Bàn thêm về sự phân kì lịch sử Phật giáo từ khởi thủy đến giai đoạn Lý - Trần

Phai ndi, day la nhflng net mdi khdng nhflng cfla lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam ndi rieng, ma cdn cfla dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, Chinh nhflng net mdi n i y da the hien cho ta thay t[r]

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Nghien cuu Ton giao So - 2009

T R A O D O I \ KIEIV

BAIVTHEM VE Sl/PHAN Kl LICH SI/PHAT CIAO

• • •

TIJ'KH6| T H U Y D E N C I A I D O A N LY

^ TRAN

T

Trflde het, chung tdi kh4i q u i t ve p h i n ki Phat giao Phan ki lich su' cd y nghia rat quan trgng phUdng p h i p luan sfl quan Bdi vi, nd mang tinh logich ndi tai cin thiet cflng nhfl y nghia cfla hinh t h i i y thflc xa hdi mdi giai doan lich sii nhat dinh Bang phfldng phap luan va the gidi quan cfla chu nghia vat bien chflng v i diia theo each phan ki cua cic t i c gii di trUdc, chflng tdi nhin lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam khdng dflng tren gdc trieu dai hay theo cac ddng thien Theo chflng tdi, chinh hinh t h i i kinh te -xa hdi la cd sd cfla phan ki Phat giao xet den cflng thi Phat giio vdi tU cich la kien trfle thfldng ting, ludn p h i n anh v i chiu sU chi phdi cfla cd sd t i n g mdt hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cu the TU trUdc den nay, phan ki lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam cd may xu hfldng nhu sau:

Mot la, cich phan ki hch sfl Phat giio Viet Nam sap xep theo t n e u dai, xem Phat giao nhfl mdt bd phan ciia trieu dai Cich phan ki dfldc t i e gia Mat The

DO NGAY'*' viet Viet Nam Phdt gido sii liidc, vao nam 1943, gdm 10 chfldng:

1 Thdi dai Phat giid du nhap: Phat giio ddi Bac thudc

2 Phat giao Hau Ly Nam De v i Bac thudc thfl ba

3 Phat giio ddi nha Dinh va ddi Tien Le Phat giio ddi nha Ly

5 Phat giio ddi nha T r i n

6 Phat giao ddi nha Hd den ddi thudc Mmh

7 Phat giio ddi Hau Le

8 Phat giao thdi dai Nam Bic phan tranh

9 Phat giao thdi ki can dai (Trieu Nguyen)

10 Phat giao hieri-aai'^'

Theo quan diem tren t i c gii trinh bay Phat giio nhfl mdt bd phan cfla trieu dai, lay trieu dai lam chinh, nghia l i t i c gii da gan Phat giio theo sfl thinh suy ciia mdi trieu dai Xet ve mat lich sfl, cich phan ki neu ro dfldc vai trd Phat giao tflng trieu dai cia the Trong dd, P h a t giao Viet Nam ludn the hien rd net * ThS Thich Ihdng Thutc Hpc vien Phat giao Tlianli phd Hd Qii Minh

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D6 Ngay Bdn them ve sUphdn ki

55

sfl hdn h a i n g h i n n a m tfl du n h a p vad Viet N a m , P h a t g i i o van tdn tai va khdng ngflng p h a t t r i e n t r o n g long dan tdc chfl khdng p h i i t h e o sti t h i n h suy cua trieu dai Bdi vi, mdi t r i e u dai chi cd vai trd va sfl m e n h t r o n g mdt giai doan hch sfl n h a t dinh Ndi each k h i c mdt t r i e u dai chi cd the tdn tai k h i nd d a p flng dUdc n h i e m vu lich sfl ma d a n tdc d a t ra; neu ngUdc lai t a t se cd mdt t h e che mdi len t h a y the de thUc thi n h i e m vu dd

Theo each n h i n n h a n P h a t giao chi la mdt bg p h a n cfla mdi trieu dai, khdng n e u rd dUdc sU ddng gdp cfla P h a t giao cho d a n tdc, ma chi la sU ddng gdp cho chinh t r i e u dai dd Sti t h i n h suy cua P h a t giao theo sU hUng vong cua tUng trieu dai cu t h e la cd t h a t nhUng nd chi m a n g t i n h n h a t thdi C h u n g ta biet rang, lich sfl la q u i t r i n h sfl van diing, la ket q u i b o a t ddng thflc tien cfla ngfldi thi y thflc la sti p h i n i n h b o a t dgng thiic tien dd NhUng ddi vdi t r a o lUu tU tfldng van hda nhfl P h a t giao thi hch sfl nhfl mgt qua t r i n h v a n h a n h cd y thflc the hien ro net hdn T r o n g mdi hinh thai k i n h te - xa hgi cd sfl tac ddng q u a lai cfla kien true thfldng t i n g , cd sd h a t i n g , tdn tai xa hdi va y thflc xa hdi Tfl each tiep can dd q u a n diem cua chflng tdi la nhin lich sfl P h a t giao nhfl la bg p h a n t r o n g q u i t r i n h van ddng c h u n g cfla d a n tdc Nhin n h a n mgt each tdng t h e Phiit giao k h d n g p h a t trien theo trieu dai, ma gan lien vdi sfl van dgng c h u n g cfla d a n tgc Su minh chflng h u n g hdn cho l u a n cfl' t i e n chinh la hinh i n h c i c vi T h i e n sU Van H a n h P h i p T h u a n , trUdng lao La Qui An, v.v vdi nhflng ddng gdp to ldn cho d a n tdc nhflng hg k h d n g le thudc vao mdt trieu n h a t dinh, ma q u a t r a i c i c t r i e u dai Dinh - Le - Ly nhfl iich sfl ghi nluin cho den T r e n n e n t i n g "tU bi vd nga -vi tha", P h a t g i i o thudc vao nhflng

bien cd' lich sfl ma uyen c h u y e n thich nghi p h u c vu d a n tdc Cho nen P h a t giao p h u c vu d a n tdc chfl k h d n g p h u c vu trieu dai dfl r a n g cd n h i e u giai doan sti lien h e gifla trieu dai va P h a t giao la r a t k h a n g khit Trieu dai n a o thtic sfl dem lai ldi ich cho n h a n d a n va phtac vu sfl m e n h d a n tdc thi P h a t g i i o phd t a de gdp p h i n cflng c h u n g xay dUng d a n tdc; neu mdt trieu dai nao dd k h d n g d a t ldi ich va quyen ldi cfla dan tdc, cfla qud'c gia len t r e n , thi P h a t giao k h d n g phtac vu m a cdn d a u t r a n h vi quyen ldi d a n tdc va P h a t giao Cd t h e t h a y dieu n a y q u a sfl s u p dd cfla trieu dai tien Le dfldi thdi vua Le Ldng D i n h h a y g i n day hdn la sfl diet veng cfla che ddc tai gia dinh tri Ngd D i n h Diem vao n a m 1963 NhU the, viec lay trieu dai lam c h u a n de p h a n ki va n g h i e n cflu P h a t giao la k h d n g hdp li C h u n g ta t h a y phUdng p h a p t r i n h bay P h a t giao g i n k e t vdi trieu dai k h d n g the lam s i n g td dUdc chUc n a n g cua P h a t giao

H a i l a , each p h a n ki P h a t giao theo ddng thien, n h u tac g i i T r i n Van Giap vdi cdng t r i n h Phdt gido Viet Nam, tii

khdi nguyen den the ki XHL Theo q u a n

diem nay, P h a t g i i o dUdc t r i n h bay theo t r i n h tu cfla cac ddng thien: Ty Ni Da LUu Chi 'Vd Ngdn T h d n g T h i o Dudng va Trfle Lam Yen Tfl v.v '-' C i c h t r i n h bay da neu rd hch sfl P h a t giao qua qua t r i n h du n h a p h i n h th,iinh va p h a t t r i e n Tuy n h i e n nd k h d n g cho t h a y dao P h a t da the n h a p vao sU van ddng c h u n g cua dan tdc n h u the nao T r o n g dd, dao P h a t ddng gdp k h d n g chi cho nen van hda d a n tdc ma cdn cho nhflng cugc van ddng each m a n g gianh ddc lap t r o n g sud't chieu dai lich sfl, tieu bieu la cac trieu dai D i n h - Le - Ly - T r i n Vi vay theo chflng tdi p h f l d n g p h i p n a y k h d n g c h o t h a y sii 2 Triin Van Giap Phdt gido \'iei Nam id khiii

nguyen den the ki XIIf Ban dieh cua Tue Sy Tu thu

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56

Nghien cu"u Ton giao So - 2009

Giio sU T r i n Van Giau t i c pham He y thdc phong kien vd sii thdt hqi

cda no triidc nhiem uu lich sd dil chia

Phat giio Viet Nam giai doan: Thdi ki Bic thudc • ''

2 Trong thdi d i u cua nen ddc lap Phat giio Viet Nam dUdi thdi Ly - Trin

4 Trong thdi Le ' 5 Den thdl Nguygn'-*' ''• '

Cach phan ki n i y cfla dng chi gidi thieu va neu y nghia Phat giio ddng hanh vdi dan tgc nhflng tU lieu dan chflng cdn han che nen luan cfl chfla thflc sfl thuyet phuc

Trong t i c pham Viet Nam Phdt gido

sd ludn, Nguyen Lang da nhin nhflng

khiem khuyet tren'^' Do vay t i c pham nay, dng da ket hdp vfla trinh b i y theo ddng thien, vfla trinh b i y theo trieu dai bang phfldng phap sfl quan tdng hgp nham lam ndi bat tmh t h i n diio P h i t hoa nhap vao sfl van ddng chung cua dan toe Tuy nhien, cich tiep can dd van chfla cho thay Phat giao phuc vu dan tgc mgt each cu the nhu the nao

Tfl cich phan ki tren sau Le Manh T h i t da viet Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam vdi nhieu ngudn tai heu gdc phong phu va rd rang Qua dd t i c gia trinh bay Phat giio l i mdt bd phan sfl van dgng chung cfla dan tdc sud't chieu dii lich sfl Theo tac gia, Phat giao Viet Nam tfl khdi nguyen den thdi hien dai dfldc chia lam nam giai dean Trong tflng giai doan Phat giio v i dan tgc deu cd sU tUdng quan mat thiet vdi nhau*'" Chung tdi ke thUa each phin ki lich sfl nhung khdng hoan toin theo ket cau cua cdng trinh ndi tren cfla tic gia Le Manh Thit Ddng thdi, p h i n nao chflng tdi cung dfla tren cd sd jihan ki Phat giio cua giao sU Tran Van (}iiu nhU

da neu tren Tfl do, chflng tdi tim hieu, nghien cflu khai q u i t nhflng tien de tfl tudng triet hgc Phat giao thdi Ly - T r i n

1 Giai doan thil nhat, Phat giao tii nhufng n a m dau Cong nguyen den k h o a n g the ki VI

Phat giio budc d i u du nhap va p h i t trien tai trung tam Luy Liu, mdt trung tam kinh te chinh tri ldn nhat nUdc ta Vao khoang the ki II mdt nhan vat Phat giio ndi tieng xuat hien tai trung t i m Luy Lau la Mau Tfl vdi t i c pham Ly Hoac

Ludn mdt t i c p h i m rat cd gii tri ve mat

lich sfl va tfl tfldng de cap tdi sfl thich nghi cfla Phat giio vdi van hda b i n dia Tic pham nay, khdng nhflng mang tinh t h i n doin ket dan tgc ma cdn p h i t huy dfldc triet li nha Phat

Khoing the ki III, ngfldi dai dien truyen ba tfl tfldng Phat giio l i KhUdng Tang Hdi (Dng la ngUdi gd'c Trung A, gia dinh nhieu the' he d An Do cha dng lam nghe budn b i n trao ddi hang hda qua lai nhieu l i n d dat Giao Chi Ve nam smh cua dng chfla cd t i i lieu sfl nao de cap den nhflng dng mat nam 280 Theo T r i n Van Giip: "Sau song than mat, lflc vfla 10 tudi dng da xuat gia tai Giao Chi, tu hgc tai day va lau thdng Tam tang dien""'', Sau xuat gia, Khfldng Tang Hdi da tiep thu nen giio due rat phong phu va trd ngfldi hien tii; "Ngii giang nghia Tam tang kinh dien t h a t rd r a n g , k h i o s a t luc thfl vdi t i n h 3 Tran Van Giau f-le y thirc phong kien vd sir thdt

hgi ciia ni) tnrdc nhiem vii lich sd tap 1, Nxb Tp

Hd Chi Minh, 1993, tr 506 - 530

4 Nguydn Lang \'iet Nam Phdt gido sd ludn Nxb Van hoc tiip 1-2 I992.tr 15

5 Le Manh That Lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam, gdm tap, Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh T 1999 T.2, 2001 T.3, 2002

6 Trim Van Giap Phdt gido Viet Nam td khdi

nguyen deii the' ki Kill I'u thu Van Hanh (Tue Sy

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D6 Ngay Bdn them ve sii phdn ki

57

thien van va c i nhflng sach khdng thudc ndi dien (Dd vy la thdng hieu ve bdi toan), cd tai ve h a n h c h i n h (cd tai ve bien U xu cd chi cho q u a n chflc trgng yeu T r u n g fldng) v i la mdt thien tai van chfldng"'"' Theo Le Manh T h i t : "Ngi d u n g g i i o due P h a t giao Viet N a m vao thdi KhUdng T a n g Hdi, nhU the khdng phai la nen giao due t h u i n Phat giio hay tdn giao, ma la mdt nen giio due tdng hdp toan dien, cd the ndi dai dien cho nen giao due Viet N a m the ki thfl III""*' Chinh nen giao due tao mdt bfldc phat trien, xay dUng y chi tU cUdng cua dan tdc, chd'ng lai sU ddng hda van hda T r u n g Qudc "Nen giao due khdng chi gidi b a n chflc n a n g truyen giao dao tao nhflng ngfldi P h a t giio ma tren bet la dao tao nhflng tri thflc dan tdc t o i n dien rdi trd lai ddng gdp bang nhflng t h a n h qua cua m i n h chd kho tang hieu biet ctaa loai ngfldi"'^'

Ngoai ra, c h i n h ngUdi Viet chu dgng tiep thu tin ngUdng P h a t giao vi P h a t giao thdi ki d i u du n h a p m a n g tinh tin ngUdng b i n h d a n mdc mac phfl hdp vdi tin ngUdng da t h i n cfla ngUdi Viet Tfl dd, P h a t giao d u n g hdp vdi tin ngUdng b i n dia tao r a sac t h i i rieng, dd la Phiit giiio quyen n a n g Tai k h d n g ggi P h a t g i i o thdi ki mdi du n h a p la P h a t giao n h a n thflc m a lai ggi la P h a t giao quyen nang?

Lflc bay gid, Giad C h a u la mgt vung dat mang tin ngfldng da t h i n , nghia la t h i n hnh phd bien k h a p ndi nhU: T h a n Sam, than Set, t h i n M u a , t h i n Nui, v.v NgUdi dan ban dia q u a n niem la linh hdn khdng nhflng tdn tai mai mai s a u t h a n xac mat di ma cdn se p h u hd ngfldi d a n g sd'ng dfldc an lanh va h a n h phuc Theo Linh

Nam chich qudi: "Con ngu'di la mot thiic

the bat diet nen se trd ve ndi trUdng sinh, xac thit cd the tan ta nhUng linh hdn thi bat diet"""' Tin ngUdng ban dia hinh thiinh triet li sieu linh dan gian nhflng

chfla t h d a m a n n h u cau t a m linh cfla cdng ddng P h a t g i i o tfl An Do dem lai mgt s m h k h i mdi d i p flng n h u c i u t i m linh va dUdc q u a n c h u n g ddn n h a n Sii d u n g hdp P h a t giao vdi tin ngUdng b i n dia dUdc t h e hien t h d n g q u a t h u y e t n h a n q u i - n g h i e p bao phfl hdp vdi q u a n niem dng Trdi trflng t r i ke l a m dieu i c , b a n t h u d n g , cUu giflp ngUdi hien Dieu n i y dUdc chflng m i n h q u a kho t a n g t r u y e n Cd tich Viet N a m cd chfla c h a t lieu v a n hda An Do Cho nen, P h a t g i i o thdi ki n a y ggi la P h a t giao quyen n a n g "de d i p flng n h u cau tin ngUdng T h i n Linh b i n dia cua mdt xa hdi n d n g n g h i e p va dieu q u a n t r g n g hdn la de bao ve td qud'c, dac biet la b i o ve b i n sac v a n hda d a n tdc d a n g t r o n g thdi ki bi cai t r i " " " Q u a n diem x u a t hien t r o n g Ly Hoac Ludn b dieu 14 cfla M a u Tfl vdi cau: "Kinh P h a t giang day, t r e n dudi trflm k h a p , loai vat h a m h u y e t deu thudc ve Phat""'-^' Dfle P h a t dfldc q u a n niem n h u mdt d a n g toan n a n g , h u y e n bi sieu n h i e n

Q u a n niem ve P h a t thdi bay gid la mgt d a n g s i n g tao cd mgi quyen n a n g chi phdi toan vu t r u , cd t h e lam c h a n ddng t h i e n dia CO t h a n t h d n g bien hda k h i p ndi va lam quy t h i n k h i e p sd C h i n h dfle tin la cd sd cua niem tin vao k h i n a n g chd'ng giac D a n tdc ta k h d n g nhflng dia t h i m t h a u sflc m a n h q u y e n niing sieu viet ay m a cdn b i e n nd t h a n h chd dfla t i n h t h i n 7 Triin Van Giap Phdt gido Viet Nam td khcri

nguyen Sdd

8 Le Manh That Lich sd Phcit gido Viet Nam - td

khdi iignyen den thcfi Ly Nam De tap 1, Nxb Tliuan

Hda-Hue 1999

9 Le Manh That Licii sd Phdt gido Viet Nam - td

khdi nguyen den llu'ri Ly Nam De tap Sdd

10 Tran The Phap LTnh nam chich qudi (ban dich ciia Le HiJu Muc) Nxb Khai tri, 62 Dai 16 Le Loi Sai Gdn 1960, tr 27

11 Giac DCing Phdt \'iei Nam ddn ldc \'iei Nam Nxb Ton guio Ha Ndi 2003 tr 77

12 Le Manh Ihat Lich sd Phdi gido \'iet Nam - td

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Nghien cuu Ton giao So - 2009

bfldc chuyen nhan thflc Nd khdng chi tao niem tin vio gia tri truyen thd'ng vd'n cd cfla d i n tgc ma cdn cd c i sfl chuyen hda qua trinh tfl y thflc cfla mdi ngfldi Nd da bien sflc manh tiem nang sflc manh b i n thiin "Day la ndi dung cd't cfla y thflc mdi lam cd sd cho van dgng va xflng de cfla Ly Bdn sau nay"""" Chinh sflc manh cfla Phat giao quyen nang da i n h hfldng den ddi sdng tinh t h i n cfla ca dan tdc giai doan "Nen Phat giio Mau Tfl v i Khfldng Tang Hdi truyen dat van mang tinh Viet Nam vi nd ngfldi Viet Nam nhan thflc, tiep thu va truyen thtj vi the mang sac t h i i van hda Viet Nam"'"' Khfldng Tang Hgi da dich va chu giii cac kinh dien cua Phat giio tieu bieu nhat la

Luc tap kinh

Xet ve gdc hch sfl "KhUdng Tang Hdi thdng qua Luc tap kinh la ngUdi bio lUu dau tien hieu biet cUa truyen thuyet tram trUng cua dan tdc ta truyen thuyet chac han da luu hanh rdng rai vao thdi luc dd tap kinh trdng nhan dan ngUdi Viet de giai thich cho ngudn gd'c Bich Viet cfla hg Rdi qua trinh Viet hda Phat giio, nhflng tri thflc Phat giio da dfla vao de cii bien""'^' Do dd sfl tfldng quan gifla Phat giio va van hda ban dia da tim mdt li thuyet lam nen tang cho q u i trinh chd'ng lai sii nd dich cfla phfldng Bac

Xet ve mat tfl tfldng "nhflng pham tru va quan he xa hgi cd ban da dudc thiet dinh theo nhan quan ngUdi Viet va Phat giio mdt each minh nhien Luc

tap kinh, ddng thdi tien h i n h phe p h i n

he tu tudng ngUdi H i n , ma dai bieu cu the d nUdc ta bay gid la cic tay Nho cd nhu Luu Hy, HUa Tmh Tiet Tdn, Ngu Phien, v.v cac pham trfl nhan nghia, trung hieu, tin, v.v nhflng quan he vua tdi, cha con, vd chdng, thay trd

dfldc thdl vao mdt ndi dung mdi, dfla tren ed sd nhflng tflu cfla nen van hda Viet Nam v i tiep thu nhflng ddng gdp ciia he tfl tfldng P h a t giio Chinh xuat p h i t tfl nhflng li luan mdi dfldc thiet dinh nay, d i n tdc ta p h i n cdng lai cic luan dieu vu vd cic tay ay tung vdi y dd nd dich lau dai, neu khdng la ddng hda vinh vien dan tdc""*^' Nham chd'ng lai sfl ddng hda mdt cich trang trdn cfla nha H i n ngfldi Viet da ehu ddng gfli gam mdt sd' yeu td Viet vao k m h sich Phat giio "Nen Phat giio nhflng the ki dau tai nfldc ta, dfl co mdt dfle P h a t mang tinh quyen nang van khdng de vugt mat sdi chi dd xuyen sud't lich sfl Phat giao, dd la tri tue va viec nhan manh den vai trd cfla tri tue Cho nen ben canh cdng trinh tdn thd "Tfl P h i p " cfla Linh Nam chich qudi, ta van cd nhflng t i c pham mang day tinh tri tue nhu Ly Hoac Ludn cfla Mau Tfl, trinh bay het sflc khue ehiet minh bach quan diem cfla ngfldi Phat giio Viet Nam trflde nhflng van nan dfla tdi cho hg"""

Ddng thdl, de k h a n g dinh tU tudng chu dao Luc Do tap kinh l i : "Mat nUdc chfl khdng mat h a n h hay mat than chfl khdng mat hanh""^' Theo nhan xet cua T r i n Van Giau: "Phat giio quyen nang cd nhflng cii manh cfla nd va cflng cd the xem dd nhfl la mgt nhu c i u xa hdi thdl ki Hch sfl xa hgi nao dd""^' Nhfl vay,

13 Le Manh Tliat L/c7i sd Phcit gido Viet Nam - td

khdi nguyen , Sdd tr 568-569

14 Le Manh That 7V///^' tdp van hoc Phdi gido Viet

Nam tap II, Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh 2001 tr 254

15 Le Manh That Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam - td

khdi nguyen Sdd tr 361

16 Le Manh Tliat Lich sd Phat gido \'iet Nam - td

khdi nguyen Sdd, tr 362

17 Le Manh That Lich sd Phdt gido Met Nam - tir

khdi nguyen Sdd, tr, 122

18 Le Manh I h a t Tong tap vein hoc Phdt gido Met

Nam tap I Nxb Tp Hd Chi Mmh 2001, tr.521

19 Triin Van Giau Dong chd luu cda van hoc Viet

Nam-tir tirdng yen nirdc Nxb Van nghe Tp Ho Chi

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D6 Ngay Bdn them ve sii phdn ki

59

dan tdc t a da k h a n g d i n h dfldc t r i tue va sfl chfl ddng viec tiep t h u b i o tdn nhflng gia tri van hda t r u y e n thdng

Cudi t h e ki V P h a t giao ddi dien vdi mdt t h a c h thflc mdi vi P h a t giao quyen n a n g k h d n g cdn d a p flng dfldc yeu c i u sfl van dgng c h u n g cfla lich sfl d a n tdc De tdn tai va p h i t trien, P h a t gi4o p h i i m a n g mgt h i n h t h a i mdi, dd la sfl x u a t hien ddng t h i e n Ty Ni Da Lflu Chi P h a t giao quyen n a n g va ddng thidn la sfl hdi tu cfla hai y thflc he tU do: P h a t giao quyen n a n g la gia dd cho niem tin vao sflc m a n h t h i e n g lieng; h e tU t u d n g Ty Ni Da LUu Chi d mdt cap tU cao hdn la giup ngUdi lam c h u chinh m i n h cung nhU lam chfl v a n m e n h d a n tdc

2 G i a i d o a n thfl h a i , P h a t g i a o tii Ly N a m D e (Ly B o n ) d e n Ly T h a n h T o n g (544 -1054)

Ly Bdn (Ly Bi) l a n h d;io q u i n c h u n g n h a n dan khdi b i n h t a n cdng diinh q u a n Lfldng gianh t h a n g ldi vao t h a n g n a m 542, den t h i n g n a m 544, Ly Bdn xUng Nam Viet De VUdng hieu la Thien DUc, dat ten nUdc la Van Xuan, ddng dd d Long Bien (nay la T h u a n T h a n h , B i c Ninh) Tfl dd, d a n tdc ta bfldc s a n g thdi ki mdi Viec Ly Bdn xflng N a m De t h a n h cdng khdng nhflng n h a m ddi k h a n g vdt Bac De ma cdn p h u n h a n sU le thudc vao phUdng Bac Tfl Ly Bdn x u n g de cho den thdi Ly T h a n h Tdng ve cd b a n dii h o a n chinh qua t r i n h diing nUdc vii k h a n g dinh chfl quyen dan tdc

S a u xflng de Ly N a m De k h a n g dinh nen van hda d a n tgc, ddng thdi cho xay dflng chfla K h a i Quoc (nay la c h u a Tran Qud'c) vdi h a m n g h i a la md niidc,

diing niidc, khai sdng mot dd't niidc da cd

chu quyen Dieu dd cho c h u n g ta t h a y P h a t giao da gdp p h i n chdng lat sfl ddng hda cua phfldng Bac n h a m dn dinh chinh tri, cflng cd chfl quyen qudc gia, dgc lap

d a n tdc T h e o Le M a n h T h a t " P h a t g i i o tfl thdl Hai Ba TrUng den Ly N a m De net ndi b a t la t a p t r u n g chd'ng lai nen van hda nd dich cua phUdng Bac va k h a n g d i n h b i n linh v;an hda Viet Nam"'^'" viec Ly T h i i Tdng cho xay diing c h u a Dien Hflu (nay la chfla Mdt Cdt) (1049) cd y n g h i a la ddc l a p d a n tdc va tdn tai lau dai Nhfl vay, t r o n g k h o a n g 500 n a m ay, P h a t giiio da ddng h a n h vdi d a n tdc t r o n g q u a t r i n h xay dflng d a t nfldc

Khi Ly P h a t Tfl len ngoi n a m , k h o i n g n a m s a u tflc la vao k h o i n g n a m 580, T h i e n sU Ty Ni Da L u u Chi (Vinitaruci), ngUdi mien N a m T h i e n T r u e (An Do), dac p h i p vdi t a m td T a n g Xan d T r u n g Hoa - q u a Viet N a m t r u y e n dao Ngai d chfla P h a p Van thudc lang Cd C h a u Long Bien, t h a n h lap Thien phai d a u tien d nUdc ta, dd la ddng t h i e n Ty Ni Da LUu Chi Ddng t h i e n tdn tai va p h a t t r i e n tU n a m 580 den n a m 1216 dUdc t r u y e n thUa qua 19 t h e he "Day la mgt thien p h i i r a t cd t i n h each d a n tdc Viet N a m vUa bieu Id dUdc sinh h d a t t a m linh sieu viet cfla P h a t g i i o vfla bieu Id dfldc ddi sd'ng thiic te va ddn g i i n cfla q u i n chflng ngheo khd""^'' Nhflng vi T h i e n sfl n h a p the giflp ddi tich cflc nhU: Dinh K h d n g (730 - 808), TrUdng Lao La Quy An (852 - 936), P h i p T h u a n (914-991), P h a p B i o , S u n g P h a m , Van H a n h , Sflng N g h i e m , H u e Sinh, Minh Khdng, B i o T i n h , K h a n h Hy, Vien Thdng, v.v Ddng t h i e n n a y k h d n g chi trfle tiep t h a m gia vao viec dau t r a n h xay dflng va bao ve nen ddc lap ma cdn s i n sinh n h i e u "nhfin tai - trfl x u a t " ddng gdp tich cflc vao sfl n g h i e p c h u n g cho c i d a n tdc Ve m a t tfl tfldng cd h a i each tiep can:

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60

Nghien cuu Ton giao S(i9 - 2009_

Cich tiep can thfl nhat theo quan diem cua Phat giio Mat tdng, nhflng vi Thien sfl nhfl: Dinh Khdng La Quy An, P h i p Thuan, v.v vdi phfldng p h i p cd ban la chuyen ve tri chu, sam vy, v.v muc dich la nfldng nhd tha lflc hd trd de di den giac ngd va dflng cdng nang cfla minh de giflp ddi gdp p h i n xay dflng nen ddc lap Nhfl cic Thien sfl cua ddng thien Ty Ni Da Luu Chi da thd hien: " g i n vdi tin ngUdng phong thfly sam ki c i u dio, dieu phuc ta ma bdc thud'c chfla benh rat thinh h i n h d Trung Qud'c va Viet Nam"'"' Trong dd, Trfldng lao Dinh Khdng van dung Mat tdng hoa quyen vao tin ngfldng dan tdc, hinh thuyet dia linh " '

Dinh Khdng da dii doan dUdc sU viec xay tUdng lai thdng qua hieu biet ve Kinh dich cung nhU the nghiem vid ddi sd'ng Mat tong Vi vay Dinh Khdng dUdc ngUdi ddi tdn kinh tdn xUng l i TrUdng lad Dinh Khdng Ong da tien doan dUdc Ly Cdng U i n len lam vua thi dat nUdc thinh vUdng Dinh Khdng l i ngUdi dat nen tang xay diing nen thuyet dia linh, vdi muc dich la "md rdng lang xdm" va de phdng giac PhUdng Bic den xam lUdc nUdc ta Dieu cho chung ta thay Phat giio thien tdng Viet Nam da gdp p h i n xay dUng va bio ve dat nUdc, ddng thdi, b i o tdn mdt vung dat ggi la "dia linh n h i n kiet" d Viet Nam •

o-Cich tiep can thfl hai, sau Ly Nam De mat, Ly Phat Tfl va T n e u Quang Phuc tranh ngdi vi De Vfldng Cudi cung, Ly Phat Tfl cdng viec xflng de v i tri nen doc lap mdt thdl gian Trong giai doan tinh hinh xa hdi cd nhflng bien ddng s i u sic, cflng lflc dd, Thien sfl Ty Ni Da Lflu Chi sang truyen dao v i dich nhieu bd kinh, dd cd kmh Dqi phiidng qudng tong tri He tfl tfldng mdi da lam thay ddi quan niem Dfle Phat quyen nang trflde dd Tfl

"Diic Phdt Cho Ta" den "Ddc Phdt Tii Ta" - Nhat thiet chflng sanh giai hflu Phat

t i n h - nghia la mdi ngfldi deu cd mdt Dfle Phat Ngoai bd kinh n i y cdn gdp phan cung cd' II luan, xay dflng doan ket ndi bd de gifl gin v i bio ve qud'c gia Den thdi T h a n h Bien (khoing the ki VII) kinh Kim Ciidng xuat hien d nfldc ta vdi hai quan diem nhap the:

Mdt l i tfl tfldng chfl dao "Het thay cac p h i p deu la P h a t phap" Nhflng ngfldi ke thfla Thien sfl Thanh Bien thflc hien tfl tfldng cua kinh Kim Ciidng la Thien sfl Dinh Khdng (730-808), La Quy An, P h i p Thuan va ndi bat l i Thien sfl Van Hanh, ngfldi da t h a n h cdng viec van dung tfl tudng n i y theo yeu c i u lich sfl dat Cic vi Thien sfl tren la nhflng ngfldi "da tich cflc tham gia vao phong t r i o van ddng cho chfl quyen va ddc lap ciia dat nUdc qua nhflng phfldng thflc sam vi, phong thfly Phai ndi, day la nhflng net mdi khdng nhflng cfla lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam ndi rieng, ma cdn cfla dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, Chinh nhflng net mdi n i y da the hien cho ta thay the nao la nhflng ddng gdp cua Thanh Bien ddi vdi ddng thien P h a p Van qua kinh Kim

Ciidng vdi chfl trfldng het thay cic phip

deu la Phat phap"'^"

Hai la, quan diem ve tfl tfldng vo tru dfldc b i t ngudn tfl "flng vd sd tru nhi sinh ki tam" Vo tru la trang t h i i khdng bam viu vio cic sfl vat hien tfldng, dfl dd la vd hinh hay hflu hinh Khi ngfldi tu tap dat den trinh n i y , h a n h dgng v i suy nghi da dat den giii thoit, tfl tai cugc sd'ng, khdng cdn chap ngd-phdp Bdi vi, gia tri t r i e t li vo tru k h d n g cd chd cho 22 Nguyen thing Hau (Minh Khong) Dgi cuaiig

tnei hoc Phdt gido \ 'iet Nam, Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi

2002 tr 63

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D Ngay Bdn them ve sii phdn ki

61

ngfldi c h a p ngd-phdp cflng c h i n g co cflng c h a n g khong va c u n g c h i n g p h i i

khong CO Dd la tinh t h i n u6 tru u6 tru

nghia la t h a t t u d n g t h a t t u d n g la tdnh

khong chi k h a c t e n ggi de t r u y e n t i i triet

II ma cac vi t h i e n sU the nghiem t h a n h cdng, Tren tinh t h i n ay cac vi thien sU tich ciic n h a p t h e p h u c vu cho ldi ich q u i n chflng m a k h d n g cd sfl vu ldi cho b i n t h a n

Nhfl vay, t r i e t li cua k i n h Kim Ciidng dfldc cac vi t h i e n sfl ap d u n g vao ddi sd'ng tam linh va van dtang linh b o a t vao thflc te xa hgi de p h u c vu cho d a n tdc

K h o i n g 300 n a m sau vao the ki IX, Viet Nam lai x u a t hien ddng thien theo hudng T r u n g Qud'c t r u y e n qua - ddng thien Vd Ngdn Thdng Thien sfl Vd Ngdn Thdng d i e p h i p vdi ngai Bach Trfldng Hoai Hai (d T r u n g Hoa) Niim 820 Ngiii qua Viet Nam d chfla Kien Sd (nay thudc Gia Lam, Ha Ngi) va t r u y e n p h i p cho ngUdi Viet Nam d i u tien la Thien sU Cam Thanh (? - 860) Thien sU Cam T h a n h xay dflng den thd P h u Ddng Thien Vudng ben canh chfla Kien Sd vao k h o a n g the ki IX Le Manh T h a t nhiin xet ve P h a t giao giai doan nhfl sau: "Sfl x u a t hien cua Phfl Ddng Thien Vfldng tfl chfla Kien Sd mdt lan nfla lam chflng cho sfl trfldng t h i n h cua mdt tfl v i n h a n thflc mdi ve vai trd P h a t giao t r o n g cugc sd'ng cgng ddng cua dan tdc Viet N a m Nd bao hieu cho sU CO m a t cua P h a t g i i o tren vu dai chinh tri sap tdi theo mdt c u n g each mdi tU mdt nen Phat giao quyen n a n g qua mdt nen P h a t giao chinh tri xa hdi"'"" Ddng thien dfldc truyen thfla q u a 15 t h e he, gdm t a t ca 40 vi ke thfla, T h i e n sfl Cam T h a n h lam sd Td, day la ddng thien thfl hai truyen v i o Viet N a m

Ddng thien Vd Ngdn T h d n g cd n h u n g vj tieu bieu nhfl: D i n h Hfldng K h u d n g Viet, Vien C h i e u , Cflu Chi, T h d n g Bien,

M a n Giac, Ngg An, K h d n g Ld, Q u i n g Nhien, ThUdng C h i e u v.v D i y la nhflng ngUdi da hien t r g n cugc ddi p h u c vu cho dao p h i p v i d a n tdc

T r e n cd sd ke thUa va p h i t huy tinh t h i n n h a p t h e cfla P h a t giao trflde do, ddng t h i e n Vd Ngdn T h d n g da k h i n g d i n h m i n h t r o n g bdi c i n h xa hdi bay gid C h u de "biet de lam gi?"'^'" cfla T h i e n sfl Ty Nl Da L u u Chi da dUdc T h i e n sU Vd Ngdn T h d n g cu t h e hda Bdi vi, ngUdi hgc dao tiep t h u tri thflc la de p h u c vu cho ddi tUdng cu t h e Tfl biet de ldm gi den phdi

phuc vu cho ai, n g h i a la t a t ca viec ddi la

viec dao, t h e o k i n h Kim Ciidng, " n h a t t h i e t p h a p giai thi P h a t phap" Tfl cd sd h i n h t h a n h c i c q u a n diem:

Mdt la, P h a t giao mud'n tdn tai p h i i dflng t r e n cd sd mdt qud'c gia ddc lap, p h i i t h a m gia vao mgi b o a t ddng gdp p h i n xay dUng va b i o ve nen ddc lap d a n tdc Cho n e n cac vi t h i e n sU giai doan n a y da the n h a p vao ddi mdt each tich cUc

Hai la, k h a n g dinh sU k h a c biet rd n e t gifla P h a t g i i o Viet N a m va P h a t giao T r u n g Qud'c C a u hdi d a t r a la: Tai P h a t g i i o Viet N a m k h d n g t h e o P h a t giao T r u n g Qud'c? De t r i ldi, T h i e n sU Vd Ngdn Thdng, vd'n ngUdi T r u n g Qud'c, da t^hUa n h a n ve y thflc tfl chfl t h d n g q u a cdiig i n T h i e n vdi ngfldi hgc trd la C i m T h a n h n h u s a u :

Ta n h d d Bach TrUdng ma dUdc t a m p h a p dd n e n t a xudi N a m de tim t h i e n tri thUc M a y gap dUdc ngUdi, ay la d u y e n xUa H a y l a n g n g h e ta ndi ke:

Cdc ndi don ddi Ddi tii rao truyen

24 Le Manh That Luh sd Phdt gido Viet Nam tap tu Ly Nam Dc (544) den Ly Thai Tong (1054), Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 2001, tr 347

25 Le Manh That Nghien cim ve Thien uyen tdp

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62

Nghien curu Ton giao 5^ - 2009

Rdng thuy td ta Goc tii Tdy thien

Truyen phdp nhdn tqng Goi ddy Id Thien

Mot hoa ndm Id Hqt giong lien mien Ngdm hdp mat ngd Muon ngdn co duyen Tdm tong deu ggi

Thanh tinh bdn nguyen Tdy thien coi ndy

Coi ndy Tdy thien Xiia nhdt nguyet Xiia sdn xuyen Dung ddu cung viidng Phdt to thdnh oan Sai mot mdy may Di mat trdm ngdn Ngiidi kheo qudn sdt Chd Ilia chdu

Ddu CO hoi ta '•• •' > _ ; * Ta vd'n Vo Ngon

N g h e xong ldi dd S u lien t i n h ngd*^"' Day c h i n h la sU thfla n h a n m a n g t i n h sfl q u a n P h a t giao Viet N a m T h e o Le M a n h T h i t : "Vd Ngdn T h d n g n e u len cho C i m T h a n h , nhflng thflc te da d a p flng lai y e u cau, m i h c h sfl cfla d i n tdc ta lflc bay gid ddi hdi Ve p h i a P h a t g i i o , vdi sfl r a ddi chfl n g h i a dia l i n h cfla D i n h K h d n g va chfl trfldng h e t t h a y c i c p h i p deu la P h a t p h i p , t a t n h i e n c a n cd sfl x i c n h i n ve m e t c h u n g h i a va c h u trfldng nhfl the^"^^' Vd Ngdn T h d n g d a k h i n g d i n h nude Viet N a m la "Tay t h i e n cdi n a y , cdi n a y T a y thien", ve s a u C a m T h i n h h i n h t h a n h q u a n n i e m mdi dd la" P h a t d k h a p mgi ndi " P h a t t h i d mgi ndi n h U n g hch sfl d a n tdc ludn dien t i e n t h e o nhflng sfl k i e n eta t h e k h d n g m a n g t i n h n g a u n h i e n Chflng t a k h d n g n e n cho r a n g y thflc tfl

chu cfla P h a t g i i o V i e t N a m t r o n g giai doian n a y m a n g t i n h " n g a u n h i e n " Bdi vi To t i e n ehflng t a k h d n g n g a y ngd den k h d n g y thflc dfldc tfl chfl d a n tgc la gi Vd N g d n T h d n g d a x o i bd sfl q u a n P h a t g i i o T r u n g Qud'c cfla m i n h , de c h a p n h a n q u a n d i e m , t a p q u a n sfl q u a n P h a t giao t r e n l a n h t h d Viet N a m Chii trfldng cua Vd N g d n T h d n g k h a n g d i n h ve n g u d n gd'c efla T h i e n la ve d a t P h a t Li t h u y e t nay, k h a n g d i n h d a n tdc Viet N a m la mdt dat nfldc P h a t , "Viet N a m trd t h i n h mdt d a t t h i e n g , cd k h a n a n g tfl l i m e h u lay nd"'^*' Xet ve m a t d a n tdc, d a y la cd sd li l u a n cfla y thflc tti chfl, d a n tdc Viet N a m k h a n g d i n h ve k h a n a n g l a m chfl van m e n h cfla m i n h

N a m 970, D i n h T i e n H o a n g xflng De Vfldng, lay n i e n h i e u la T h i i Binh n g u y e n n i e n N h a v u a p h a n d i n h lai trieu c h i n h t r i e u n h f l n g b a c h i e n t a i giflp trieu d i n h D d n g thdi, v u a c u n g t r i e u t a p t a n g si ldi lac v i d t h a m gia xay dflng d a t nfldc V u a d a t a n p h o n g T h i e n sfl K h u d n g Viet tflc la (Ngd C h a n Lflu, 930 - 1011) lam T h i i sfl T a n g thd'ng G i a o hdi P h a t g i i o nfldc t a dUde t h a n h l a p v i c i c n h a sfl dfldc cac vfldng t r i e u t h a m v a n ve nhflng viec t r g n g d;ai D a y la lan d a u tien P h a t giao V i e t N a m cd chflc d a n h T a n g thd'ng, c u n g nhfl h e thd'ng td chflc g i i o hgi tren b i n h d i e n qud'c gia Ngfldi dflng d i u giio hdi la T a n g thd'ng K h u d n g Viet Nhiem vu cfla P h a t giao b a y gid "gifl vflng chii q u y e n qud'c gia va l a m cho P h i t giao h u n g thinh"'-"' P h a t giao giai d o a n n i y d a p h i n d i n h rd r a n g chflc vi g i a o p h a m 26 Le Manh That Nghien cdu ve Thien uyen tap

anh Nxb Tp Hd Gif Mmh 1999, tr 174-175

27 Le Manh Tliat Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam tap tir Ly Nam De (544) den Ly Thai Tdng (1054), Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 2001, tr 339-340

28 Le Manh Ihat Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam, tap lu Ly Nam De (544) , Sdd, tr 340

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trong t a n g doan day c u n g la thdi ki P h a t giao tiep ttac p h a t t r i e n den h u n g t h i n h d giai doan tiep theo

3 G i a i d o a n t h f l b a , P h a t g i a o tii

thdfi L y T h a n h T o n g d e n T r a n N h a n T o n g (1054-1279)

Trieu Ly md r a mgt ki n g u y e n p h a t trien ben vflng cho qud'c gia Dai Viet "Day la mdt t r i e u diii da thflc hien mdt dai quy md qud'c gia cho d a n tdc ddc lap hflng cfldng d i u tien d cdi Dong N a m ^"(30) Y)^^ (-gp ^g jjg j^]^5j p h u c lai nhflng g i i tri t r u y e n thd'ng cua m i n h ; mdt miit, hdi sinh t i e m n a n g tfl chu vd'n cd cfla dan tgc, lam t h a y ddi bg m a t d a t nfldc; m a t khac, b a n g t r i t u e ngfldi Viet, dan tdc ta tfl chu tiep t h u cd chgn lgc v a n hda n h a n loai lam cho n e n v a n hda cfla nUdc t a them phong p h u va d a diing nhflng v a n gifl dUdc b i n sac cfla m i n h

Cung vdi viec d a t ten nfldc la Dili Viet Ly T h a n h Tdng da md m a n g bd coi ve phia Nam, sap n h a p ba c h a u Dai Ly, Ma Linh va Bd' Chi'nh vao l a n h thd Dai Viet n a m 1069 Tfl dd, b i n dd Viet N a m keo dai them mdt t r a m rfldi cay sd

Ve m a t tdn giao, thdi ki n a y da x u a t hien met ddng t h i e n mdi, dd la T h i e n phai T h a o Dfldng Chfl trfldng cua phai Thao Dfldng la " q u a n gia, v u a chfla deu giac ngd" Viec giac ngd k h d n g cdn la viec rieng cfla c i c n h a sfl, m a la viec c h u n g cfla c i cfl Sl Nggn cd giac ngd tfl tay n h a sfl qua tay cU sT thi mdi cd t h e p h a t huy dUdc t r e n vflng d a t mdi vdi q u a n niem "Nhat tu chd, n h i t u n h i , ba tu chua" Sc vdi hai ddng t h i e n t r e n ngu'di giac ngd cua ddng T h i e n T h i o D u d n g l i cU si chiem hdn 50'X) " T h a t vay, 29 t h i e n sU cd

ten tudi cfla ddng t h i e n P h i p V i n cdn chep lai t r o n g Thien uyen tap anh thi toan bd deu la nhflng ngfldi x u a t gia, n g h i a la k h d n g cd p h i n t r a m n a o c i T r o n g k h i dd ddng t h i e n Kien Sd cd 39 vi thi cflng cd ba vi la cfl si, dd la vua Ly T h i i Tdng, cfl si T h d n g T h i e n va cU si U n g T h u a n Ti le cU si n h u vay chi chiem 13'K)"''^'" Q u a n niem viec cd vd sinh k h d n g i n h h u d n g den sU giac ngd Day la n g u y e n n h a n lam P h a t giao t h a y ddi h o a n t o a n ve c h a t va cflng la tien de cho

"Cli trdn Iqc dao" thdi T r a n s a u Cac

t h i e n sU du k h d n g mac i d quyen lUc h a y gifl chflc vi nhUng v a n cd sU ddng gdp q u a n trgng, dUa r a dUdng hudng, s i c h lUdc va cac q u y e t dinh tri nUdc " P h i p B i o (10407-1120?) da p h u c vu dudi trUdng cfla d a n h t u d n g Ly T h u d n g Kiet, Dao H a n h (7-1117) k h a i s a n g r a n g h e t h u a t mfla rdi va h i t cheo cfla Viet N a m , M m h K h o n g (1066-1141) da chfla t h a n h cdng b e n h n a n y cfla Ly T h i n Tdng, v.v va ay la chUa ke ve viec cac thien sU da cdng k h a i b a n luiin c h i n h tri, de x u a t nguyen li tri qudc kieu Qud'c sU Vien T h d n g (1080-1151)''-' Dd ggi la Phdt gido

the sii Ndi c h u n g q u a n niem cfla P h a t

giao thdi ki n a y la ngfldi x u a t gia k h d n g t h e sd'ng mdt ddi sd'ng t u h a n h k h e p kin m a p h i i thflc hign t i n h t h a n Bd T a t Dao de ddng gdp vao sfl n g h i e p xay dflng va b i o ve d a n tdc./

30 Nguyen Dang Thue Lich sd nr nrdng Viet Nam (Tron Bo) Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 1998 tr 307 31 Le Manh Tliat Lich sd Phdt gido \'iei Nam tap III tir Ly Tlianh Tong (1054) den Tran Thanh Tdng (1278) Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh, 2002 tr 92