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A critical discourse analysis of the news on north korean missile launches
21 Chapter DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION As we have mentioned, the research is carried out in two stages: the analysis of headlines and the analysis of full-text news reports In the first stage, we will make a detailed description of the representation of the US- Japan coalition and North Korea in the headlines from VOA and Nhan Dan The second stage of analysis will examine and discuss the use of the most prominent discursive strategies practiced by the two sources of news in representing the two groups of actors in order to provide supports for what is found in the first stage 3.1 Analysis of Headlines This part aims at answering the following questions: i What are the most prominent processes attributed to the US- Japan coalition and North Korea by VOA and Nhan Dan? ii What are the most prominent roles assigned to these groups of actors by VOA and Nhan Dan? iii Why are the US- Japan coalition and North Korea involved in such processes and roles in VOA and Nhan Dan? The news under analysis was reported in the period of time after North Korea missile test on July 5th 2006 It should be noted here that there have been six-party nuclear talks which aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program There has been a series of meetings with six participating states: the People's Republic of China; the Republic of Korea (South Korea); the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea); the United States of America; the Russian Federation; and Japan These talks were a result of North Korea withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 2003 Five rounds of talks from 2003 to 2006 produced little net progress because of the different goals and interests of the six nations After the missile test on July 5, the US and Japan strongly criticized North Korea and tried 22 to persuade the United Nations to give sanctions against North Korea Meanwhile, Russia and China - two veto-wielding Council members - opposed strong punitive actions against North Korea and they expressed concerns that punitive measures would inflame tensions in the region 3.1.1 Voice Of America Having a quick look at the headlines from VOA (Appendix 1), we can see that most of the articles (88.9%) were released before July 15- the day when the UN made its resolution in response to the missile test This well served the US and Japan’s intention of putting pressure on the Security Council to produce a resolution imposing sanctions on North Korea Another thing is that the articles which directly represent the viewpoint of Russia and China are very few (23.1%) compared to those of the US and Japan (76.9%), which partly proves VOA’s priority to the latter The transitivity analysis of headlines shows that VOA positively represents the US and Japan We can see that a majority of processes are attributed to the US and Japan (76.9%) and all these processes are either verbal (60%) or material (40%) The US and Japan play the role of actor and sayer in all the processes In material processes, they play the role of actor with verbs denoting positive actions, or showing their power and domination, as in: VOA3 US, Asian neighbors weigh responses to N Korea missile launch VOA12 Bush seeks unified stance on North Korea VOA14 US Intelligence Chief vows to protect American civil liberties The material process ‘protect’ may bare a presupposition that the US is in danger of being attacked and the implicature here would be that North Korea should be punished and the US should launch pre-emptive strike to protect itself This creates on the readers’ mind a positive impression of the US’ intention In all verbal processes, the US and Japan are assigned the sayer role, which shows their power and their active position: VOA1 White House confirms North Korea launches five missiles, one long-range 23 VOA9 Japan urges UN sanctions against North Korea VOA18 Japan, China, South Korea, ASEAN urge North Korea to talk The verbal process ‘urge’ strongly indicates that the US and Japan are putting pressure on the UN as well as on North Korea and that a resolution should be made immediately In this way, VOA produces and reproduces the US and Japan’s domination over North Korea in the power relation between them The domination is reinforced in the verbal process : VOA14 US Intelligence Chief vows to protect American civil liberties The process implies the US’ millitary strength and suggests that they are ready for millitary actions Moreover, by putting other nations in the same subjects as in ‘US, Asian neighbors’ (VOA3) or ‘Japan, China, South Korea, ASEAN’ (VOA18) , the US and Japan have indirectly drawn other nations to their side in order to achieve their purpose of isolating North Korea In short, the types of processes associated with the US and Japan, the nature of their involvement and the roles they play in those processes reveal a positive representation of this coalition by VOA On the other hand, the transitivity analysis of the headlines well proves that VOA has generated a negative image of North Korea on the readers’ mind Like the US and Japan, North Korea is also engaged mainly in material and verbal processes: material 40%, verbal 46.7% and relational 13.3% North Korea occupies the role of actor in many material processes (83.3%); however, the nature of the processes shows an opposite image via verbs denoting negative meanings : VOA4 North Korea tests seventh missile despite international condemnation VOA6 N Korean missile launches provoke international criticism VOA16 North Korea ignores South Korean criticism The verb ‘provoke’ strongly indicates that North Korea has intentionally made not only the US but the whole world angry and opposed to its action, which well supports the US’ purpose of isolating North Korea The verb ‘ignore’ means that North Korea pays no attention to South Korea’s opinion Using this word, VOA has widened the gap in the vulnerable relationship between North and South Korea These processes drive the readers to think that North Korea is not cooperative in healing the relationship and keeping peace although this may not be the fact 24 The negative impression on North Korea is reinforced in verbal processes, in which it is assigned both the role of sayer (57.1%) and target (42.9%) What is particularly crucial here is the nature of North Korea’s involvement in these verbal processes : VOA2 North Korea defends missile tests as 'Sovereign Right' VOA10 North Korea vows more missile launches VOA13 N Korea says Japanese sanctions will bring 'disastrous' response VOA18 Japan, China, South Korea, ASEAN urge North Korea to talk The verbal process ‘defend’ bares a presupposition that North Korea has done something wrong and has to protect itself from criticism The word ‘vow’ potrays North Korea as an agressive and hostile nation which is threatening the world with its missiles The process ‘say’ seems normal but what North Korea says is not normal at all, it sounds like a declaration of war: ‘Japanese sanctions will bring 'disastrous' response’ VOA has moved the readers to perceive that North Korea is agressive and its action is blameable and unacceptable, thus it deserves condemnation and strong punitive measures from the United Nations Even the relational process creates a negative impact on North Korea: VOA11 Pyongyang remains defiant after missile launches The word ‘defiant’ which means showing open refusal to obey something suggests the uncooperative attitude of North Korea To sum up, it is transparent through the transitivity analysis of the selected headlines that VOA represents North Korea negatively North Korea is assigned the role of both actor and sayer but it performs negative doings and sayings From VOA’s viewpoint, North Korea is an agressive and hostile nation which possesses missiles- weapon of mass destruction, thus posing big threat to world peace It therefore deserves punitive measures, even millitary actions 3.1.2 Nhan Dan Unlike VOA, Nhan Dan seems to have a neutral stance on this issue, thus the headlines from Nhan Dan sound more objective Instead of mainly representing the US and Japan, it also raises the voice from all the countries involved with a relatively balanced proportion: 25 47.4% of the processes are attributed to other countries including Russia and China compared to 52.6% to the US and Japan The transitivity analysis of the headlines from Nhan Dan shows that, like in VOA, all the processes attributed to the US and Japan are either verbal (60%) or material processes (40%) Similar to VOA, the US and Japan play the role of sayer or actor in all of these processes What is different is the nature of the processes : ND1 Triều Tiên thử tên lửa, Mỹ Nhật Bản đe dọa trừng phạt ND3 Mỹ đề nghị đàm phán việc Triều Tiên thử tên lửa ND6 Mỹ đề nghị Trung Quốc thuyết phục Triều Tiên trở lại bàn đàm phán ND8 Mỹ tỏ thất vọng phản ứng Triều Tiên The verbal process ‘đe dọa’ may also suggest the US- Japan coalition’s power However, it leaves on the readers a negative impact of this coalition The process potentially leads the readers to a perception that this coalition may abuse their power to press such a small country as North Korea to what they want In other verbal processes, unlike VOA which uses words denoting strong opposition, Nhan Dan employs words that can lighten the reactions: instead of ‘urge’ it uses ‘đề nghị’ which means ‘to suggest’, instead of expressing ‘condemnation’ or ‘criticism’ it uses ‘tỏ thất vọng’ which means ‘to show disappointment’, and the word ‘đàm phán’ is repeated many times ND2 Trung Quốc quan tâm, Nhật Bản tiếp tục đàm phán vấn đề tên lửa Triều Tiên ND13 Nhật Bản xem xét trừng phạt kinh tế Triều Tiên Using the material processes ‘tiếp tục đàm phán’ and ‘xem xét trừng phạt’, Nhan Dan has described Japan as willing to talk and negotiate while in VOA Japan is urging for punitive sanctions against North Korea With these verbal and material processes, unlike in VOA, Nhan Dan has portrayed the US and Japan as more likely to have negotiation than to take punitive measures, and so it has driven the readers to think of peaceful solutions to the situation In Nhan Dan, like in VOA, North Korea is involved mainly in verbal (58.3%) and material processes (41.7%) Apart from this similarity, there are differences between the two sources of news concerning the representation of North Korea Instead of the image of a 26 hostile and agressive North Korea in VOA, Nhan Dan seems to have a more objective view of this country: ND1 Triều Tiên thử tên lửa, Mỹ Nhật Bản đe dọa trừng phạt ND4 Triều Tiên tuyên bố tiếp tục thử tên lửa ND6 Mỹ đề nghị Trung Quốc thuyết phục Triều Tiên trở lại bàn đàm phán ND12 Triều Tiên bác bỏ nghị HĐBA Liên hợp quốc We can see that Nhan Dan simply reports what happened without adding any spice to the situation as ‘despite international condemnation’ or ‘provoke international criticism’ in VOA The verbal processes ‘tuyên bố’ and ‘bác bỏ’ shows that North Korea is given the chance to raise its voice in a very firm manner expressing its confidence, rights and power The process ‘thuyết phục’ also suggest North Korea’s rights to what they want In other words, the processes attributed to North Korea in the selected headlines may imply the newspaper’s respect for North Korea’s independence and sovereignty What is more, North Korea is given the oppotunity to be supported by other nations as Russia, China and even South Korea, this is particularly important because North Korea is never given such a chance in VOA : ND7 Trung Quốc phản đối hành động cứng rắn Triều Tiên ND14 Hàn Quốc phản đối biện pháp trừng phạt thêm Mỹ Triều Tiên The verbal process ‘phản đối’ (object) strongly indicates that North Korea has also gained support from members of the six-party talks, which is contrary to VOA where North Korea is isolated and seen as opposed to the international community In short, the transitivity analysis of the headlines in Nhan Dan suggests an objective representation of North Korea in contrast to its negative image in VOA Nhan Dan has portrayed North Korea as a state which has its own independence and sovereignty and which has bravely raised its strong voice to protect itself 3.2 Analysis of Full-text News Reports As we have analyzed, the representations of the US- Japan coalition and North Korea in VOA and Nhan Dan’s headlines are different and the differences are reinforced in the full- 27 text news reports In this part, we will investigate the following discourse features and strategies: naming referents, lexicalization, over-lexicalization, and quotation patterns 3.2.1 Naming referents 3.2.1.1 VOA The analysis of naming referents in VOA reveals that naming referents for the US- Japan coalition are all formal and neutral, which shows VOA’s respectfulness toward the USJapan coalition while North Korea has some names carrying negative values showing disrespectfulness This is shown in the table below : Table Names for US-Japan coalition and North Korea in VOA Governments The US- Japan coalition the United States (x28) North Korea North Korea (x106) Japan (x30) Pyongyang (x43) Washington (x12) the North (x11) Tokyo (x5) the impoverished communist state Pentagon (x3) the impoverished Stalinist nation the Defense Department (x2) the impoverished North the Bush Administration the isolated communist nation North Korea's foreign ministry (x3) Pyongyang's Foreign Ministry its (North Korea’s) regime the regime that's in power in Pyongyang Ri Pyung Dok, a policy researcher President Bush (x2) U.S Secretary of State Condoleezza at North Korea's Foreign Ministry Rice Officials in Pyongyang (x2) Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice Ri (x2) Assistant Pyongyang's U.N envoy Pak Gil Secretary Christopher Hill (x2) of State Yon A North Korean announcer 28 Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Shinzo Abe Abe (x2) Alexander Vershbow, the U.S ambassador to South Korea (x2) Vershbow (x2) Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi (x2) Mr Koizumi Spokesman Bryan Whitman Whitman (x3) the Pentagon spokesman (x2) Japan's U.N Ambassador Kenzo Oshima Washington's U.N Ambassador John Bolton We can see VOA’s negative attitude towards North Korea in such names as: ‘the impoverished communist state’, ‘the impoverished Stalinist nation’, ‘the impoverished North’, and ‘the isolated communist nation’ In their eyes, North Korea is a poor and small country, thus having no power in the international community Not only that, its communist government has isolated itself from the whole world with its policies and no country would help or support it Another salient naming referent used for North Korea’s government in VOA is ‘regime’ as in: ‘its regime’ or ‘the regime that's in power in Pyongyang’ When a government is called a regime, it usually means that the government is not elected in a fair way With this negative word, North Korea is portrayed as an enemy not only of the US but also of the fair and democratic world Using such naming referents, VOA has evoked disrespectfulness and hatred for the North Korean government among readers 3.2.1.2 Nhan Dan 29 Different from VOA, Nhan Dan’s naming referents reveal the newspaper’s respect and equal treatment toward both the US- Japan coalition and North Korea: Table Names for US-Japan coalition and North Korea in Nhan Dan Governments The US- Japan coalition Mỹ (x42) North Korea Triều Tiên (x88) Nhật Bản (x21) Bình Nhưỡng (x11) Mỹ Nhật Bản (x2) Bộ Ngoại giao Triều Tiên Chính phủ Nhật Bản (x3) (x4) Bộ Ngoại giao Mỹ Bộ Ngoại giao Nhật Bản Bộ quốc phòng Nhật Bản Nhà Trắng Tổng thống Bush ơng Han Song Ryol, Phó Tổng thống Mỹ George W Bush Trưởng đoàn đàm phán Shinzo Abe, chánh văn phòng nội Triều Tiên LHQ Nhật Bản quan chức Bộ Ngoại giao trưởng phát ngôn viên phủ Nhật Triều Tiên Shinzo Abe quan chức thuộc Bộ Chánh văn phòng nội kiêm trưởng ngoại giao Triều Tiên Bình phát Officials ngơn viên phủ Nhật Nhưỡng Bản Shinzo Abe ơng Ri ơng Shinzo Abe Các nhà ngoại giao Triều Tiên ông Abe Phó Chủ tịch Ủy ban Thường Ngoại trưởng Rice vụ Hội nghị nhân dân tối cao Ngoại trưởng Triều Tiên Yang Hyong Sop Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Mỹ C Rice ông Yang Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Mỹ Condoleezza Rice Bà Rice Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng Donald Rumsfeld Trợ lý Ngoại trưởng Mỹ Christopher Hill Trợ lý Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Mỹ 30 Christopher Hill ông Christopher Hill đặc phái viên Mỹ vấn đề Triều Tiên Christopher Hill trưởng đoàn đàm phán hạt nhân Mỹ Christopher Hill Ông Hill (x2) cố vấn an ninh quốc gia Mỹ Hadley Cố vấn an ninh quốc gia Mỹ Stephen Hadley Đại sứ Mỹ LHQ John Bolton (x2) John Bolton, đại sứ Mỹ Liên hợp quốc Đại sứ Mỹ John Bolton Hai quan chức Bộ Ngoại giao Mỹ, yêu cầu giấu tên Giới chức ngoại giao Mỹ Thủ tướng Nhật Junichiro Koizumi ông Koizumi Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Nhật Bản Aso Taro Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Nhật Bản Taro Aso Ngoại trưởng Nhật Taro Aso Đại sứ Nhật Bản, Kenzo Oshima (x2) Thứ trưởng Ngoại giao Mỹ Nicholas Burns Ông Burns The table shows that names for the US- Japan coalition and North Korea are both neutral and formal The governments are referred to formally and the officials are also called formally by title plus their full names of last names No names carrying negative ideological connotations are counted It could be suggested by the analysis of naming referents that Nhan Dan represents the US- Japan coalition and North Korea in a similar manner which shows respect and equal treatment toward them both 34 indicated more punitive action may be on the way ready to provide financial and diplomatic benefits to the North if it ends its VOA7 nuclear programs detected all seven North Korean missile launches and determined quickly that they were not a threat to the United States or its territories was fully aware of the North Korean launches, and was able to assess their significance almost immediately the Defense Department was prepared to respond to the North Korean launches VOA9 if that had been necessary Japan is urging the U.N Security Council to impose sanctions on North Korea for its barrage of missile launches Japan introduced a strongly-worded draft Security Council resolution Wednesday calls for sanctions to prevent Pyongyang from receiving funds, material or technology that could be used in developing missiles or weapons of mass destruction Tokyo has already imposed its own penalties in response to the North Korean tests VOA10 cooperate on diplomatic steps to address the issue the Bush Administration has ruled out bilateral talks The US- Japan coalition is described to be ready to provide financial and diplomatic benefits to North Korea, which is supposed to be a very positive and generous action they can to the poor country They also express their power in the international community by warning and condemning North Korea’s tests Without the UN resolution, Japan has already imposed its own penalties on North Korea, barring from its ports a North Korean ferry that carries cash, food and gifts VOA also indicates the US’s military strength with words reporting that the US detected all seven North Korean missile launches and determined quickly that they were not a threat to the United States or its territories and the Defense Department is ready for action in response to North Korea’s tests Through the positive lexicalization, VOA explicitly associates the US and Japan with positive values and goals 35 3.2.2.2 Nhan Dan The analysis of lexicalization shows that in Nhan Dan the wordings for North Korea’s and the US- Japan coalition’s activities are neutral and objective, which indicates the newspaper’s neutral viewpoint on the issue Table Lexicalization of North Korea’s activities in Nhan Dan Source Words describing North Korea’s activities ND1 thử hàng loạt tên lửa vào sáng sớm hơm ND2 phóng tên lửa thứ nói với phóng viên Nhật Bản Bình Nhưỡng rằng, quyền nước hồn tồn có quyền thử nghiệm tên lửa ND3 thừa nhận có vụ thử tên lửa ngừng đàm phán sáu bên vào tháng 11-2005 sau Washington áp dụng ND6 ND11 trừng phạt tài nước cảnh báo có biện pháp mạnh LHQ thông qua trừng phạt tuyên bố ''bác bỏ hoàn toàn nghị quyết'' cho biết tiếp tục phóng thêm nhiều ND12 tên lửa bác bỏ nghị Hội đồng Bảo an Liên hợp quốc lên án vụ thử tên lửa nước cho biết Triều Tiên tiếp tục xây dựng kho vũ khí nói Bình Nhưỡng không bị ràng buộc nghị Table Lexicalization of the US-Japan coalition’s activities in Nhan Dan Source Words describing the US-Japan coalition’s activities ND1 tổ chức họp báo khẩn gọi vụ thử gây bất ổn lớn cho hồ bình ổn định khu vực ND2 tuyên bố khả trừng phạt Triều Tiên Thủ tướng Nhật Junichiro Koizumi tuyên bố nước tiếp tục đàm phán gây áp lực với Triều Tiên phủ Nhật Bản bắt đầu áp đặt lệnh trừng phạt trả đũa Bình ND3 Nhưỡng Mỹ nói việc nối lại đàm phán sáu bên cách tốt để giải “cuộc khủng hoảng” Triều Tiên cho biết vụ thử tên lửa khiến Triều Tiên bị cô lập Mỹ lần bác bỏ việc đàm phán trực tiếp với Triều Tiên 36 ND6 kêu gọi trừng phạt Triều Tiên Mỹ đề nghị Trung Quốc tìm cách thuyết phục Triều Tiên trở lại bàn đàm phán Đại sứ Nhật Bản Kendo Oshima thức đệ trình dự thảo nghị ND9 ND11 đề nghị áp đặt biện pháp trừng phạt Triều Tiên yêu cầu tiến hành biểu sớm Ngoại trưởng Nhật Taro Aso kêu gọi Triều Tiên tuân thủ định HĐBA Đại sứ Mỹ John Bolton nói HĐBA phát thơng điệp rõ ràng, trí tới Bình Nhưỡng Quan chức tun bố Bình Nhưỡng khơng tn thủ nghị quyết, HĐBA có hành động mạnh It is clearly evident in the data that Nhan Dan objectively reports North Korea’s and the US-Japan coalition’s activities Neutral lexicalization is employed to show the newspaper’s respect and equal treatment toward the countries involved 3.2.3 Over-lexicalization 3.2.3.1 VOA VOA uses the strategy of over-lexicalization to visualize the threats arising from North Korea’s missile launches in order to provoke condemnation of North Korea and highlight the need to apply punitive measures to North Korea : Table Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in VOA Source VOA2 References to the North Korea’s missile launches the launches (x4) / launch (x3)/ Wednesday's launches by Pyongyang/ the North Korean launch/ the North Korean missile launches/ missile tests/ The North Korean tests/ these latest missile tests/ a long-range missile test/ a threat to VOA3 peace/ a clear offense/ a gamble the launches/ launch/ a North Korean missile threat/ test-fire/ the missile tests VOA4 VOA6 (x2) / the North Korean missile tests the launches (x3) / launch (x3) / a provocation the launches (x5) / launch (x2) / test-launch/ the latest launch/ a seventh launch/ The seventh launch/ the first launches/ the North's launches/ a missile test / The North Korean tests / missile tests / these latest missile tests / a threat to peace/ a VOA7 provocation/ provocations launch (x2) / seven North Korean missile launches/ the North Korean launches (x3) / Each and every launch/ the missile launches/ those launched by North Korea/ missile launches/ its launch/ a threat to the United States (x3) / a threat/ a 37 VOA9 threat to the region and to the world missile launches (x3) / North Korea's 1998 missile launch/ the North Korean tests/ the latest tests/ missile development and testing/ the tests/ a series of provocative missile tests/ the North Korean provocation VOA10 the launches (x4) / launch/ missile launches (x2) / the seven missile launches Wednesday/ missile tests (x2) / test firing/ a serious provocation VOA16 its test launch of missiles/ its launch of at least seven missiles/ launch VOA17 Korean Missile Launches/ Pyongyang's recent test launching/ the launch/ Pyongyang's missile launches/ the tests (x2) As can be seen from table 7, there is a highly frequent reference made to North Korea’s missile launches, among which the most frequent are missile launches, missile tests or the North Korean missile launches (the word launch is repeated 61 times, and test 25 times) What is remarkably important here is that VOA has called the launches with a wide range of negative words such as a threat to peace (the word threat is repeated times), a clear offense, a gamble or especially a provocation VOA uses this strategy of overlexicalization, referring to North Korea’s missile launches in such an explicit, repetitive and overt manner, to construct a perception that North Korea is provoking the whole world with its missiles, and it is a big threat to world peace, thus North Korea deserves international condemnation and punitive actions 3.2.3.2 Nhan Dan Nhan Dan also over-lexicalizes the North Korea’s missile launches but not to build the image of an enemy like VOA The data in Table shows that the words for the launches are all neutral, which well indicates the neutral viewpoint of the newspaper Unlike VOA, Nhan Dan does not use such negative words as provocation, offense or threat to refer to the launches The strategy of over-lexicalization is exploited just to serve the purpose of objectively reporting the news Table Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in Nhan Dan Source References to the North Korea’s missile launches ND1 Triều Tiên thử hàng loạt tên lửa/ Triều Tiên bắn thử tên lửa Scud tên lửa Rodong/ việc phóng tên lửa/ Triều Tiên thử tên lửa Taepodong-1 38 ND2 Triều Tiên phóng tên lửa thứ 7/ Triều Tiên phóng tên lửa vịng giờ/ nước láng giềng phía bắc phóng 10 tên lửa/ thử nghiệm tên lửa/ Thử tên lửa/ việc phóng tên lửa/ vụ thử tên lửa/ Bình Nhưỡng phóng thử nghiệm ND3 hàng loạt tên lửa/ Triều Tiên phóng tên lửa thứ nước bắn thử tên lửa/ vụ thử tên lửa Triều Tiên (x2) / vụ thử tên lửa/ việc Triều Tiên thử tên lửa/ vấn đề Triều Tiên thử tên lửa/ vụ thử tên lửa ND6 Triều Tiên/ việc Triều Tiên phóng thử tên lửa/ Triều Tiên thử tên lửa tầm xa nước tiến hành thử tên lửa/ Triều Tiên thử bảy tên lửa/ việc Triều Tiên ND7 ND9 phóng thử tên lửa nước bắn thử tên lửa vấn đề tên lửa Triều Tiên (x2)/ việc Triều Tiên phóng thử tên lửa/ hoạt động thử tên lửa/ việc thử tên lửa Triều Tiên/ tiến hành thử tên lửa/ vấn đề ND11 Triều Tiên thử tên lửa việc Triều Tiên phóng thử tên lửa/ chương trình thử tên lửa/ chương trình phát triển tên lửa Triều Tiên/ chương trình tên lửa đạn đạo/ tiếp tục phóng thêm ND12 nhiều tên lửa/ việc Triều Tiên phóng thử tên lửa/ vụ thử tên lửa nước vụ thử tên lửa/ chương trình tên lửa đạn đạo/ Triều Tiên bắn thử bảy tên lửa/ Triều Tiên có vụ thử tên lửa hơm 5-7 3.2.4 Quotation patterns 3.2.4.1 VOA VOA tends to use quotations in a manner that ensures the US-Japan coalition’s power and portrays them as the definers of the affairs described North Korea, on the other hand, is portrayed as being incredible sayers, having little to say, thus being marginalized out of power This can be seen through the analysis of quotation patterns below Table Quotation patterns of news reports in VOA Source VOA2 Sayer North Korea US-Japan coalition Ri Pyung Dok, a Leaders in the United States and policy researcher at around Asia say… North Korea's Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Foreign Ministry in Shinzo Abe said…, called…, Pyongyang, told…, said…, also said… War-protestors 39 said… Japan, the United States, South Korea, Russia and China say… Alexander Vershbow, the U.S ambassador to South Korea, said “” Japanese diplomats confirmed… VOA3 Leonard Spector says…, said “”, believe… Washington and Tokyo have indicated… Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro VOA4 Koizumi confirmed…, said…, says…, also says… U.S., South Korean and Japanese VOA6 Ri Pyung told…, says… leaders warned… Dok Washington says… China Defense officials in South Korea, urged… the United States, and Japan confirmed… Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi expressed…, says…, says…, but adds… The United States condemned … The NATO military alliance called… Officials (Japan) indicated… Alexander Vershbow stressed…, VOA7 says “” The Defense Department says…, says… Spokesman Bryan Whitman says…, said “”, says…, said “”, confirmed…, said “”, says…, said expressed…, 40 VOA9 North foreign “”, said… Korea's Japan is urging… China's Ambassador ministry Japan's U.N Ambassador Kenzo to the U.N Wang described… Oshima said…, called…, said “” Guangya calls…, but A ministry official Washington's U.N Ambassador suggests…, said “” said… John Bolton says…, said “” Russia's U.N Ambassador Churkin agrees…, says…, said “” VOA10 North Korean media the Bush Administration says… proclaimed… A North Korean announcer reads…, goes on to say…, says…, warns… VOA16 Washington says… VOA17 Christopher Hill said… Daniel Sneider, a China expert at Stanford University's Asia-Pacific Research Center, says…, says “” Daniel specialist Pinkston, at the Nonproliferation a Korea Center for Studies in Monterey, California, says…, says “” Jim Walsh says “” Daniel Sneider says “” Sneider and others say… Adam Segal says…, says “” Experts say… Daniel Pinkston says…, says “” Daniel Sneider says…, says “”, says…, says… Vitaly ... test/ a threat to VOA3 peace/ a clear offense/ a gamble the launches/ launch/ a North Korean missile threat/ test-fire/ the missile tests VOA4 VOA6 (x2) / the North Korean missile tests the launches. .. / launch (x3)/ Wednesday''s launches by Pyongyang/ the North Korean launch/ the North Korean missile launches/ missile tests/ The North Korean tests/ these latest missile tests/ a long-range missile. .. the transitivity analysis of the headlines in Nhan Dan suggests an objective representation of North Korea in contrast to its negative image in VOA Nhan Dan has portrayed North Korea as a state