suit khoang 5,3 MJ/phut) d mdt diu, cd kit hgp vdi luing khdng dudc thoi vio Trong suit thdi gian mlu thu chju tac dOng cua nguin nhiOt 20 phut c i n theo ddi vd ghi nhdn khoang chay lan cua ngpn l&a tren b i mdt mlu thep t&ng moc thdi gian, tfnh todn muc nhiOt ludng san sinh va m&c ddm dOc cua san pham khdi Cdc kit qua kiem tra tren m l u vOt liOu dude thu nghiOm se dup'c so sinh vdi kit qua tuang &ng thu dude tren m l u thu" tidu ehuin lam bing gd s i i de dua ehi s i ve chdy lan va chi s6 sinh khdl K i t qua thu nghiOm theo
(5)VAT LIEU MOI TRU'QNG - KY THUAT HA T A N G
phuang phdp ndy cOng duac su dyng d i phdn nhdm doi vdi vat liOu hoan thiOn tudng, trin
4.2 V$t lidu hcin thidn tir&^g, tran
Theo m&c dd an toan gidm d i n , vdt liOu hoan thiOn tudng, trin duae phan thdnh cdc nhdm A, B va C can c& vao chl s i v i chay lan vd chf s i sinh khdi theo [23] each xac djnh chf s i v i chay lan va sinh khdi duac thye hiOn theo cac tidu ehuin da dh cap (f 4.1
4.3 Vit lidu hgin thidn m$t sin
vat liOu hoan thiOn mdt san dyp-c phan nhdm I ho$c II theo m&c dd chay lan b i mOt thy nghiOm theo NFPA 253 [24] hode ASTM E 648 [25] Cdc tidu ehuin thu nghidm ndy tuong ty vdi EN ISO 9239-1 Vdt liOu hodn thiOn mdt sdn thude nhdm I phai cd thdng lyp'ng nhiOt tdi hgn khdng nhd hon 4,5 kW/m^ edn d i i vdi nhdm II phai khdng nho han 2,2 kW/m^ Theo Euroelasses [13], m&c thdng lyang nhiOt tdi hgn cua vdt liOu mdt sdn nhdm Cn khdng nhd hon 4,5 kW/m^ edn nhdm D^ thi khdng nhd hon 3,0 kW/m^ Theo QCVN 06:2010/BXD, muc dd chdy lan eua vdt lidu dudc x i p vdo nhdm lan truyin mgnh (LT4) niu gid trj thdng ludng b&c xg tdi hgn nho han kW/m^
5 Theo h^ thdng tieu ehuin cua Nhdt Ban
Theo [26] phdn nhdm ky thudt chdy eua vdt liOu xdy dyng d Nhdt Ban dydc quy dinh Building Standard Law of Japan Theo dd, vdt liOu xdy dyng dyac phdn thdnh nhdm cdn c& vao tinh khdng chay, gim: (a) Vat lidu khdng chay (Non-eobustible materials); (b) vat liOu cOn khdng chay (Quasi Non-combustible materials); va (c) Vdt liOu chdm chay (Fire retardant materials) Tuy dydc phdn nhdm nhy vdy song v i hinh th&c thi cdc vOt liOu d nhdm ed m&c dd chdy cao hon cQng se bao g i m ea cdc vOt liOu thude nhdm cd muc dd chdy kdm hon Cy t h i , vOt liOu nhdm edn khdng chdy se bao g i m ca cdc vdt liOu thude nhdm khdng chdy, cdn vdt liOu thude nhdm chdm chdy se bao gom ca cdc vdt liOu thuOc hai nhdm khdng chdy vd edn khdng chdy
Cd mOt diem khac biOt viOc danh gia tinh khdng chdy eua vOt liOu gi&a tieu ehuin NhOt Ban so vdi cdc tieu chuan da neu d phin trdn, dd la phuang phap thu nghiOm Theo cae tieu ehuin cua ViOt Nam, chdu Au, Trung Quoc v i My, thu nghiOm tfnh khdng
chay duac thye hiOn Id d i t hinh i n g vdi nhiOt dd tac ddng Id 750 ± 5°C Cdn d Nhdt Ban tdi liOu [27] cho thiy viOc phdn nhdm vdt liOu lgi dya vao kit qui eua th& nghiOm theo ISO 5660-1 Khi thy nghiOm theo tidu ehuin nay, vdt liOu dydc x i p vao nhdm khdng chay n i u thdi gian 20 phut chju tac ding eua nguin nhiOt m l u thu khdng xuit hiOn cae bieu hiOn nhu: (a) chay ngpn lua; (b) biin dgng, chdy ddo, n&t hode vd; va (c) m&c dd sinh khdi hode khf ndng Idn d i n m&c cd t h i dnh hudng din ndng thoat ngn cua ngudi MOt s i nhOn xdt va ddnh gia mang tfnh so sanh gi&a nh&ng logi vOt liOu dupe phan nhdm theo quy djnh eua Nhdt Ban vdi Euroelasses cOng duac ndu kha chi tiit [27] Nhgn xdt
Bdi viit da trinh bay khai quat eae hO thing phdn logi vdt liOu xdy dyng theo cac ddc tofng nguy hiim chay dang dyac ap dyng d ViOt Nam vd mdt s i quie gia hode vung Idnh t h i HO thing cdc tidu ehuin thu nghiOm tuong &ng phyc vy cho viOc phdn logi cOng dudc liOt l<d tuang d i i d i y du Mdt so nhOn xdt eo b i n cd t h i rut nhu sau:
Cdc ddc trung nguy hiem chdy eua vOt ligu he thing tidu ehuin cua ViOt Nam hiOn nhin ehung da t h i hiOn diy du cdc tinh chit va muc dd ein thiit cho viOc quy djnh cdc ydu c i u an toin chdy cho nha va edng trinh khdng qua khde biOt so vdi nh&ng hO thing phdn logi cua ede quic gia va vung Idnh tho ed trinh dd phdt triin tidn tiin trdn t h i gidi Thdm chl, hO thong phdn logi cua ViOt Nam cdn xem xdt d i n chi tidu ddc tinh cua san phim khdi md mdt s6 hO thing phdn logi chua d i cOp din
- HO thing phdn logi eua chdu Au va Tmng Quic c6 nhiiu diim tuang ding vd nhin chung rit chi tiit, phuc tgp Moi logi xdc djnh thudng phai dya tren nhieu ddc tfnh ky thuOt v i chdy khae HO thing phan loai cua My cdn c& chu yeu vao chi s i chay lan va muc 66 sinh khdi dyp-c thu nghiOm theo [22] HO thong phan loai cua Nhdt Ban nhin chung la dan gian va cd nh&ng net khac biOt rd rOt so vdi cdc hO thing phan loai khac dupe trinh bdy bai viit
ViOc so sdnh de quy doi tuang duang gi&a cdc nhdm vOt liOu thuOc cdc hO thing phdn loai khae la h i t sue khd khdn v i phuc tap, thdm chf khdng thi thye hiOn dyac, vi phyang phap thy nghiOm ma mdi hO thing dp dyng vd phuang phdp phdn loai cua edo
(6)VATLIEU MOITRU'aNG KY THUAT HA T A N G
hd thing ve tong the thudng id r i t khac Mdc du xdt theo tung chi tieu hoac phdp t h u cy t h i v i n t h i y CO nh&ng diem tuong dong n h i t djnh Vi vdy, viOc quy djnh s u dyng, dua vdo cdng trinh cae logi vat liOu theo dgc tinh nguy hiem chay cua chiing c i n phai dam bao tinh dong bO, thong n h i t vdi hO thong cac quy ehuin, tieu e h u i n v i an toan chay dp dyng cho cdng trinh dd
TAI Ligu THAM K H A O
1 H O A N G A N H GIANG, Cdc thu" nghidm dot doi vdi vdt lieu va bp phgn cdng trinh vd vi^c cip dyng d Viet Nam,
Tpp chi Khoa hpc Cdng nghd Xiy dt/ng, 2/2007, trang 22 - 26
2 PATRICK VAN HEES and PER BLOMQVIST, A summary of fire regulation, requirements and test methods for technical textiles used in buildings SP
Report 2007:200 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden 55 Trang
3 QCVN 06 : 2010/BXD Quy chuan ky thudt quoc gia ve An toan chay cho nhd va cdng trinh
4 Chun 21-01-97* nojKapHas BeaonacHOCTb 3AaHMM M Coopy)KeHMM, 2002
5 TCXDVN 331:2004 (ISO 1182) Vat lieu xay dyng Phuong phap thu tinh khdng chay
6 ISO 1182:2002 Reaction to fire tests for building products - Non-combustibility test
7 ISO 5657 Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source
8 ISO 5658-2 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 2: Lateral spread on building and transport products in vertical configuration
9 ISO 9239-1 Reaction to fire tests for floorings Part 1: Determination of the burning behaviour using a radiant heat source
10 ISO 5660-2 Reaction to flre tests - Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
11 ISO 19702:2006 Toxicity testing of fire effluents Guidance for analysis of gases and vapours in fire effluents using FTIR gas analysis
12 ISO 19706:2007 Guidelines for assessing threat to people
13 BS EN 13501-1 Fire classificafion of construction products and building elements Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests
14 GB 8624-2006 Classification for burning behavior of building materials and products
15 EN ISO 1182 Reaction to fire tests for products - Non-combusfibility test
16 EN ISO 1716 Reaction to fire tests for building products Determination of the heat of combustion
17 EN 13823 Reaction to fire tests for building products Building products excluding floorings exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item
18 EN ISO 11925-2 Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of products subjected to direct impingement of flame - Part 2: Single-flame source test
19 NFPA 220 Standard on type of building construction 20 NFPA 259 Standard test method for potenfion heat of
building materials
21 NFPA 255 Standard method of test of surface buming characteristic of building materials
22 ASTM E 84 Standard test method of surface buming characteristic of building materials
23 NFPA 5000 Buiding construction and safety code 24 NFPA 253 Standard method of test for critical radiant
flux of floor covering systems using a radiant heat energy source
25 ASTM E 648 Standard test method for critical radiant flux of floor covering systems using a radiant heat energy source
26 HASEGAWA TOMOHIRO, Introduction to the Building Standard Law - Japanese Building codes and building control system (version November 2011) Tai v i theo
dudng din: http://www.bci.or.ip/en/services/reference.html 49 trang
27 TUULA H A K K A R A I N E N va YOSHIHIKO HAYASHI Comparision of Japanese and European fire classification systems for surface lining
Ngay nhin bai: 16/1/2012
http://www.bci.or.ip/en/services/reference.html.