Hd Chi Minh, ngay tif rat sdm da dua ra quan diem phai gan ket phat trien kinh te vdi cdng bang xa hdi ngay tif dau va tirng budc thifc hien, coi dd khdng chi la muc tieu ma cdn la d[r]
(1)I HOC TAP T A M G J O N G DAO DL/C, TU TLfdNG HO CHI l\/IINH
4 nam thi/c hien di chuc cua Chu tich Ho Chi IVlinh
HO CHI MINH vdl PHAT TRIEN BEN V O N G
TS Ho Van Chieu
Ti5f thUc tiin ciia mot dSt nU^c ngheo, lac hau, vufa thoat khoi ach thUc dan vdi nan doi khiing khigp, tim nhufng giai phap khac phuc nhifng hau qua nang nl do, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da dUa nhi!ng quan diim, nhi?ng chinh sach phii hcfp de giai quyet van de phat trien kinh te ciia Viet Nam va chinh d day, NgUdi da de cap d6n nhifng tU tifdng tien tign ciia thdi dai Mot nhufng trf trfdng ldn la phat trien kinh te ben vutng
Suot chieu dai cua licii sii, cac nha idnh te van tacli van de kinh te khoi nhQ'ng van de xa hoi Ngirdi ta coi tang trirdng kinh te la "sir gia tang san pham hang hoa va dich vu mpt thdi han nhat dinh" Mai den nhiing nam 80 cua the ky XX, sau nhu'ng bao dong ve tham hoa moi trirdng va bat on xa hoi, ngudi ta m6i thay can thiet phai bo sung "nhiJng npi dung xa hpi vao khai niem tang trirdng kinh te" Sir phat trien ben vttng phai dirpc xac dinh cl khai niem ba chieu: ben viing ve kinh te, ve xa hoi va moi truclng "Phat trien ben viing la to hop cac hoat dong CO the giup cai thien dilOc cac dieu kien cho ngucii theo each thiic cho c6 the tri dUOc Sir cai thien do" (Thaddeus C Trzyna ThS gidi bSn vSng.H., 2001 tr.33)
I Phat tri^n kinh li gin li§n vdi vin de xa hgi:
Tii manh dat tan ciing cila sit ngheo doi, Ngirdi da phat hien rang, giai quyet van de kinh te khong the tach rdi nhiing van de xa hoi Ngudi cho rang each mang giai phdng dan tpc chinh la giai phdng lire lu'png san xuat Ngudi viet "Chung tdi khong chii trirong dau tranh giai cSp vi mot le tang Idp tti san 'Viet Nam da bi kinh te thuc dan de nen khdng cat dau len dilpc, khien cho kinh te 'Viet Nam bi tieu diet, dan cung tai tan Trai lai, chung toi chu tnrcing lam cho tii san Viet Nam phat trien Ma chi cd thdng nhat va dpc lap thi tiT ban Viet Nam
mdi cd the phat trien" (Toan tap, tap tr 169-170) Nhii vay, chi cd gianh du'pc ddc lap mdi cd the phat trien kinh te Ngay sau gianh dupc chinh quyen, Ngutdi da neu nhiem vu "diet giac ddi, diet giac ddt, diet giac ngoai xam" (Hd Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap 5, tr 440) Viec ket hpp da the hien day dii quan diem phat trien kinh te vdi tien bd xa hdi Tiep dd, Ngudi neu cac muc tieu cd ban cila cdng cudc kien qudc la; "Lam cho dan cd an - Lam cho dan cd mac - Lam cho dan cd chd d - Lam cho dan dUOc hoc hanh" (Toan tap ,tap tr.l52) 40 nam sau, nhu'ng muc tieu ay lai trd muc tieu thien nien ky cua nhan loai, bdi vi chung la nen tang cua sir phat trien ben viing
II vIn d l hoi nhap kinh te qu6c t§:
Song tam nhin ciia Nha lanh dao kiet suit Hd Chi Minh khdng chi diing lai d nhiing net khai quat cd ban dd Ngudi hieu rang, mudn dat dudc muc tieu dd, can phai dat nen kinh te Viet Nam bdi canh toan cau, nam bat dirpc xu the phat trien ciia thdi dai Tut gdc nhin dd, Ngudi dua nhiing chinh sach vd ciing mdi me vao thdi diem bay gid; chinh sach md cUa va hdi nhap qudc te Khi Ngudi neu chinh sach idnh te quan trong, Ngudi dac biet luu y den chinh sach "Luu thdng ngoai" Ngudi viet; "Ta siic khai thac lam thd san de ban cho cac nudc ban va de ta mua nhu'ng thii ta can diing Cac nudc ban
mua nhiing thii ta dUa va ban cho ta nhiing hang hda ta chua che tao dUpc Dd la chinh sach mau dich, giup dd lan rat cd lpi cho kinh ti ta" (Toan tap, tap 7, tr.222) Ngudi da neu chinh sach keu gpi dau tu tif luc mdi gianh dupc chinh quyen Ngudi viet; "Chung ta hoan nghenh nhiing ngUdi Phap mudn dem tu ban vao xii ta khai thac nhOng ngudn nguyen lieu chua cd khai thac Chung ta se mdi nhiing nha chuyen mdn Phap, cQng nhu My, Nga hay Tau den ddng gdp cho chdng ta cudc kien thiet qudc gia" (Toan tap, tap tr 79) Ngudi dac biet nhan manh den tu tudng chii dpng hdi nhap quoc te; "Chung tdi hoan nghenh tu ban Phap va tu ban cac nudc khac that tha cdng tac vdi chung tdi Mdt la de xay dung lai Viet Nam sau ldc bi chien tranh tan pha, hai la de dieu hda vdi kinh te the gidi va giii gin hda binh" (Toan tap, tap tr 170) Nhu vay tu tudng chiSn lUdc ciia Hd Chi Minh la khdng nhiing gan hpi nhap kinh tg vdi phat trien kinh te nudc ta, ma cdn gan vdi bao ve hda binh va an ninh qudc gia TU tudng chien lUdc da the hien thuc te vao thdi ky ddi mdi Nam 2007, Viet Nam trd thanh vien ciia 'WTO Nam 2008, Viet Nam da cd quan he kinh te vdi 186 qudc gia va khu vuc tren the gidi Tdng vdn dau tu tnic tiSp nudc ngoai vao Viet Nam tii 1988 den 2008 da dat vdn dang ky dSn 163,607.2 ty USD va thuc hien 59,945.5 ty USD (Tdng cue Thdng ke, Nien giam thdng ke 2008 tr.l05 )
III Phat huy siiiG manh npi sinh:
NhUng khdng chi phat huy siic manh ben ngoai, Ngudi ludn ludn nhan manh siic manh ndi sinh NgUdi thUc hien quan diem dd bang chinh sach tu luc canh sinh NgUdi yeu cau toan dan tiSt kiem dS diu tu, phat huy moi tiSm nang sin cd, "khdng de khdng si dung nhiing nang luc, tien tai, tri tue, rudng dat, may mdc ", tiit kiem dS dau tu vao san xuat
(2)HOC TAP TAM GUONG D A O Di:/C, lU TJCJNG HO CHI MINH
Ngudi viet; "Tiet kiem cdt de giiip vao tang gia san xuat" "Tang nang suat lao ddng, tiet kiem nguyen vat lieu quy den ciing la tiet kiem vdn NhUng cdn mdt each tiet kiem vdn niia ma cdng nhan ta cdn it nghT den, dd la lam cho vdn quy vdng nhanh Biet lam cho vdn quay vdng nhanh, thi cd it vdn ma dung dUOc nhieu lan, nen san xuat dUdc nhieu" (Toan tap T.IO tr.341) De phat huy npi luc lai "phai cd ke hoach", "phai kheo td chifc", "phai rim each to chiic cho hdp ly de mdt ngudi cd the lam viec nhU hai ngudi, mpt cd the lam viec nhu hai ngay, mpt ddng cd the diing bang hai ddng" (Toan tap, T.6, tr.486) NgUdi yeu cau phai diing toan bd tiet kiem dUdc vao cdng nghe nudc ta (Toan tap, t.6, tr 486) Phai kien quyet chdng tham nhung NgUdi ndi; "Tham d la hanh dpng xau xa nhat, tdi ldi de tien nhat xa hpi" (Toan tap t.ll.tr.l 10) Mudn vay phai nang cao hieu biet ciia dan vi "Quan tham vi dan dai" NgUdi gpi bpn tham nhiing la "giac ndi xam" Ngudi nhan manh "Tat ca mpi ngudi tii tren xudng dudi, Chinh phii va ngoai Chinh phii, dan thudng va can bd deu phai song sach, khdng tham lam, due khoet cua cdng, an hdi Id, trdm cap, cung phai tdn trpng ldi ich chung" (Toan tap, tap tr.255,632, 641) Ngudi dac biet nhan manh den tang nang suat lao ddng bang tri thiic va ky nang NgUdi viet; "Thd hpc cho tinh xao", thi ldi nhuan se tang gap 5, gap 10 (Toan tap, tap tr 106) Tii quan diem nay, Hd Chl Minh dac biet cham lo den dao tao ngudi, cham lo den bdi dudng vdn ngUdi Sau nay, tii gdc dp khoa hpc kinh te, ngUdi ta da phat hien nguyen ly gpi la "phan du Solow" hay tdng nang xuat nhan td (TFP), dieu ma Hd Chl Minh da dien dat d dang sd khai
IV Phat triln kinh t l va vin d l cong bang xa hoi:
Hd Chi Minh ciing sdm nhan yeu td cdng bang xa hdi sU phat trien ben viing Ly thuyet cd dien va tan cd dien, dac biet la md hinh tang trudng chii U ngUdc cua Kurznets (1955), deu nhan manh bat binh dang xa hdi la he qua cila tang trudng kinh te Theo Kurznets, mpt xa hdi phat trien tdi mifc cao nhat djnh thi miic dp bat binh dang se giam di, liic dd thu nhap va phUc ldi cd xu hudng dUdc phan phdi lai cdng bang hdn Nhidu kiem dinh thifc te da bac bd gia thuyet
nay: bat binh dang ve phan phdi thu nhap khdng nhu'ng khdng giam di ma cdn tang len d miic cao ca d nhieu nen kinh te phat trien nhu My, Anh
Hd Chi Minh, tif rat sdm da dua quan diem phai gan ket phat trien kinh te vdi cdng bang xa hdi tif dau va tirng budc thifc hien, coi dd khdng chi la muc tieu ma cdn la ddng life cila tang trudng kinh te Hd Chi Minh coi viec thtfc hien cdng bang xa hdi la mdt yeu cau biic thiet, va yeu cau dd lai cang birc thiet hdn cudc sdng cdn nhieu khd khan Hd Chi Minh can dan; "Trong cdng tac luu thdng phan phdi, cd hai dieu quan trpng ludn ludn nhd:
"Khong SCI thieu, chl sU khong cong bang; Khong sa ngheo, chi sp long ddn khong yen "
(Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, tap 12 tr 185}
Mat khac, Hd Chi Minh chi rang thifc hien cdng bang xa hdi theo nguyen tac ngang bang giiia ngudi va ngUdi mdi quan he giiia nghia vu va quyen ldi, giu'a cdng hien va hudng thu Do dd khdng the coi viec thuc hien cdng bang xa hdi nhu la sir cao bang ngheo khd NgUdi khang dinh; "Khdng phai chiing ta ham chudng khd hanh va ban cimg Trai lai, chiing ta phan dau hy sinh vi chiing ta mudn xay diing mdt xa hdi cung am no, sung sudng (Toan tap, tap7 tr 568) NgUdi lai viet; "Binh quan chU nghia la trai vdi chu nghia xa hpi" (Toan tap t tr.386) Hd Chi Minh cho rang binh dang xa hdi, trudc het la binh dang phan phdi, ma d day la phan phdi theo lao ddng The nhung diem xuat phat cila Slf phan phdi dd lai chiia difng sU bat binh dang cd hdi, cho nen, tii dau, Hd Chi Minh da dat van de phan phdi theo lao ddng va theo phiic ldi NgUdi viet; "Ai lam nhieu thi an nhieu, lam it thi an it, khdng lam thl khdng an, tat nhien trii nhifng ngUdi gia ca, dau yeu va tre con" (Toan tap, tap tr.386) Nhiing ngUdi dd dUdc phan phdi theo quy phuc ldi Ngudi mong mudn;
"Lam cho ngudi ngheo thi du dn Lam cho ngudi du dn thi khd giau Ldm cho ngudi khd giau thi gidu them "
De thiic day nhiing budc tien nhu vay, NgUdi chU trUdng phai binh dang giiia cac phan kinh te Khi giai thich chinh sach Cdng, Tu
dSu ldi , NgUdi viSt: "Kinh te qudc doanh la cdng Nd la nln tang va su lanh dao ca nen kinh ti dan chu mdi Cho nen chung ta phai sure phat trien nd va nhan dan ta phai ung hd nd Ddi vdi nhiJng ngUdi pha hoai nd, trdm cap ciia cong, khai gian lau thue, thi phai triing tri Tu la nhiing nhii tu ban dan tdc va kinh te ca nhan cila ndng dan va thii cdng nghe Dd cung la nhiing luc lUdng can thiet cho cdng cudc xay dung kinh te nudc nha Cho nen Chinh phU cin giiip hp phat trien NhUng hp phai phuc tiing su lanh dao ciia kinh te qudc gia, phai hdp vdi ldi ich cila dai da sd nhan dan (Toan tap t.7 tr 222)
Ngudi cho rang, de dat dUdc cdng bang xa hdi, trUdc het phai dieu hda ldi ich cQa ca nhan va xa hdi, ldi ich cila cac tang ldp dan cU Ngudi nhSn manh "chlnh sach chii thd deu ldi Ngudi vigt: "Nha tU ban thi khdng khdi bdc lot Nhung Chinh phii chi ngan cam hp bdc lot cdng nhan qua tay Chinh phu bao ve quyen ldi cila cdng nhan Ddng thdi vi ldi ich lau dai, anh chi em lam thd cung de cho chu dUdc sd ldi hdp ly, khdng yeu cau qua mdc
Chii va thd deu tu giac, tu ddng, tang gia san xuat ldi ca ddi ben" (Toan tap t tr.222) Ngudi nhan manh, sU dieu hda ldi ich la dpng life het sufc quan trong phat trien kinh te Ngudi viet; "Chu phai ludn nhd rang: neu cdng nhan dil an, dil mac, thi hp mdi du sufc, du sufc thi hp mdi lam viec tdt
Neu cdng nhan biet rang; hp chang nhiing lam ldi cho chii, ma hp cQng cd mpt phan ldi thi hp se hang hai lam Vi vay, mudn dUdc viec thi ddi vdi lUdng bdng, nha d, ve sinh va each ddi dai cdng nhan, phai rdng rai, tii te
Lai nen cd nhiing ldp hoc cho thp va thp Thd hpc cho tinh xao hdn, thd hpc the cho nhu'ng thd gia ve huu Thd vui ve lam viec thi chQ se ldi gap 5, 10 sd phi tdn dd" ChQ thd phai nhd rang: Tang gia san xuat chang nhiing cd ldi rieng cho chQ va thd, ma cdn ldi chung cho nen kinh te cQa Td qudc, ldi chung cho toan the ddng bao" (Toan tap t.5 tr.l66) Mai den nhiing nam 90 cua thi ky XX, Bp tieu chuan lao ddng mdi ddi, nhUng ngudi ta cd the tim thay bp tieu chuin SA 8000 cd day dQ nhiing ldi nhan gui cua ChQ tich Hd Chi Minh ndi tren tu 50 nam trudc
(Xem tiep trang 5)
(3)HOC TAP T A M CaONG OAO DL/C, VJ T j d N G HO CHI MINH
mdi vufa qua, chung ta dang xay difng va hoan thien the chl, cd che dam bao cho nhan dan thifc hien quyln lam chu, tham gia quan ly cac linh vifc ddi sdng xa hdi va giam sat cac cd quan nha nudc Nha nUdc ay phai dudc td chQc va hoat ddng theo nguyen tic tap trung dan chQ dudi su lanh dao cua Dang Cd nhu vay, mdi dam bao cho Nha nudc giii viing ban chat cQa giai cap cdng nhan, thifc sif la nha nudc cQa dan, dan va vi dan Vai trd cQa Dang ddi vdi Nha nUdc khdng phai d uy quyen va menh lenh, ma d trinh dp, nang life tri tue, viec de dudng ldi chinh tri dung dan va boat ddng thuc tien, td chuc thang ldi dudng Idi cQa Dang, chinh sach, phap luat cQa Nha nude Muc tieu cua ndi dung cai each hanh chinh dang dUdc cac cd quan nha nudc rao riet thuc hien cung la nham tdi dich xay dUng he thdng chinh quyen viing manh, thuc stf la cdng bdc cQa nhan dan
Ke thifa va phat huy qua each mang ma nhan dan ta, dudi su lanh dao cua Dang da gianh dupc the ky 20, budc sang the ky 21, dan tpc Viet Nam lai tiep tuc lam cho ban be the gidi kham phuc, vi ne bdi da thifc hien budc dau cdng sif nghiep ddi mdi toan dien dat nUdc, dd cd ddi mdi tU kinh te va chinh tri, tu xay difng va bao ve mdt each sau sac Su cdng cQa mdi ke hoach, muc tieu chien lupe khdng chi nam d chQ trUdng, dudng ldi dung ma cdn la cac bien phap ehl dao, lanh dao, dieu hanh va thUc thi cu the cQa mpi cap mpi nganh; su ddng thuan cao, hudng iing tich cue tQ phia quan chung nhan dan Trong qua trinh ddi mdi, cd the nhan thay tinh each mang d su manh dan ddi thay phong each lanh dao quan ly, tu va phudng phap td chufc Cach mang la yeu cau tu than Cach mang la ddi mdi Ddi mdi la cudc each mang tQng phan, tQng budc Trong tien trinh dua dat nudc di len, nhieu vap vap sinh, nhieu yeu kem, khuyet diem bdc Id, tham ehi da phai tra gia Biet cau thi nhan thQc, cd phUdng phap khac phuc, sQa chiia kip thdi da lam nen nhffng cdng Mdt Viet Nam vdi sQc sdng mdi, vi the mdi da xuat hien va khang dinh nhffng nam dau the ky 21
Trong ddng chay cua lich sQ dan tdc, da tffng trai qua nhffng budc thang tram, sif hy sinh, mau cua hang trieu ngudi Dupc sdng hoa binh, tu do, ddc lap cung cam thay tham thia ve mat mat giau y nghia ay Trach nhiem cQa cac the he hdm khdng chi la giff gin truyen thdng tdt dep ay ma hdn the edn la ke thffa sQc manh gia trj tinh than ay nhu the nao de dua dan tdc minh sdm thoat khdi "danh sach" cac nudc ngheo Trong bdi canh kinh te the gidi dang rdi vao vdng khd khan, khQng hoang, suy thoai lai rat can mpt cupc each mang tu va hanh ddng Cung nhu bdi canh ljch sff each day hPn thap ky, chung ta da lam nen cudc each mang ldn, tao bUdc ngoat lich sff mdi chffa tQng cd tien le lich sQ, dffa ca dan tdc tff ngudi nd le ngudi lam chQ van menh cua minh Chang cd ly gi de ndi ve vi the cQa dat nudc minh, vdi nhffng dieu kien hiem cd: thien thdi, dia ldi, nhan hoa nhff hien nay, chQng ta phai chung sue, quyet tam - ddi mdi phat trien kinh te, dua dat nude bOt pha sanh vai vdi ban be nam Chau Trong "cai khd Id cai khdn", cai sang tao, ban linh se cd dUdc nlu chQng ta biet chat Ipc nd kinh nghiem truyen thdng dung nudc va giu nudc On lai ljch sQ.'hpc d qua khu la quy luat cho phat triln bin vung Trong dd Dang, Nha nUdc va Nhan dan la ylu td khdng thl thilu dl lam nen nhiing cdng cho su nghiep ddi mdi, cho hdm va mai •
Ho Chi Minh v d i (Tiep theo trang 3)
Ndi ve viec thffc hien cdng bang xii hdi vdi tff each la mdt yeu td quan trpng cua phat trien ben vffng khdng the khdng nhae tdi chinh sach nhan dao va khoan dung cQa ChQ tich Hd Chi Minh Chinh sach dd la "Lo toan va dam bao nhffng dieu kien sdng cho mpi ngudi xa hdi, bat ke phan, vi tri, hoan canh Ddi vdi ngUdi ngheo, lo cdm an ao mac, hpc hanh Ddi vdi ngudi huu san, lo lam giup dd hp cd the dem tai nang va nhffng phudng tien de phat trien san xuat, gdp phan kien qudc" (Lich sQ kinh te Viet Nam t.l tr.278) Chinh sach dd la tien de cua ChUdng trinh An sinh xa hdi sau
V Van d l hao ve moi trifdng:
Cudi cung, Hd Chi Minh da dat van de bao ve mdi trudng Vao luc sinh thdi cQa Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, van de mdi trudng chua dat mpt each bQc xuc Va hien tffdng hieu ffng nha kinh, nhiet dp trai dat tang len cung chua dUdc de cap va nhae tdi Ngudi cung khdng biet den viec thai cua trai dat da dat tdi 375 ppm va udc tinh den nam 2100 sd dd se tang len 990ppm va nhiet dp se tang len them 3,3 dp C so vdi nam 1990 Ngudi cung khdng biet rang "thifc te tinh trang suy thoai rffng ddng gdp khoang 15 - 20% tdng lupng thai nha kinh cac hoat ddng cQa ngUdi gay ra" va "Quan ly rQng ben vffng cdn la mdt ChUdng trinh trpng diem cQa Chien lUdc Lam nghiep giai doan 2006-2010" (TBKTVN 26-8-2009) Ngudi du cam thiy cay xanh la ngudn sinh lUc cQa dat nudc Vao nam 1958, Ngudi phat ddng tet trdng cay va cd gang lam cho nd trd phong tuc tdt dep cQa dan tdc Ngudi viet:
"MUa xudn Id let trdng cdy De cho ddt nudc cdng ngdy cdng xudn "
28 nam sau dd Chudng trinh Cham lo cho trai dat ddi va trdng rifng, bao ve rffng trd mpt ndi dung quan trpng cQa sff phat trien ben viing
40 nam da qua, ke tff Ngudi di vinh vien, dat nudc da cd nhieu thay ddi; da khdi cudc khQng hoang vao nhffng nam 80, da thffc hien cdng cudc ddi mdi toan dien Nhieu tff tffdng cQa Ngudi ve phat trien ben viing da trd hien thUc Ngay 17-8 2004, ThQ tudng Chinh phQ da ban hanh Dinh hudng chiln ludc phat trien ben vffng d Viet Nam, dd da the hien va phat trien tU tffdng Hd Chi Minh ve phat trien ben vffng Thu nhap binh quan dau ngffdi cua Viet Nam da tang tff 200USD vao nam 1990 len 1028USD vao nam 2008 Ty le ddi ngheo da giam tff 18% vao nam 2004 xudng 13,5% vao nam 2008 (TBKTVN Kinh tl Viet Nam 2008-2009 tr.75) Chl sd HDI da dat mffc trung binh: 105/177 qudc gia Cdn nhieu thach thQc tren dffdng tiln tdi mdt "Xa hdi Dan giau, Nffdc manh, Xa hpi Cdng bang Dan chQ, Van minh" Song, chung ta rat tff hao ve nhffng tffu to ldn thdi gian qua, xQng dang vdi ldng mong mdi cQa ChQ tich Hd Chi Minh kinh yeu •