Nguyen Ai Quoc eiing cac d6ng ehi gay dung va phat trien phong trao each mang viing bien gioi Viet - Trung, chuan bi eho phong trao trong nuoc va iing hg Trung Qu6e chong phat xit Nh[r]
(1)HOAN CANH LjCH SUT
KHI LANH TU N G U Y I N AI QUOC VE NUdC
VA CHON CAO BANG XAY DUNG CAN CUfDjA CACH MANG
PGS, TS NGUYEN TRONG PHUC*
Bd Pac Bd, Cao Bdng vd cimg xuc dong duac gap lai Chu tich Ho Chi Minh sau 20 nam xa cdch (20-2-I96I)
Cao Bang la vimg dat chien luge dia dau ciia T6 qu6c da dugc xac dinh tir thai Thue Phan - An Duong Vuong doi nuac Au Lac thi ky III truac Cong nguyen Day ciing la noi diln nhieu phong trao dau tranh bao ve ehii quyIn lanh th6, tieu bieu nhu Niing Chi Cao thai Ly the ky XI The * Nguyen Vien truang Vien Lich sir Dang
ky XVI Nguyen Binh Khiem timg khuyen nha Mae nen chgn Cao Bang la noi dimg chan de bao ton ea nghiep
Ke thira truyen th6ng ve vang lich sir, sau lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc sang lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (3-2-1930), tinh Cao Bang som xay dung to ehirc Dang lam hat nhan lanh dao phong trao each mang o dia phuang va noi kit phong trao
(2)ea nuoc Phong trao each mang Viet Nam nhimg nam 30 dien hoan canh lich sir rat kho khan phirc tap Tren the giai chii nghia phat xit xuat hien, tien e6ng vao phong trao hoa binh, dan chii, tien bg Dai hoi VII QuIe tl Cgng san (7-1935) eo su ehuyin huong chi dao, chii trgng tap hgp lire lugng each mang dan ehu, xay dung mat tran dan tgc, dan chu vai nhirng hinh thire diu tranh thich hgp de chong chu nghia phat xit Ngay 1-9-1939, phat xit Dire tin eong Ba Lan mo dau chien tranh the gioi thir hai Ngay 23-9-1939, Lien X6 ky voi Diic ban Hiep uae bat xam pham Ban hiep uae la buac di can thiet nham lam that bai am muu eiia phuang Tay mu6n dimg the lire phat xit de tieu diet Lien X6 Ky hiep uae Lien X6 eo them thai gian hoa hoan vai Diic de ehuan bi lire lugng ve mgi mat chau A, chu nghia quan phiet Nhat Ban hinh tir nam 1932 day manh chien tranh xam luge Trung Quoc va cac nuoc khae
0 Dong Duong, tir thang 9-1939, ehinh quyen thuc dan Phap da thii tieu eac quyen dan sinh, dan chii, tang cuo'ng dan ap phong trao each mang Tir den
8-11-1939, Trung uong Dang hgp a H6c Mon (Ba Diem) ngoai Sai Gon, kip thai nghi quyet, neu eao nggn co chong de qu6c, giai phong dan toe Dang chuyen lire lugng va trgng tam eong tac ve n6ng thon
Dich tang cuong dan ap, khimg b6 phong trao each mang va Dang Cgng san Ngay 29-9-1939 ding chi Le H6ng Phong
bi dich bat a Sai Gon Rang sang 17-1-1940, T6ng Bi thu Nguyen Van Cii' bi dich bat a Sai Gon eiing mot s6 dong chi khae
Ngay 22-6-1940, nuac Phap bi quan phat xit Dire chiem dong, quan dgi Phap dau hang Chinh phii Petanh nit ve Visi mien Nam nuae Phap, tro ehinh phii bii nhin Tinh hinh nuoc Phap da anh huong den tinh than ciia ehinh quyen thugc dia va quan Phap a Dong Duong
Thang 9-1940, quan Nhat keo vao Dong Duong qua bien gioi Viet - Trung chiem Lang Son va d6 bg len Do Son Mau thuan giiia dan tgc Viet Nam vai thuc dan, phat xit gay gat nhiem vu giai phong dan tgc gianh doe lap tra nen bire thiet Ngay
27-9-1940, Dang bg va nhan dan Bac Son (Lang Son) da khoi nghia
Til- thang 7-1940, Xir uy Nam Ky da hgp ban ve chu truang khai nghia va dan toi quyet dinh chuan bi lire lugng khoi nghia tai Hoi nghi Xir iiy tir 21 den 23-9-1940 Ngay 23-11-1940 n6 cuge khai nghia Nam Ky, mac dii Hoi nghi Trung uong tir den 9-11-1940 da ehii truang hoan khai nghia Ngay 13-1-1941, binh linh a D6 Luang (Nghe An) khai nghia Cae cuge khai nghia da bj ke thii dan ap dam mau, nhat la Khoi nghia Nam Ky
(3)thanh lire lugng du kich va tiln hanh diu franh vu trang a khu vue Bic San (Lang Son), Vu Nhai (Thai Nguyen) Dgi du kich Bac Son phat trien dgi Ciru quoc quan (23-2-1941), xay dung va phat triln can CU' dia Bac Son - Vu Nhai
Thuc dan Phap va phat xit Nhat khiing bo da gay t6n that lan doi vai each mang Viet Nam Den giiia nam 1940, cac d6ng chi Uy vien Trung uong Dang lan lugt bi dich bat, chi lai d6ng chi Phan Dang Luu Cae xir uy, tinh iiy, iiy cung bi nhieu ton that Dich bat va ket an nhieu dong ehi Trung uong va Xii uy Mau thuan giai cap va dan tgc thiic day phong trao each mang huong miii nhgn tien e6ng vao thuc dan Phap va phat xit Nhat, quyet tam gianh doc lap eho To quoc
Thang 11-1940, tai Dinh Bang (Bic Ninh) da dien bgi nghi de lap lai Ban Chap hanh Trung uong va bau d6ng ehi Truang - Chinh lam Quyen Tong Bi thu Hoi nghi da ehu truang tiep tuc giuong cao nggn ca giai phong dan toe ciia Hoi nghi Trung uong 11-1939 da xae dinh Tir nam 1930 den nam 1940, co quan lanh dao eiia Trung uong Dang dat a ngi va ngoai Sai Gon Tii' eu6i 1940, co quan lanh dao ciia Trung uong Dang dat o Ha Ngi, hinh khu an toan cua Trung uong tai ngoai vi Ha Ngi
Tinh hinh thi gioi bien chuyen nhanh chong, dat nhan loai truac thir thaeh nghiem trgng ciia chien tranh the giai Van menh eiia nhilu quIc gia, dan tgc dimg
truac su sing Dan toe Viet Nam va cae dan tgc D6ng Duong cung bi dat truac thaeh thire mai
Til- thang 9-1938, lanh tu Nguyin Ai QuIc tai Trung QuIe tren 16 trinh tra ve nuoc Thai gian nay, Nhat Ban da xam chilm tinh D6ng Bae Trung Quoc (1937), tang cuong chien tranh de chiem toan bg Trung Qu6c Nhan dan Trung Qu6e da khang chiln chong Nhat, phong trao each mang Dang Cgng san Trung Qu6c lanh dao phat trien manh me Phong trao each mang, khang chien a Quang Tay, Van Nam giap Viet Nam cang phat trien, Viet kieu va can bg, dang vien Viet Nam da boat dong tren dia ban
Voi ten mai la Ho Quang, Nguyen Ai Qu6c tir Tan Cuong qua Lan Chau den Tay An r6i toi Dien An (tinh Thiem Bae - "dat each mang" Trung Qu6e) Nguyen Ai Quoc a Dien An tuan r6i tra lai Tay An Sau d6 Ngud'i roi Tay An xuong Quang Tay, dimg a Que Lam la tinh ly eua Quang Tay Nguoi tham gia Bat 16 quan Trung Qu6c va tim each lien lac ve nuae Thang 2-1939, Nguyen Ai Quoc viet mot loat bai duoi tieu de Thir tir Trung Quoc giri ve nuac Cuoi nam 1939, Nguyin Ai Qu6c den Con Minh (Van Nam) bit lien lac vai cac t6 chiic Dang Tir nam 1939, tai Con Minh, Ban Cong tae hai ngoai eiia Dang Cgng san D6ng Duang da dugc lap lai ding ehi Phimg Chi Kien phu trach Thang 2-1940, Nguyin Ai QuIc voi bi danh "ong Trin" dugc ding chi Trinh
(4)Dong Hai (tiic Vii Anh) dua den nha ong ba T6ng Minh Phuang la Viet kieu, a 76 duang Kim Bich (C6n Minh) de gap d6ng ehi Phimg Chi Kien Phimg Chi Kien va cac dong chi Ban Cong tae hai ngoai ciia Dang da bao cao vai lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6c tinh hinh nuac va tinh hinh kieu bao a C6n Minh va boat dong eua Dang tai day Nguyen Ai Quoc eiing cac d6ng ehi gay dung va phat trien phong trao each mang viing bien gioi Viet - Trung, chuan bi eho phong trao nuoc va iing hg Trung Qu6e chong phat xit Nhat
Dugc biet lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc da CO mat a Trung Quoc giap bien giai, cac dong ehi nuae da cir cac dong ehi Pham van D6ng va Vo Nguyen Giap sang Trung Quoc de lien lac, bao cao tinh hinh va xin y kien ehi dao Dau thang 6-1940 vai bi danh la Vuong, tai Thuy H6 (Van Nam) lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6c da gap hai dong chi Pham Van Dong, V6 Nguyen Giap Sau do, Nguai quyet dinh cir cac d6ng ehi Pham Van Dong, V6 Nguyen Giap, Cao Hong Lanh di hgc a Dien An Ngay 15-6-1940, phat xit Diic tan e6ng nuoc Phap va 22-6-1940 Phap dau hang Lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6e quyet dinh hoan viee di hgc eiia eac d6ng chi de chuan bi ve nuoc Nguai cho rang day la ca hoi thuan Igi cho each mang Viet Nam; phai tim each tra ve nuae de nam bat thai co each mang
Cao Bang la tinh eo duong bien giai dai voi Trung Qu6c va la manh dat eo truyen th6ng yeu nuac chong ngoai xam va sam
CO CO so each mang Dang Cgng san Viet Nam dai Cao Bang c6 dia the rimg niii hiem tro, thuan Igi cho xay dung can cir; tien Igi eho lien lac vai ben ngoai va nhu cira ngo lien lac phong trao each mang sau ngi dia Cao Bang co t6 ehirc Dang, dgi ngii dang vien d6ng dao, can bg lanh dao each mang c6 uy tin, nhan dan hang hai each mang Sau eugc khiing bo ac liet eiia ke thii nam 1931, tir nam 1932 phong trao each mang Viet Nam timg buac phuc h6i Thang 3-1934, Ban Chi huy a ngoai eua Dang Cgng san D6ng Duong lap g6m eac dong chi Le Hong Phong, Ha Huy Tap, Nguyen Van Dirt Thang 6-1934, Ban Chi huy a ngoai to chire Hoi nghi tai Ma Cao, Trung Quoc, tich cue ehi dao phong trao each mang nuae
Cae dong chi Ban Chi huy a ngodi da dugc nhan dan cac dan tgc tinh Cao Bang giup xay dung co so Dang, phong trao each mang a nuae va tren dja ban Cao Bing Culi nam 1934, Cao Bang da eo 201 dang vien phan Ion la nhiing nguai tre tu6i Phong trao each mang va to ehirc Dang a Cao Bang da g6p phan tich cue eho boat dong lanh dao, chi dao eua Ban Chi huy a ngodi va ehuan bj eho Dai bgi lan thii nhat ciia Dang
(5)dugc bau la Uy vien Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Dang; d6ng chi Hoang Van Ngn dugc bau la dai bieu di du Dai bgi VII ciia Quoc tl Cgng san (7-1935) Thang 3-1937 tai lap Xir iiy Bac Ky, d6ng chi Hoang Tu Hun (tire Hoang Van Ngn, Van Tan) dugc bau lam Bi thu Xir uy
Do ehinh la nhung dieu kien thuan igi de lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc chgn la noi tra ve To qu6c sau 30 nam hoat dong a nuoc ngoai
Nhiem vu va yeu cau ciia phong trao giai ph6ng dan tgc doi hoi phai co dgi ngii can bg lanh dao va chi dao du manh ca ve trinh ly luan va nang luc lanh dao thue tien Thang 12-1940, tai Nam Quang Tinh Tay (Trung Quoc) lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6e da ma lap huan luyen eho 43 can bg eiia Cao Bang, d6 e6 cac dong chi Le Quang Ba, Hoang Sam, Bang Giang, The An Nguai true tiep giang day cho lop hgc voi sir trg ly ciia cac d6ng ehi Phiing Chi Kien, Pham Van D6ng, V6 Nguyen Giap Tai lieu huan luyen la cu6n Con duong giai phong Nguyen Ai Quoc va cac trg ly bien soan Ngi dung hgc tap chii yeu la each dieu tra tinh hinh, tuyen truyen, to chire va phat trien lire lugng each mang Neu ro dieu nen lam va dieu nen tranh d6i voi can bg van dong phong trao each mang Day la lop huan luyen can bg dau tien phuc vu c6ng eugc giai phong dan tgc Lop hgc ket thiic 26-1-1941 (tuc 29 thang Chap nam Canh Thin)
Sau Dai hoi VII Qu6e te Cgng san chii truong, cac ding chi tra ve cac nuoc de cimg cac dong chi nuoc chi dao phong trao ch6ng nguy co phat xit lan tran ch6ng chien tranh bao ve hoa binh, bao ve Lien X6 Klii chien tranh the giai xay ra, Qu6c te Cgng san tiep tuc chi dao phong trao each mang a cae nuoc Cu6i thang 6-1940, sau quyet dinh ngimg chuyen di ciia eac d6ng chi Cao H6ng Linh, Pham Van Dong, V6 Nguyen Giap, Nguyen Ai Qu6c cii' Tran Van Hinh (vira o Nam Bg ra) di Dien An de thiet lap quan he voi qu6e te, don nhan nhimg th6ng tin mai ciia qu6c te giri ve Nguoi dap may bay len Triing Khanh gap Trung uong Dang Cgng san Trung Quoc de trao d6i y kien ve thai eugc Truac di, Nguai nhieu lan can dan cac dong chi a C6n Minh phai nghien cim, chgn huong xay dung can cir dia, tim hieu tinh hinh nuac, chuan bi chu dao ve mgi mat de Nguoi tra ve la co the len duong ve nuoc" Cuoi thang 7-1940, Nguyen Ai Quoc ciing cac d6ng chi rod C6n Minh di Que Lam (Quang Tay) de tim huong moi tro ve nuoc Nguyen Ai Quoc rat coi trgng tranh thii sir d6ng tinh, iing hg eua nhan dan Trung Qu6e d6i vai each mang Viet Nam
Thang 12-1940, Nguyen Ai Quoc cimg cac d6ng chi tir Que Lam xu6ng Tinh Tay Sau Tet Duong lich 1941, d6ng chi Hoang van Thu tir nuae sang Tai day, thay mat Trung uong Dang, dong chi Hoang van Thu bao cao vai lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc ve tinh hinh each mang nuac Nguyen Ai Qu6c eiing cac ding chi thao
(6)luan ve tinh hinh the giai va nuac, lira chgn huong ve nuac D6ng chi Hoang van Thu de nghi voi Nguai nen chgn huang Cao Bang de ve nuoc vi Cao Bang la tinh bien giai e6 phong trao each mang som, nhan dan giac ngg eao va dgi ngii can bg virng vang, hen lac quoc te thuan tien Nguai phan tich va neu hai dieu kien co ban bao dam cho viee lap can cir dia, la c6 quan chung nhan dan bao ve va co duang riit lui
Sang mong mot Tet Tan Ty (1941), lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc cimg cac d6ng chi di chuc Tet nhan dan hai lang Nam Quang va Ngan Tay (Tinh Tay - Trung Quoc) Ngay 28-1-1941 (mong tet) vai su dan duang eiia d6ng chi Le Quang Ba, Nguai va cac d6ng chi ciing di dat chan len manh dat thieng lieng dia dau T6 qu6c Sau Nguoi nha lai: "Xa rai T6 quoc da ban 30 nam Da mat bao nhieu thai gia va sire lire tim lien lac ma kh6ng dugc Bao nhieu nam thuang nha, dgi cha H6m mai buac chan ve noi non s6ng gam voc ciia minh Khi buac qua cai bia giai tuyen, long Bac v6 cimg cam dgng"^
Ngay 8-2-1941, lanh tu Nguyen Ai QuIe den a va lam viee tai hang C6c Bo mot hang niii thugc th6n Pac Bo, xa Truang Ha, huyen Ha Quang, tinh Cao Bang Noi day tra "dai ban doanh" cua each mang Viet Nam
Tai Khuoi Nam (Pac B6) vai tu each la nguai sang lap Dang, vien Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang tir Dai bgi I
(3-1935) va can bg ciia Qu6c te Cgng san, lanh tu Nguyin Ai Qu6c da chii tri Hoi nghi lan thir tam Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang hgp tir 10 den 19-5-1941 voi su tham gia eiia cac dong chi Truofng - Chinh, Hoang Van Thu, Hoang Qu6c Viet, Phiing Chi Kien va mot so dong ehi dai bieu ciia Xu uy Bae Ky, Trung Ky va dai bieu boat dong a ngoai nuae Quan triet tu tuong eiia Nguoi Hoi nghi Trung uong da neu eao nggn cb giai phong dan tgc gianh doc lap, hoan ehinh duang loi each mang giai phong dan tgc, xay dung Mat tran Viet Minh (19-5-1941) va kien toan Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, bau dong chi Truong - Chinh lam Tong Bi thu Hoi nghi chii truang xay dung, phat trien can cir dia each mang Cao Bang, ehuan bi lire lugng ve mgi mat de di tai khai nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen, gianh doe lap dan tgc
Sir kien lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6c ve nuoc (28-1-1941) cimg Trung uong Dang true tiep lanh dao each mang da ma thoi ky mai, thuc day sir phat trien ve mgi mat ciia phong trao each mang Viet Nam, chuan bi nhirng tien de va dieu kien cho thang Igi eua cuge Cach mang Thang Tam sau
1 Xem: Ho Chi Minh tieu sir, LLCT, H, 2006, tr 265