Mat cdt mdi thdp Id kit cdu he thanh thdp cheo ngang, chdp (spire erection) nhpn thing ddng dupc thiet k l chju tdi trpng trpng trudng, dp lyc gid dpng, lyc dpng dit vd dp bin mdi th[r]
(1)DIEN DAN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
PAAM ^mm mww CAU % - i ^ i KB M
Z7 4 is
P G S T S N G U Y E N BAO H U A N - C D C Y t u d n g t h i l t k l :
Canh quan sa mac Rub Al Khali ket n i l vdi cang bien vung vjnh Per-sic tupng trung cho sdc s i n g va p h i n vinh thjnh vupng cua Tieu vuong quic Dubai KTS Adrian Smith cam nhan r i n g dinh ciia toa nha Dubai thilt k l da cao d i n tpt dinh mpt each "thanh nha & duyen dang" td day cd the nhin toan canh dudng chan trdi nhpn nhjp Hoa sa mac la nguIn cam cho y tudng xay dyng thap Dubai, lam thay doi dudng v i i n trung tam mdi Dubai K i t c l u ngoai hinh k i l n true cd tinh on djnh d l k i t hpp cac anh hudng van hda, Ijch sd truyin t h i n g ban dja va t i l p thu kiln true hien dai Phuang Tay
Cac tda nha mai vom va chdp nhpn, k i l n true H6i giao kieu x o l n I c vdi c l u true loi trung tam bung xung quanh ba canh hoa la y tudng kiln true nha d tao dyng mat bdng hinh hpc ba true Thap vdi hinh khii xoay I c nhpn dan theo chilu cao, thap nhu mgt cay kim duac mieu ta
la "thanh phd thang dung" bdi no lam lu md mgi toa cao 6c hien co va day lui mgi gidl han Kiin True & Xay Dung
Vdc dang canh hoa xoe nhj hoa vut cao la bieu trung ciia Thap n i l tilp khdng gian k i l n true luon nhin t h i y canh mat trdi moc va lan, Thap tao moi trudng d, nghi ngoi va giai tri vui choi d l chju vdi mdi trudng s i n g nhilu anh sang ty nhien, g i n k i t g i l c mo "decugc sdng va cdng
tac cua ngudi dan tdt dep han"
Djnh nghTa "nhd cao nhat th§ g i d i "
Ngay td ddu, ngudi ta d i n r i n g r i n g thdp Burj Dubai khdng chl Id k i l n true cao n h l t cua t h i gidi, md Id vdt the nhan tao duyen ddng dpc ddo ddng ty giura sa mac cdc t i i u vuong q u i c A Rap
Hpi d i n g Nhd cao t i n g vd C h l d thj (CTBUH), ldp tai dai hpc Lehigh d Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, cd tru sdtai vien Illinois, Chicago (My) Chu tjch, ong AntonyWood cong b l cdc chilu cao ky luc qua b i n tieu chuan cho thap Burj Dubai (tfnh td via hd cira vao chinh) sau:
1 Nhilu tdng nhlt: 162 t i n g , trudc day Tod nhd
Hinhl: Toa thap nhff mot cay kim
Hinh 2: Maf bang kien true dien hinh khaeh san
Taipei Ddi B a d 01 tang
2 Dinh mdi nhd 643,3m; trudc ddy nhd Taipei 101 Ddi B I C 449,2m
3 Oinh k i t c l u sdn nhd 624,1 m; trudc ddy Taipei Ddi Bde 509,2m
4 Bom betdng t h i n g ddng 643,3m - ky luc trudc day Taipei 439,2m
5 Oinh chdp Anten: 828m - Thdp Sears Chicago-My cao 527m
c l u true dimg ty do: CN Toronto Tower Canada cao 553m
Mac dii chilu cao c u l i cung ciia thdp Dubai ngdy hdm mdi Ip dien, nhung thdp da dat phdn Idn s l tieu chuan ddng ke t i t cd cdc chilu cao nhlt cua Ban gidm khdo Hpi ddng trpng tdi CTBUH nhu trdn
lUlo td K i t c l u
Mat bdng k i l n true thdp Dubai dang T " x o l n I c cd Idi cung len cao d i n ngpn thdp (Hinh 3) Id y tudng cua cong trinh su Bill Baker - SOM: nhdm gidm tdi trpng gid va dap len thap, cOng nhu gid cho c l u true bdtdng don gidn, k i l n true b i n virng dn djnh (con-structability) Mat bdng ba cdnh (wing) thdp "Y" cd mpt chuli cpt mui ddu h i i ndm tren sdn t i n g cung, nhimg tudng ddi ngan khong gian k i l n true ba nhdnh thdnh hdnh lang d i u dupc lidn k i t vdo Idi luc gidc gida tod thdp nhdm c h i n g x o l n hidu qud (torsionally) cho cdng trinh
Vdn phdng K i l n true SOM dp dung quy ludt hinh
(2)Hinh 3: Thap dang thi cong
hpc k i l n true d l i xirng tuyet d l i de t i t ca cdc p h i n td cpt tru betdng va mang vach ciia cac canh thap dupc lien k i t tieu chuan qua loi trung tam
Cac canh thap len cao thu hep d i n tao nam (5) bac san co hpc (tiers), m i l bac cd nhilu san k i t c l u dien hinh thilt k l lap lai theo mpt md hinh xoan I c nhdm day nhanh t i c dp xay dyng Thap cdng len cao cang nhpn d i n gay trd ngai to chdc so d l truyin tai trpng dimg, nhu vay cac cpt m i l tdng tren ndn thing tya tren cac tudng t i n g phfa dudi tao dudng truyin tdi trpng lien tuc D i l u cho phep xdy dyng m i l bac
san cirng thu hep md khong gap trd ngai lien quan thudng xuyen d i n ehuyen ddi vj trf cac cpt tang tren Nhdng khoang lui thu hep b l rpng t i n g cimg nhu yay lam thay ddi b l rpng cua mdi cdnh thap qua mdi ting cdng Theo SOM mpt sdng tao ciia ky su k i t e l u la gib xoay khdng bao gid hinh dupc tren kiln true thap Ky su Bill Baker ndi: "Ket cau phai kit hgp cung
vdi kiin true va thiit ki ben vdng khdng the tach rdi"
Phan ti'ch t h i l t k l & k i t cdu
Cac vach cdng chju cat ciia loi betdng hinh luc giac cd dp ddy tU 1300 mm gidm d i n 500 mm cung cac lanh td cira cao td 800 mm d i n 1100 mm hinh mpt k i t e l u tdm cdng khdng x o l n tuong ty lang tru liln xung quanh mpt k h i i Cac tudng trung tam thap b l trf hinh luc gidc lai dupc gia cudng bdi tudng hdnh lang va cpt d d i u hdi cde canh tao nhu mang ludi vd cac son sdn dam gian hdng cdng ngang de c h i n g e l t vd moment gib D i m gian hdng (outrigger) betdng l i l n k h i i ndm tren cac san tdng mechanic cho phep thay ddi nhip cot dpc lap rpng hon tai cac tdng dudi, len t i n g tren thu hep tham gia vdo chiu lyc, tang kha nang c h i n g dotal trpng ngang truyin vdo Idi thap luc gidc, vi vay t i t ca cac k i t c l u dung d i u tham gia h i trp ehing dd ca tai trpng dung (lyc trpng trudng) vd tdi trpng ngang V4 cudng dp betdng: mac cao thudng hiem nen kich thudc k i t c l u sdn Idn, tai trpng ban than nang truyin len Idi cimg vd cac cpt bien Betdng Mdc cao cung d i n g nghTa sddung vat lieu ft hon, gidm thieu dang ke td b i l n bdng each tang ty trpng vd Idm tU b i l n cham lai Cf day sd dung xi mang Portland vdi M800 (C60) d i n M l 000 (C80) cho tudng betdng ehju e l t Thilt kl sd dung c l p p h l i be tong tai chd
Cu the c l p dp b i n C80 (cudng dp chiu nen cua betdng cdn thilt phdi d l cap d i n cudng dp sau 48 ngdy vl cdng trinh chiu tai trpng dpng v l sau) dat gi^ tri quy djnh Md-dun dan hdi E = 43.800N/mm' (6350ksi) cho tudng betdng d t i n g thdp hon Sir dung kfch thudc t l i uu cho trudng vd cpt lam viec theo cong nang/phuong phap c l p s l nhan Lagrange r i t hieu qua (Baker et al.2000) T h i l t k l k i t edu be tdng pliu hpp yeu c l u Tieu chuan ACI 318-02
Hinh 4: Loi effng luc giac gdm cac tffdng chju cit
NGUdi XAY DUNG SO THANG • 2011
(3)P H A N T I C H KET C A U & T H I E T KE
Dp ddy tudng vd kfch thudc cpt dupc dieu chlnh de giam bdt nhumg dnh hudng td biln vd co ngdt betdng nhiJng clu kien dpc lap tao nen he kit clu De giam td biln chenh lech co ngdt betdng giua cdc cpt tren chu vi vd cdc tudng phid trong, kfch thudc cdc cpt dupc t l i uu de ung suit trpng lupng trpng trudng gay tren cpt ngang bdng vdi img suit tren cdc bUc tudng hdnh lang ben mil canh
Nam (5) sdn chuyen ting (sdn dat outrigger nhu dim gian hdng cdng) se phdn phli lai tdi trpng tod nhd, lien kit (tie) tit cd cdc clu kien thing ddng cung chju tdi trpng, hon nda bdo ddm Ung suit trpng trudng phan b l diu, vl vdy giam chenh lech chuyen djch khdc be tdng co ngdt Ndi chung dli vdi cpt hodc tudng mdng thi td biln betdng xay nhanh hon, CO ngin kfch thude kit clu dd thilt k l chpn dp ddy tilt dien cpt cdn 600mm (24") se phu hpp ciing ty le vdi tudng hdnh lang (ty le tuong ty td the tfch din b l mat)
Hinh 6: Ket ciu chju Iffc chinh toa thap
Mat cdt mdi thdp Id kit cdu he thdp cheo ngang, chdp (spire erection) nhpn thing ddng dupc thiet k l chju tdi trpng trpng trudng, dp lyc gid dpng, lyc dpng dit vd dp bin mdi theo yeu clu ciia Tieu chuan tdi trpng cho thilt k l ddc biet dli vdi tod nha ket clu thdp -AiSC (1999) Cdc thep tilp xuc mdi trudng dupc boc nhdm de ching chdy Kit cdu mdi chdp dupc phdn tfch bdng phin mim ETABS phien bdn 8.4 (bao gdm ca phdn tfch P-Delta) cho tdi trpng trpng trudng, luc gid vd tdi trpng dpng dit Cac md hinh phan tfch ba chilu bao gdm cdc bUc tudng be tdng elt thep, cdc dim lien kit tdm sdn, bdn mdng bd, cpc khoan nhii, vd mdi chdp nhpn kit cdu thep Cdc phdn tfch todn
Dang dao dong Dana dao dong
D<7ng dao dong xoan
Hinh 7: Cac dang mo hinh dgng
dien md hinh 3D gdm hon 73.500 phin td shells vd 75.000 phin td nut Dudi tac dpng tdi tdi trpng gid, thap bj chuyen djch ngang A ndi Chung id binh thudng: ngudi lam viec t r n g V d n phdng ting cao nhlt elt + , m [chuyen djch ngang A = m m ] ngudi d can hp ting cao nhdt + , m [chuyen djch ngang A = 540mm]
Phan tfch cdc dang dao dpng cd
chuyen dich ngang v l mpt phfa vdi chu ky T =11,3 giay (H.7a) Dang dao dpng thU hai cd chuyen djch ngang phuong vudng gde vdi mat thap cd chu ky T = 10,2 gidy (H.7b) Xoln Id dang dao dpng thd nam chu ky T=4,3giay (H 7c)
Tieu chuan UBC97 quy djnh rd thdnh phi ty trj Dubai (DM) Id Khu vyc dja chin vung 2a (vdi dja chin vung Z= 0,15 vd dit nin loai Sc) Cdc phan tfch dja chin tucng umg phuong phap phd phdn umg ddn hdi Tieu chuan thilt k l dpng ddt khdng dilu chlnh cho thilt k l kit clu betdng nha quay vd thap cd mdi chdp kit clu gidn thep
Tiln sy tu vin Max Irvine - Ky su cO hpc kit clu vd dpng lyc hpc cdng trinh cd try sd dat tai Sydney -Australia - da bao cu the vi mgi hiem hga tiem in
mang tinh huy diet cua mdi trudng cho Du in Nguy cd dat hoa long da duac dtiu tra ca ban dua tren phuang phap bao cao xac dinh hda long khdng cd bat ky tic dgng xau nao cho mdng sau cua Thip
Thf nghiem 6ng thdi Gio:
Dli vdi chilu cao vd dp mdnh ciia thdp Dubai thi dp lyc gid vd dao dpng cdng trinh d dp cao ddn din kit qud trdthanh ylu t l chii dao thilt k l kit clu Chuong trinh nghien cdu md rpng thf nghiem thdi gid tunnel len tudng kfnh bao ehe xung quanh kiln true mat thdp Tiln sy Peter Irwin chl dao thyc hidn d Guelph, Ontario
Cdng ty Rowan Williams Davies & Inwin (RWDI thf nghiem Ing thdi gid bao gim nghien ciru cdc md hinh
(4)PHAN TJCH K J T C ^ " ^ THIET KE
Hinh 8: Kit ciu betdng cdt hep chju Iffc ciia thap phij hdp theo Yeu ciu Tieu chuan xay dffng ACI 31802 ddi vdi kit cau betdng
-(ACI,2002) -Vlen betdng My
cdng - lyc can bang, nhilu md hinh khf dpng dan h l l d l y dil mdc dp ty (aeroelastic), nghien cdu mdi trudng gid bao cho ngudi di bp tren t i n g cao, nghien cdu mdi trudng khf hau (Md hinh danh gia cac hieu ung gid ngang gid xoay gay mpi tham hpa tiem an mang tfnh hiiy diet)
Cac nghien cdu ve lyc can bang va khf dpng dan hdi da sddung md hinh h l u h i t t i le 1:500.Tien sy Nick Isyumov chuyen gia ky thuat I n g thoi gid ciia Cty RWDI tai Oai hpc Western Ontario da thyc hien thf nghiem thoi gid vao Idp bao che xung quanh k i l n true thap Ngoai cac thf nghiem chat tai ket cau thap Burj
Hinh 9; Mo hmh ong thoi dan hoi & gio dong
Dubai, CTy RWDI cdn nghien cdu vdn d l thdng gid va an toan cho ngudi di bp tren cao, cd hieu qua (Inwin et al, 2006)
De xae djnh tai gid bdng thf nghiern thoi gid len chi'nh dupc thyc hien sdm cac t h i l t ke sddung ky thuat cao t i n - ky thudt can b i n g lyc Nhtmg s l lieu I n g gid thdi sau dd dupc k i t hpp vdi cae tfnh c h i t dong hpc ciia thap de dap ung tfnh toan hieu qua tdng the phan trpng gid d ty le d l y dii o l i ydi thdp Burj Dubai k i t qua eua cde thf nghiem can bdng lyc da dupc siJr dung nhu la d i u vao de t h i l t k l k i t c l u vd hinh dang thdng s l de chi t i l t thap va eho phep nghien cdu thuc hieri tren nhdng anh hudng b i l n ddi phdn p h l i khii
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o w s s wmo n o f ãôằ
Hinh 10a: Mo hinh tinh toan gid xoay
lupng va dp cung thap
Toa nha cd sau hudng gid ehii dao quan trpng Cac hudng gid chfnh la gid thoi vao "mui nhpn d i u hll" /"mui gid" ciia mdi canh ba canh (mui ddu hdi A, mui dau hdi B va mui d i u hdi C)
Ba hudng khae gid thoi vao gida hai nhanh la gib hut, gpi la "mat hut gid" djnh hudng (mat hut gid A, B va C) Chli y rang hinh anh lye d l i vdi cac hudng gid khao cho t h i y sy kfch thfch dai t i n s u i t ft quan
Hinh 10: Gio thoi vao mui C dffdi thip & gio hut giffa canh A&Bd tren cao
UWetHMCT MjOoncnoH ^
(5)quan trpng d l i vdi gid thdi va dap vdo mui nhpn d i u hdi culi ciJng hon Id td cdc hudng ngupc lai (mat hut gid)
D i l u da khang djnh lya chpn hudng ciia thap so vdi cac hudng gid manh thudng xuyen nhdt cho Dubai vd hudng ngupc lai thf nghiem can bdng
P H A N T I C H KET C A U & T H I E T KE
Hinh 11: Bill Baker thi nghiem tunnel gio thoi va hut
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Hinh 12: ap Iffc hut giam theo dien tich mat hffng gio giam len cao
luc dupc thyc hien mpt vdi vung nhu thdp bj gid thdi b i c len, bay vd hinh dang k i l n true dupc thilt k l dilu chlnh lai Ba cdnh thdp l l n lupt gid xoay theo chilu kim d i n g h i vdi cdnh A gid ddu tien (Hinh 10& 12)
Sau mdi dpt thd nghiem I n g thdi gid, cdc dd lieu dua vdo phan tfch vd kiin true toa nha lai dieu ehinh de gidm thieu hieu umg gid vd phu hpp vdi nhung thay ddi md khdng lien quan ehuong trinh cua khdeh hdng Nhin chung, s l lupng vd khodng cdch giua cdc l l n thyc hidn thay ddi nhu dd Idm Id c h i p nhdn dupc K i t qud qud trinh ndy ddn d i n dp lyc gid len thdp giam ddng ke bdng cdch "xdo dpng" gid "khulch tdn" xody khdng theo quy ludt md chi hudng theo chilu cao
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Hinh 13: Hoan chinh kiin true sau nhiiu lin thi nghiem thoi gio
N h i m k i t thuc thilt k l c u l i ciing, b i t ddu thf nghiem md hinh khf dpng dan hdi chfnh xdc hon Thdi khf dpng dan hdi lam md hinh bj udn dang tuong ty nhu cdng trinh thyc: dung ty le dp cdng, dung k h i i lupng vd giam dao dpng Cdc thf nghiem khf dpng dan hdi dd cd t h i thyc hien mpt s l md hinh cao hem dang tjnh t i l n cua dao dpng
Cdc dang cao hon chi p h l i cdc phan dng k i t c l u vd thilt k l ciia thap, ngoai trU mdng d dd da kiem tra thf nghiem Dya tren k i t qua cua cdc md hinh khf dpng dan hdi, cdc chuyen djch cdng trinh da dupc dy bdo phij hpp vdi gid trj yeu c l u tieu chuan ISO md khdng c i n phu trp gidm dao dpng •
(Cdn nOra)
Abstract: The goal of the Burj Dubai Tower is not simply to be the world's highest building; it's to embody the world's highest aspi-rations The superstructure is final construction and as of fall 2008 and has reached over 162 stories, 818m tall The final height of building is not a" well - guarded secret" The heigh of the multi- use skyscraper with 280 000 m^ (3,00G,000ff) Gross area tower multi-use will " comfortably" exeed the current record holder, the 509 meter (1671ft) tall Taipei 101 The Dubai Renames world's Tallest Tower Burj Khalifa, Official celebrace openning in January of 2010 and utilized for retail, Giorgio Armani Hotel, residential and office
As with all super-tall project, difficult structural engineering problems needed to be addressed and resolved This paper pres-ents the Super -tall Building Design Approach in Engineering experi-ence for the Burj Dubai