Id thj trUdng ddu vdo, Theo cdc nguyen ly cda kInh te thi trUdng Ihl quan hd cung - cau dnh hUdng rat Idn den gid sdn pham dUOC trao ddi, nhUng hidn nay tren thj trudng xay dUng Viet[r]
(1)Kiem soat gia vat lieu xay dyng
dieu kien thj tru'O'ng hien doi vai cong
trinh SLF dung von ngan sach nha nu'O'C
Nguyen Tan Vinh
ABSTRACT
Although construction demand is
declined in the difficult situation
of the construction market,
the price of building materials
has been increasing with every
passing day One of the reasons
is subjectivism orientation in
the "Announcement of the price
of building materials" at the
local level In addition unclear
current regulations related price
management have affected
negatively on this issue In the
context of the present economic,
the solution is proposed that
establish temporary regulation
on Price Announcement to apply
in specific project which using
government budget in order
to save costs and direction for
materials prices in market
Th.S Nguyin Tan Vinh
TniOTig phong nghien cuu Gia
-Thi tnrcmg xay dyng
Vien Kinh te xay dung - BXD
Bien thoai: 04 62800402
Didong: 0912391233
1 Thuc trang gid v^t l i d u xay dUng trdn thi t r u i n g hidn
Kmh Id Vidi Nam budc sang nam t h d cda giai doan khd khan, cdc hoc gid da tdn khd nhidu gidy mUc dfi phdn tich, dam ludn ve nguydn nhdn cung nhugidi phdp cho tinh trang hidn nay, cdn cdc nhd qudn ly cung dang loay hoay t i m kiem mdt diem sdng hoac nhOng gidi phdp cdng cd niem tin ui vd hy vong vdo lUong lai cda kmh td Trong bdi cdnh chung thi thi trudng xdy dUng duoc ghi nhan cd le Id dm dam nhdt vdl sU khd khan chdng chat cua thi trUdng bat ddng sdn, suy giam dau lUcdng nhieu ITnh vuc kdo iheo he luy la s u d i n h ddn sdn xuat va giao dich Iren thi trudng xay dUng
Thj irudng xay dung Id noi trao ddi cac sdn pham xdy dUng /cdng trinh xdy dUng gida cac doanh nghiep xay dung (ngudi ban) va cac chu dau IU xay dUng cdng trinh (ngUdi mua) Neu xem xdt theo cdc dac diem cua qua trinh sdn xuat xdy dUng Ihl thj trudng xSy dung Id thi trUcmg dau cdn cdc lhi trudng vai lieu xdy dung, lao ddng, von,, Id thj trUdng ddu vdo, Theo cdc nguyen ly cda kInh te thi trUdng Ihl quan hd cung - cau dnh hUdng rat Idn den gid sdn pham dUOC trao ddi, nhUng hidn tren thj trudng xay dUng Viet Nam dang dien mdt hidn tuong Id nhu cau xdy dUng giam sut manh nhung gid vat lieu xay dung vdn tdng, Cu the Id; - Vdi chd trUOng cdt gidm chi tidu cdng cda Chinh phd nhim kiem chfi lam phat, theo d d chi tieu cdng ITnh vuc dau IU xdy dUng cung gidm manh bdt dau i d ddu nam 2011 cd nghTa Id nhu cau cda chinh phd ve cdng trinh xdy dung Id giSm manh, ddy Id lhi phan chiem t y Idn nhSt (khodng 60%) thj trUdng xdy dung Vidt Nam
- Chinh sach that chat tin dung ddi vdi linh vuc bat ddng sdn dUoc thUc thi cung I d dau nam 2011 da trUc tiep lam ddng bang thi trudng ndy, hdng loat d u dn bi tam ddng hoac d i ^ g t r i l n khai, cd nghTa nhu cau ve san ph^m dau cdng bi gidm ngudi mua phai tam gdc nhu cau khd nang tai chinh khdng dd d e d d p
dng nhu c3u
- Ngudn cung vdl lieu trdn thi trUdng rat dot ddo khdi luong san phdm tdn kho Idn, vdt Ildu xdy dung dUdc nhap kh^u tUTrung Qudc vd cdc nUdc khu vUc van tang trUdng dUong Ve mat 1^ thuyfit nhu cau cdc cdng trinh xdy dung trdn i h i trudng dau gidm, lhi nhu cdu ve vdt lidu xay dung tren thj trudng dau vao sd gidm, cung vai lieu tren l h i irudng van tang sd tac dpng lam gidm gid vat lieu xay dung theo quy luat quan hd cung - cau, Tuy nhien, nam 2011 va nda dau nam 2012, ty' Id lam phdt cda Viet Nam dang dUoc khdng che < 10% thi gla Ihdnh sdn pham xdy dUng ma cu the Id cdc hop ddng thi cdng xdy dUng giiJa chu dau t u vd nha thau d tat cdc loai hinh cdng trinh xay dUng dfiu 3ieu chlnh tdng trung binh t d 5-18% vdi lygidi la su bien ddng gia vat lieu, nhien lieu, nang lUdngva thay ddi chinh sach ve tien lUdng tdi thieu vdng cda nha nudc
Trong CO cau chi phi cda gid sdn pha"m xay dUng thi chi phf true tidp (vat lieu, nhdn cdng, may) ddng vai trd quydt dmh, cac yeu td chl phi khde nhUchl phi chung, thu nhdp chiu thue tinh trUdc, lan trai tam, l U v a n , qudn ly d u an, dfiu dUOc xdc dinh Iren co sd chi phi trUc tiep ndy NhU vay, ve cO bdn nhu du cua thi trudng dau giam sut phdi tac ddng lam giam gia cda cac san pham cda thj trudng dau vao
Trong ba yfiu i d chi phi trUc tidp co ban cau gid sdn pham xdy dUng thi nha nUdc kiem sodt dUdc gia nhdn cdng thdng qua chinh sdch tien luong, gid may thi cdng Ihdng qua kiem soat gia xang dau, difin nang va tifin luong NhUvdy, chl cdn gia vat lieu da va dang duoc vdn hdnh theo cd che thi trudng, chl phi vat lieu chiem t^ trung binh t d 44 - 70% chi phi xay dUng Qua nghien cdu 250 cdng Irlnh dai didn cho cac loai hinh cdng trinh t d ngudn sd lifiu cda Vien Kinh tfi xdy dUng thuc hien tham tra thi cd the tdng ket ve co cau chi phi tdng mde d^u tU xdy dUng cdng trinh ndi chung nhUsau:
(2)Ty trpng chl phi
Chl phi xdy dung 60%
Chl phi thidt bi 10%
Gidi phdng m^l bdng 15%
Qudn ty d d dn %
TUvdn
3% Khde
1 %
Vdi ty chi phi chu yfiu chi phi xdy dung, xudt hifin bidn ddng gl.i cua cdc v^I lifiu eo bdn nhu: sdt; thdp, xi mdng; ciit, dd; gd; bl tum; gach se dnh hudng true tidp dfin cdc ndi dung chi phi tdng muc ddu IU d mde dd trung binh Id 4/1 cd nghia c d tdng chl phi vdt lifiu tdng % Ihi tdng mde dSu tU i^ng % vd gid v^t ll^u gidm thi tdng mUc cung giam theo ly Ifi ndy
Gid cua nhUng vdt lidu ndy cd dnh hudng rSl Idn ddn gid v^t lifiu ndi chung dUa vdo cdng trinh vd eung trUc tifip dnh hudng ddn gid xdy di.mg cdng trinh Khi tdng ket tinh hinh bidn ddng gid eua nhUng vdt lidu co bdn ndy d hai ddu Idu kmh i d Id ihdnh phd Hd Ndi vd Hd Chi Mmh t d ddu ndm 2011 dfin nay, ddu cd su bifin ddng tang Irung binh - 15% Ody Id nghich ly vdl thuc l luong sdn ph^m tdn dpng cda cdc doanh nghidp sdn xudt vd cung ung Id rdt Idn, bdn canh d d Ngdn hdng nhd nudc da lien tyc h^ Iran ldi suat cho vay, tham chi cd nhdng khodn vay cd ihi ddng ly ede doanh nghidp edn phdi tmh loan lai chi phi vdn vd cdc chi phi khde dfi giam gid sdn pham
Chung ta dd vd dang t u hdo vi m d l thi irudng vdt lieu xay dUng phdt tnen vdn hdnh Iheo CO ehe Ihi trUdng nhidn trdn thi trudng ndy dang co su can thiep vd linh cua nhd nUdc lam sai lech gid i n cda sdn pham Su can thifip vd linh lai co che tao ra, dd chinh la "Cdng bd gia vat lieu xay dUng' cda dia phuong, Mdt Ihuc l f i ma hau het nhdng chu the tham gia hoat ddng xdy dung d V i e t nam dfiu phdi cdng nhdn Id Idu tat cd cdc cdng trinh xay dUng s d d u n g ngudn vdn nhd nUde vd da sd cdc cdng Irinh dUoc dau IU bdng cdc ngudn vdn khac dfiu sd dung Cdng bd gia vat lidu xdy dung cda d|a phuong noi xay dUng cdng trinh Idm cdn cd dfi xdc dinh tdng mUc dau, dU todn, mdi thilu, chdo thdu, dieu ehinh gid xdc dinh gid xdy dUng Ve quy dinh vide cdng bd gid chi mang tinh chSt tham khdo, nhUng ddy Id thdng tin ca quan qudn ly nha nUdccdngbd,du it nhifiu ddu mang tinh phdp ly, d d xu hUdng ehung cda cac chu the la chu dau tu, t u van, nhd thau va cdc co quan chdc ndng cd lidn quan dfin hoat ddng xdy dung deu can cU vao Ihdng tin ndy dfi ddm bdo tinh "an loan" cao Nhu vay, vd tmh nhCrng thdng lin ve gid vdt lieu duoe cdng bd da mang tinh djnh hudng ve xu hudng gia cho thi trUdng
2 Kiem soat gia vdt lieu xdy dUng t r o n g cac q u y ^ n h ve l | p va q u d n ly chi p h i 6Au t U xdy d u n g cdng t r i n h
Trudc day, nhdng thdng tin vfi gid vdt lieu duac eae eo quan chde nang cda dia phuang Id Sd Xay dyng, Sd Tai chfnh dUa bdng Thdng bao gia Lifin s6 mang tinh chat bSt budc (phdp ly cao hon) nhUng t d Chinh phd ban hdnh
cac Nghi djnh sd 99/ND-CP IrUdc ddy vd hifin Id Nghj dinh s6 112/ ND-CP vfi qudn ly chi phi ddu IU xdy di/ng cdng trinh quy d|nh gia v ^ l lifiu xdy di/ng sd dUoc edc d|a phuong cdng bd mang linh ehdt thdm khdo vdi mye lifiu tdn eochc' thi trudng, Vdn dfi cdn md xd d d d y Id li^u gid cda v3t liiju xdy ddng dUdc cdng b d c d dupc xAc dinh Sr^t vdl ijl.^ tn th^t sdcda chdng hay k h d n g ' Thyc tr^ng hlfin Id:
- Vdt quy dInh vific cdng bd gid v.it lifiu chl mang tinh tham khdo nfin thye tfi d nhifiu dia phuong hifin vific edng bd gid cdc v j t lifiu cdn cu vdo Bdo gid cua cdc doanh nghifip sdn xudt vd cung dng gui tryc lifip cho Sd Xdy dyng ho$e tdng hop idnhidu ngudn khde NhUng gid niy l^i da bao gdm rat nhidu ehi phi k<>m theo nhuqudng cdo, bdn hdng, ehifil khSu hoa hdng vd t h j m ehi c d p h d n ' g d i g d m ' e d a b d n m u a nhUngdd khdng ducfc CO quan cdng bd kifim sodt,
Trong cdc Cdng b d gid ddu thdng tin ddy dd vd xudt xu cda vdl lifiu Id doanh nghiep sdn xueit vd eung e l p , nhU viy vdi mde gia chUa ehuan xdc ndy da vd tinh d{nh hudng xu thfi gid cho sdn phdm eung loai cda nhdng doanh nghidp khdng dupe cdng b d gid
- Vide xac dinh gid vd cdng bd gid cua cdc dia phuong duoe thuc hifin bdng nhidu cach thuc khde khdng thdng nhdt vi phuong phdp Vide edng bd cda cdc dia phuong cung khdng theo sy thdng nhal vi thdi gian, cd tinh thang/1 l a n , c d l l n h q u y / l Idn, cd tinh thi ndo tap hop dd gid thi cdng bd
- Odi vdi gid cda nhCrng v$I lifiu khdng cd tcong cdng bd gtd, dUa vdo gid tri cdng trinh lai cdn c u vdo "gid i d chdc cd chdc ndng cung cdp, bao gid eda nhd sdn xudl, Ihdng tin gia cda nhd cung cdp ho^c gid eda loai v$t lifiu ed tidu ehu^n, chat lUpng tUong t y da vd dang dupc s d d u n g d edng trinh khde'theo quy dmh tai phu lue dThdng lUsd04/2010/TT-BXD ngdy 26/5/2010 cua Bd Xdy d y n g hudng dSn l^p vd qudn ly chi phi dau l U xdy d y n g cdng trinh Nhu vdy, ddi vdl gia vdl lifiu ndy cdng chi mang tinh chai Iham chieu va ihieu co chfi kifim sodt,
Mdt so i h y c trang tren ddy dd phan ndo gdy tinh trang "nhi^u" t h d n g tin vd gtd vat lieu trdn thi irUdng hifin nay,
Trong nhCrng nguydn nhdn Idm tdng gid xdy dung thi yeu i d tdng gid vat lifiu xdy d y n g la nguyen nhdn khdng nhd kdo theo cdc yfiu t d chi phi khde tdng mde ddu t u tdng theo Vific can thidp bSng nhdng mfinh l^nh hdnh chfnh vdo thi trudng vdt hdu nhu trUde ddy se Id thd bao va tdc ddng lidu eye ddn thi trudng nhung bdi ednh kmh Ifi khd khdn ngudn vdn danh cho xdy dung bi han chfi vdn phdi ddm bdo muc tidu tang irudng vd an sinh xa
hdi thi vific s d d y n g hifiu qud dong vdn nhd nudc edng trd ndn quan trpng nhd nUdc mua dUpc nhdng cdng irlnh cd gid sdt vdi gid Iri thdt sy vd tdl nhifin se rfi hon nhifiu so vdi hifin
3 Kidn nghl gidi phdp kifim sodt vi gid vdt lifiu vd dinh hudng thi trudng
Ofi d^t dupc mgc tifiu ndy cdn nhifiu gidi phdp ddng bd, hodn cdnh kinh te kh6 khan nhU hifin Ihl vific kifim sodt gid vdt lifiu da dfin Idc cdn sy can thifip cua nhd nudc bdng cdng cu qudn ly Id edn thifit Cy thfi Id quy 3inh vific "Thdng bdo gid v^t lidu dfin hifin trudng"cia edc dia phuang n h u trUdc day nhung se mfim dfio hon bdng vific chl dp d y n g ddi vdi cdng trinh sd dung vdn ngdn sdch vd quy dinh ndy sd cd thdi han tam thdi Irong tmh hinh hifin
Cdc CO quan chdc ndng cda dia phuang phdi bdt lay vdo vific kifim tra, l i n h todn gid thdnh sdn phim vi cic chi phi phdt smh kdm iheo d mUc hap ly Vific k r m soat ndy chl ihiK hlfin cho nhu cdu mua sdm cdng t n n h xdy diilig cda nhd nudc bdng vdn ngdn sdch vd khdng can thifip vdo vide mua bdn sdn pham xdy dung i d nhdng ngudn von khae d o d d van tdn thj trudng Vdi nhu edu mua s^m cdng trinh cOa nhd nudc Id nhu cdu chd yfiu trdn thi trudng xdy d y n g thi vific Thdng bdo gid vdt lieu chuan xdc se dinh hudng cho xu huong gid v^i lidu ndi chung trdn thi trudng ddu vdo
Odng Ihdl cung c j n phdi b d sung edc quy dmh vfi viec kifim sodt gid v^t lidu xdy dung ddi vdi nhdng vdt lidu khdng duoc Ihdng bdo bdng cdch nghidn cdu hudng ddn cy t h ^ vide tmh todn gid vdt lidu hodc thuc hien phUong thdc dau thdu cung cdp v^t lidu cho nhCmg cdng t n n h ddu tU xdy d y n g bdng ngudn vdn ngdn sdch nhd nuoc Co thfi (hue hien ddi vdi nhijng v$t lieu CO bdn n h u sdt, thdp, xi mang, cat, da, sdi, gach chifim khdt luong \dr\ bdng phUOng thdc chao hdng c^nh tranh hay hieu la sd xay dung theo hinh ihUc vat lU A cip, hidn rat it dupc ap dung
Nhdng dfi xuat ndy cd thfi duoc xem la nhung giai phdp i l n h the, nhung bdi ednh Ihi Irudng xdy d y n g hifin cdaViel Nam cijng vdl nhdng tin hifiu khdng m j y lac quan i d hy vpng hdi phuc kmh tfi thfi gidi tuang lai gan, i h i e i nghT cdc nhd nghidn cdu va qudn ly cung can ddnh gia va cdn nhdc nhdng gidi phap tam thdi nhung lai hidu qua tinh hinh kho khan cda nen kmh i d hi^n
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO
1 Nghl (Iinh sfi W/2007/NO-CP 13/6/2007, Nghi lfinh n2/2IXI9/Nfi-CP tiia Chinh phil v^ qudn ly chi phi flan tU nSj dirng cong itlnti,
2,Th6Tigtirsfi04/2010/n-BXD 26/S/2010ciia Bfi XSy liiig hirfing dan lap va quin ly thi phi d^u tir xay dimg cfing ttlnh; J.NguonlirlieiilirutrfltaiVienKinhtfxaydimg-BoXSydimg, Cac Cfing bo gii cua Hi Nfii v i Thanh Hfi Oil Mmh tfr fliit •; nam20l1dennay