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TOEFL® lb Book of Practice Problems Table of Contents Manhattan Prep: TOEFL lb Book of Practice Problems Cover Title Page Copyright Letter How to Access Your Online Resources Section I: Introduction Chapter 1: How to Use This Book Chapter 2: Diagnostic Test Section 1: Reading 2.1 Passage for Diagnostic Section 2: Listening 2.2 Lecture for Diagnostic 2.3 Conversation for Diagnostic Section 3: Speaking 2.4 Speaking Type for Diagnostic 2.5 Speaking Type for Diagnostic Section 4: Writing 2.6 Writing Type for Diagnostic 2.1 Passage for Diagnostic: Answer Key 2.2 Lecture for Diagnostic: Answer Key 2.3 Conversation for Diagnostic: Answer Key 2.1 Passage for Diagnostic: Answers and Explanations 2.2 Lecture for Diagnostic: Answers and Explanations 2.3 Conversation for Diagnostic: Answers and Explanations 2.4 Speaking Type for Diagnostic: Answers and Explanations 2.5 Speaking Type for Diagnostic: Answers and Explanations 2.6 Writing Type for Diagnostic: Answers and Explanations Scoring Section II: Practice Chapter 3: Reading A - Humanities 3.1 Realism and Modernism in Literary Fiction 3.2 Modern Schools of Acting 3.3 Habitats of the Blues 3.4 Photography 3.5 Stream of Consciousness 3.6 Henri Cartier-Bresson 3.7 History of the Recording Industry 3.8 Paleolithic Cave Art 3.9 Synesthesia 3.10 Communication through Gesture 3.1 Realism and Modernism in Literary Fiction: Answer Key 3.2 Modern Schools of Acting: Answer Key 3.3 Habitats of the Blues: Answer Key 3.4 Photography: Answer Key 3.5 Stream of Consciousness: Answer Key 3.6 Henri Cartier-Bresson: Answer Key 3.7 History of the Recording Industry: Answer Key 3.8 Paleolithic Cave Art: Answer Key 3.9 Synesthesia: Answer Key 3.10 Communication through Gesture: Answer Key 3.1 Realism and Modernism in Literary Fiction: Answers and Explanations 3.2 Modern Schools of Acting: Answers and Explanations 3.3 Habitats of the Blues: Answers and Explanations 3.4 Photography: Answers and Explanations 3.5 Stream of Consciousness: Answers and Explanations 3.6 Henri Cartier-Bresson: Answers and Explanations 3.7 History of the Recording Industry: Answers and Explanations 3.8 Paleolithic Cave Art: Answers and Explanations 3.9 Synesthesia: Answers and Explanations 3.10 Communication through Gesture: Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: Reading B - Social Science 4.1 Cupule Rock Art 4.2 The Beaver Wars 4.3 The Flynn Effect 4.4 Operation Barbarossa and Napoleon 4.5 The Kennewick Man 4.6 Harriet Tubman 4.7 The Sphinx 4.8 The Man Who Would Not Be King 4.9 Classroom Noise 4.10 Urban Decay and Renewal 4.1 Cupule Rock Art: Answer Key 4.2 The Beaver Wars: Answer Key 4.3 The Flynn Effect: Answer Key 4.4 Operation Barbarossa and Napoleon: Answer Key 4.5 The Kennewick Man: Answer Key 4.6 Harriet Tubman: Answer Key 4.7 The Sphinx: Answer Key 4.8 The Man Who Would Not Be King: Answer Key 4.9 Classroom Noise: Answer Key 4.10 Urban Decay and Renewal: Answer Key 4.1 Cupule Rock Art: Answers and Explanations 4.2 The Beaver Wars: Answers and Explanations 4.3 The Flynn Effect: Answers and Explanations 4.4 Operation Barbarossa and Napoleon: Answers and Explanations 4.5 The Kennewick Man: Answers and Explanations 4.6 Harriet Tubman: Answers and Explanations 4.7 The Sphinx: Answers and Explanations 4.8 The Man Who Would Not Be King: Answers and Explanations 4.9 Classroom Noise: Answers and Explanations 4.10 Urban Decay and Renewal: Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Reading C - Natural Science 5.1 Lead in Gasoline (Petrol) 5.2 The Golden Ratio 5.3 Pterosaurs 5.4 Why Humans Have Big Brains 5.5 Crystallization 5.6 Habitat Fragmentation 5.7 Is Pluto a Planet? 5.8 Turtle Navigation 5.9 Dyson Spheres 5.10 Southwestern Water Rights 5.1 Lead in Gasoline (Petrol): Answer Key 5.2 The Golden Ratio: Answer Key 5.3 Pterosaurs: Answer Key 5.4 Why Humans Have Big Brains: Answer Key 5.5 Crystallization: Answer Key 5.6 Habitat Fragmentation: Answer Key 5.7 Is Pluto a Planet?: Answer Key 5.8 Turtle Navigation: Answer Key 5.9 Dyson Spheres: Answer Key 5.10 Southwestern Water Rights: Answer Key 5.1 Lead in Gasoline (Petrol): Answers and Explanations 5.2 The Golden Ratio: Answers and Explanations 5.3 Pterosaurs: Answers and Explanations 5.4 Why Humans Have Big Brains: Answers and Explanations 5.5 Crystallization: Answers and Explanations 5.6 Habitat Fragmentation: Answers and Explanations 5.7 Is Pluto a Planet?: Answers and Explanations 5.8 Turtle Navigation: Answers and Explanations 5.9 Dyson Spheres: Answers and Explanations 5.10 Southwestern Water Rights: Answers and Explanations Chapter 6: Reading D - Mixed 6.1 Developmental Plasticity 6.2 Depletion of California's Aquifers 6.3 Difference and Analytical Engines 6.4 The Black Death 6.5 South Asian Carnivores 6.6 Coal Mining 6.7 The Sixth Amendment 6.8 Signaling Theory 6.1 Developmental Plasticity: Answer Key 6.2 Depletion of California's Aquifers: Answer Key 6.3 Difference and Analytical Engines: Anxiety is physical as well as psychological If you find yourself becoming physically tense, then stretch and shift in your chair to relax and improve blood flow Roll your neck and shoulders around and stretch out your legs and toes During the break, have a snack or beverage that contains glucose (a certain kind of sugar that your brain consumes) to replenish your mental energy Fresh fruit juice and coconut water are good sources of glucose Finally, orient yourself to where you are in the exam As each new section or lecture or conversation begins, zoom out In other words, assess from a distant, zoomed-out view Where am I on the test? How long I have to read? What is this passage about? What am I being asked to on this task? From here, you will “zoom in” to the assigned tasks Then you’ll zoom back out when you finish this task or section and start the next one Here are some specific recommendations for each section of the test Reading First, skim the first line of every paragraph Don’t read the entire passage first Then go to the questions and answer them as you read The questions follow the order of the passage, and you can always access the passage while answering questions For this reason, you can read the passage as you answer the questions There’s always proof in the text If you’ve picked the right answer, you will be able to point to the specific information in the passage that shows that your answer is correct The “proof” for the right answer is usually pretty straightforward—it’s written right there in the passage Listening Lectures On Lectures, use the pictures provided to orient yourself to what’s being discussed Ask yourself these questions to orient yourself at the beginning of Lectures: What’s the course or class? What’s the specific topic? As you listen, take notes Ask yourself these questions as you listen: What is the professor saying about the topic? What studies or research is the professor mentioning? What’s surprising or interesting to the professor? What does the professor express an opinion about? The questions on Lectures are more straightforward than they are on the Reading section, so that’s the good news Conversations Take notes on Conversations, too However, keep your notes brief Focus on these ideas: Who made the conversation happen? (It is usually initiated by a student, not a professor.) What does that person want? How does the other person respond—both right away and in the end? Are there any important side issues? The questions won’t ask you about tiny details that are only mentioned once So, you don’t need to memorize or write down everything in the conversation But you can’t go back to re-listen, so jot down the big ideas Speaking This section is often the hardest for people You are given a very short amount of time in which to prepare and deliver your speech Be sure to practice with a timer Here are some key tips: Don’t strive for perfection It’s even okay to be cut off mid-sentence! There is no way to give a perfect answer You may also end with several seconds to spare This is common and will not ruin your score Everyone struggles with this task It’s even hard for native English speakers Simplify your decision-making by using the templates below Don’t ponder for too long—go with your initial instinct as soon as you hear the full prompt There is no right or wrong answer Just pick something quickly and come up with points to support that choice, whatever it is Learn the six tasks Know their structure: Questions and ask you to speak about familiar topics Questions and have you first read a short text, then listen to a talk on the same topic, then speak your answer Questions and have you listen to part of a conversation or lecture, then answer aloud based on what you’ve heard Your Speaking Section Template Certain words or phrases can help you to organize your spoken response Plan these introductions or openers in advance Follow this template: Open your response How will you begin? For example, the phrase “In my opinion…” is a good opener Come up with openers ahead of time, especially for the first two tasks Because the first two tasks are so open-ended, it can be hard to know where to start Plan ahead of time, so you don’t get stuck on test day Introduce your main point “I believe that…,” “It is my opinion that…,” or “X is true because…” are good ways to introduce your main point Introduce your supporting examples “For example…,” “Imagine a situation where…,” and “Another reason is that…” are a few ways to introduce your supporting examples Ideally, have a stash of to of these types of phrases, because you will be using them throughout all of the speaking tasks Final tips for the Speaking Section You only have a very short time to prepare, so jot down a few ideas (only one to two words for each idea—you don’t have time for more) as you listen or read Then, during your preparation time, circle the two to three ideas you want to use during your spoken response You can number them to remind yourself to address them in a particular order Use transition words like “First…” or “Second…” to orient the listener For the first two speaking tasks, use real-life examples if you can, but be ready to make something up if you can’t think of a real example If you need a moment to think, pause and leave a brief silence—this is okay! You can use filler words such as uh or um if you need some time to think, but don’t use them excessively Writing Your essays will also benefit from using some templates In general, more words are better than fewer words So, keep writing! Use all of the allotted time to generate sentences Here is a commonly used essay-writing template PARAGRAPH 1: Introduce the topic Summarize the situation State your thesis (your opinion about the situation) PARAGRAPH 2: Provide an example that supports your thesis Explain why the example supports your thesis PARAGRAPH 3: Provide a second example, again explaining why the example supports your thesis PARAGRAPH 4: Provide a third example, again explaining why the example supports your thesis PARAGRAPH 5: Conclude the essay Summarize your opinion To avoid errors in both speaking and writing, err on the side of using simpler language It’s better to speak and write simply but confidently Don’t try to use overly complicated words and structures; you may end up confusing your listener or reader However, if you feel confident, using fancier English can win you some style points Use a difficult word you can confidently define Ask a rhetorical question, or use a more complex sentence structure Other Tests and the TOEFL Most people don’t take the TOEFL in isolation The programs you’re applying to may require one or more other standardized tests, such as the GRE, GMAT, LSAT, SAT, ACT, and so on The good news is that your TOEFL studies will help you on these other tests, too These tests all include reading comprehension using academic passages This is a great opportunity! You can cross-prepare— to some extent, you can prepare for both tests at once After all, you don’t have a TOEFL brain and a GRE brain—you have one brain, with one set of vocabulary, one set of grammar tools, and one ability to focus and comprehend For example, using mindfulness techniques to improve your attention span will help you on both tests So will reading English-language literature and making flash cards for words you don’t know Take advantage of the overlap between the tests when you decide how to study Interleaving is the idea that you’ll learn more by studying multiple things at once Studies have shown that learning geometry and fractions at the same time, for instance, may be more effective than studying geometry first, then moving on to fractions later The same applies to the TOEFL You don’t need to study entirely for one test first, then switch to the other test Studying for both at once may actually be more effective It is a good idea to avoid taking the two tests very close together, though In the last few weeks before one test, you will want to focus on that test You will need to enter the test room confident that you are ready for this specific test—the kinds of questions that will be asked, how much time you’ll have to answer them, and what your strategies are for doing so If you are applying to graduate-level programs, take the TOEFL first The GRE, GMAT, LSAT, and other graduate-level exams are harder, so your TOEFL studies will help you to better on those other exams Citations & Acknowledgments All questions, answers, and solutions are the original work of Manhattan Prep All passages are the original work of Manhattan Prep, including cases in which outside sources are referred to or used for pedagogical reasons The U.S government source cited below is in the public domain Changes to the graphic were made to adapt the content for educational and pedagogical purposes All applicable copyrights are retained by the creators of the sources Chapter 7, Reading Passage Fox, Josh Gasland http://one.gaslandthemovie.com/home Chapter 14, Lecture 6, Graphic NASA/JPL-Caltech Topography of Gale Crater NASA/JPL-Caltech Topography of Gale Crater https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia150 A great number of people were involved in the creation of the book you are holding First and foremost is Zeke Vanderhoek, the founder of Manhattan Prep Zeke was a lone tutor in New York when he started our company in 2000 Now, well into its second decade, the company contributes to the successes of thousands of students around the globe every year Our Manhattan Prep resources are based on the continuing experiences of our instructors and students As the primary editor of this book, I had tons of help from a fantastic team, led by Tate Shafer (on the vast Reading and Lectures sets) and Stacey Koprince (on Speaking and Writing, as well as other material) I’m deeply indebted to Tate and Stacey for getting this book across the goal line A host of people contributed to the five pounds in your hands All the academic and non-academic material for prompts, as well as the questions and commentary, was written and edited by me, Chris Berman, Chelsey Cooley, Laura Damone, Christine Defenbaugh, Misti Duvall, Whitney Garner, Stacey Koprince, Emily Madan, Cat Powell, Ron Purewal, Mary Richter, Tate Shafer, and Patrick Tyrrell Example responses for Speaking and Writing tasks were provided by Rey Fernandez, Michelle Krasodomski, Dan McNaney, Nicole Spiezio, Noah Teitelbaum, Harry Tran, and Evyn Williams Stacey Koprince wrote chapter introductions, and Mary Richter and Chelsey Cooley wrote the appendices Grace Trewartha conducted test-taker interviews early on and provided strategic guidance (and budget coverage!) all along the way Mary Richter also did early scoping and design work Derek Frankhouser created the illustrations in the book and led the production of the online audio tracks and accompanying visuals Once the manuscript was done, Emily Sledge and Whitney Garner applied their copy-editing chops, and proofreading was provided by Cheryl Duckler Sam Edla, Dan McNaney, and others developed the online interface Our great colleagues at Kaplan Publishing managed the production process, making sure that all the moving pieces came together at just the right time ... TOEFL? ? lb Book of Practice Problems Table of Contents Manhattan Prep: TOEFL lb Book of Practice Problems Cover Title Page Copyright Letter How to Access Your Online Resources... picking up a copy of the TOEFL? ? lb Book of Practice Problems I hope this book provides the guidance you need to get the most out of your studies In writing this book, we asked a bunch of TOEFL students... President of Academics Manhattan Prep HOW TO ACCESS YOUR ONLINE RESOURCES IF YOU PURCHASED A PRINT VERSION OF THIS BOOK Create an account with Manhattan Prep at this website: manhattanprep.com /toefl/ register