Pháp luật chống định giá lạm dụng của eu hoa kỳ việt nam so sánh và kinh nghiệm áp dụng cho việt nam

A-PDF OFFICE TO PDF DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark LUND UNIVERSITY HOCHIMINH CITY FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF LAW TRAN HOANG NGA REGULATIONS AGAINST ABUSIVE PRICING – A COMPARISON OF EU, US, AND VIETNAMESE LAWS AND AN APPLICATION OF ITS RESULTS TO VIETNAM Field of Study: International and Comparative Law Code: 62.38.60.01 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF LAW HO CHI MINH CITY - 2011 A-PDF OFFICE TO PDF DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark LUND UNIVERSITY HOCHIMINH CITY FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF LAW TRAN HOANG NGA REGULATIONS AGAINST ABUSIVE PRICING – A COMPARISON OF EU, US, AND VIETNAMESE LAWS AND AN APPLICATION OF ITS RESULTS TO VIETNAM Field of Study: International and Comparative Law Code: 62.38.60.01 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF LAW Swedish Supervisor Prof Hans Henrik Lidgard Vietnamese Supervisor Asst Prof Le Thi Bich Tho HO CHI MINH CITY - 2011 A-PDF OFFICE TO PDF DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark Table of Contents PREFACE List of Abbreviations INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Relationship of competition and monopoly .9 Pricing in competition and monopoly 11 Monopoly control laws in US, EU and Vietnam 11 1.2 Purposes: 25 1.3 Definition and delimitation 26 1.4 Methods 29 1.5 Value of the research: 31 1.6 Outline 31 REGULATIONS AGAINST ABUSIVE PRICING UNDER EU AND US LAW 33 2.1 Basic rules and concepts on abusive pricing in EU and US 33 2.1.1 Basic rules .33 2.1.1.1 EU Competition Law and US Anti-Trust Law are directed against abusive conduct, which includes abusive pricing 33 2.1.1.2 Laws against abusive pricing in the EU and the US protect Competition, not Competitors 45 2.1.2 Concept of Dominant position, Market power and Monopoly power .48 2.1.2.1 General approach: 48 2.1.2.2 Identification: 51 2.1.3 The Relevant Market concept 57 2.1.3.1 The relevant product market: 59 2.1.3.2 The relevant geographic market: 62 2.2 Specific forms of abusive pricing 64 2.2.1 Excessive pricing: 64 2.2.1.1 Excessive pricing on the selling side 65 2.2.1.2 Excessive pricing on the buying side .73 2.2.1.3 Remarks 75 2.2.2 Predatory pricing .76 2.2.2.1 EU test of predatory pricing 83 2.2.3 Price Squeeze 86 2.2.3.1 Price squeeze in the US 88 2.2.3.2 Price squeeze in the EU 92 2.2.4 Price Discrimination 98 2.2.4.1 Price discrimination in the US .99 2.2.4.2 Price discrimination in the EU 102 2.2.5 Discount or rebate schemes 104 2.2.5.1 Bundled discounts 105 2.2.5.2 Single-product royalty discounts 110 2.2.6 Remarks 116 2.3 Remedies to abusive pricing in EU and US laws 117 2.3.1 Conduct and Structural Remedies 118 2.3.1.1 Termination of infringement 119 2.3.1.2 Behavioural remedies 120 2.3.1.3 Structural Remedies 121 2.3.2 Monetary Remedies 125 2.3.2.1 Fines and penalties 126 2.3.2.2 Compensation 128 2.3.2.3 Legal Fees 133 2.3.3 Criminalization and Incarceration: 134 2.3.4 Remarks 134 US ABUSIVE PRICING IN VIETNAM COMPARED WITH EU AND 137 3.1 Background, basic rules and concepts 138 3.1.1 Gradual development of legislation and enforcement capacity 138 3.1.1.1 Development of Vietnamese laws 138 3.1.1.2 Competent Authorities for regulating abuses of dominance 146 3.1.2 Recent practices related to of abuse of dominance 150 3.1.2.1 Vinapco case 151 3.1.2.2 Megastar case 153 3.1.2.3 K+ issue 154 3.1.2.4 “Electric pole war” 157 3.1.2.5 Medicine and milk prices 161 3.1.3 Basic rules 165 3.1.3.1 Abusive conducts including abusive pricing 165 3.1.3.2 Vietnamese Competition Law protects competition and competitors 170 3.1.4 Concepts 171 3.1.4.1 Dominance and monopoly position 171 3.1.4.2 Relevant market: 175 3.2 Specific forms of abusive pricing in Vietnamese laws 177 3.2.1 Excessive pricing: 178 3.2.1.1 Excessive pricing on the selling side 178 3.2.1.2 Excessive pricing on the buying side 180 3.2.1.3 Fixing a minimum re-selling price 182 3.2.2 Predatory Pricing: 184 3.2.3 Price Discrimination: 186 3.2.4 Foreclosing competitors 187 3.2.5 Remarks 189 3.3 Remedies to Abusive Pricing 190 3.3.1 Conduct and Structural Remedies 191 3.3.1.1 Conduct remedies 191 3.3.1.2 Structural remedies 192 3.3.2 Monetary remedies 192 3.3.2.1 Fine 192 3.3.2.2 Compensation 193 3.3.3 Remarks 194 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING VIETNAMESE REGULATIONS ON ABUSIVE PRICING AND CONCLUSIONS 195 4.1 Suggestions for improving the presentation and communication of competition matters 196 4.1.1 Publication of VCAD and VCC decisions 196 4.1.2 Categorize abuses of monopoly position along with abuse of a dominant position 197 4.1.3 Determination of a dominant position 198 4.1.3.1 Single firm dominance 198 4.1.3.2 Collective dominance 199 4.1.4 Determination of a relevant market 199 4.2 Suggestions on regulations on abusive pricing 200 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 Excessive pricing 200 Predatory pricing 202 Price discrimination 203 Market foreclosure 203 Price squeeze 203 Discount and rebate schemes 204 4.3 Suggestions on remedies for abusive pricing 205 4.4 Conclusion 206 Annexes 208 - Extract of the VLC 208 - Extract of the VLC – With suggested amendments 212 - Extract of Decree 116/2005 216 - Extract of Decree 116/2005 – with suggested amendments 222 Table of Cases 228 Official Documents 233 List of websites 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY 236 PREFACE This dissertation is the visible result of my Ph.D research within the framework of the joint doctoral program between Lund University Faculty of Law and Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, supported by SIDA’s “Strengthening legal education in Vietnam” project The research focuses on laws against abuse of a dominant position in the EU, the US and Vietnam utilizing a comparative law approach This dissertation would not have been accomplished without the help and contribution of several individuals, to whom I would like to express my deepest appreciation First, it was my great honour to be supervised by Professor Hans Henrik Lidgard and Associate Professor Le Thi Bich Tho Professor Lidgard has given me invaluable guidance, advice and encouragement from the very first to the final steps of the research He spent a great deal of his precious time reading and commenting my writing, and discussing the issues raised in my drafts Associate Professor Le Thi Bich Tho provided me not only with warm encouragement throughout the whole process, but also with insightful comments, especially with regard to the approach to Vietnamese law in my dissertation I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof Lidgard and Asst Prof Le Thi Bich Tho for being my teachers and supervisors throughout both my masters and doctoral degree programs I am indebted to them for much of the professional legal content of my dissertation Any remaining errors are entirely my own Second, I would like to send my special thanks to Mr Robert Schwartz, who helped me to improve my writing in the English language Moreover, he provided me with many practical comments and relevant and valuable information Without his help, my dissertation would not reach the standard for international academic writing Third, I would like to thank Dr Nguyen Thanh Tu, Professor Katarina Olsson, and all the other professors, doctors who were opponents or members of examining boards of annual prolongation seminars, during the course of which they gave me many meaningful comments and feedback on the content of drafts of this dissertation Fourth, one thing I will never forget is the support and encouragement of the Lund University Faculty of Law and Ho Chi Minh City University of Law during my research I would like to express my gratitude to Prof Christina Moell, Prof Bengt Lundell, Prof Traskman, Asst Prof Mai Hong Quy, Dr Bui Xuan Hai, and many other professors, lecturers, administrative staff and librarians of the two universities In addition, I also would like to send my thanks to Suffolk Law School, where I was aided in US antitrust law research In particular my thanks go to Professor Stephen C Hicks, Mr Jonathan D Messinger and Suffolk’s administrative staff and librarians Finally, I would like to thank my parents, my children, my friends and my students for their warm support, encouragement, care and love Ho Chi Minh City, August 31, 2011 Tran, Hoang Nga List of Abbreviations ASEAN Associations of South East Asian Nations AAC Average avoidable cost ATC Average total cost AVC Average variable cost CCHC Competition Case Handling Council (Vietnam) CIEM Central Institute for Economic Management (Vietnam) CJEU Court of Justice of European Union DOJ Department of Justice (US) EC European Community (Communities) EPL English Premier League EU European Union EVN Electricity of Vietnam Group FOEs Foreign owned enteprises FTAIA Foreign Trade and Antitrust Improvements Act (US) FTC Federal Trade Commission (US) GC General Court (EU) HCTV Hanoi Cable Television IDRC International Development Research Centre ICN International Competition Network LIRC Long run incremental cost LRAIC Long run average incremental cost MoF Ministry of Finance (Vietnam) MoIC Ministry of Information and Communication (Vietnam) MoIT Ministry of Industry and Trade (Vietnam) MPC Minimum – per – cap policy OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SOEs State owned enterprises SRMC Short-run marginal cost UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme US United States of America VCA Vietnam Competition Authority VCAD Vietnam Competition Administrative Department VCC Vietnam Competition Council VFF-FAN Vietnam football supporters association Viettel Army Telecom Group VLC Vietnam Law on Competition VNPT Vietnam Post and Telecommunications Group VSTV Viet Nam Satellite Digital Television VTV Vietnam National Television WTO World Trade Organization 228 Table of Cases EU cases A Ahlstrom Oy v Commission, Joined Cases 89, 104, 114, 116, 117, and 125-9/85, [1988] ECR 5193, [1988] CMLR 901, Cases C 89/85 [1993] ECR I-1307, [1993] CMLR 407 BBI/Boosey & Hawkes: interim measures 87/500 (1987) OJ L286/36 British Airways Plc v Commission, Case T219/99, upheld by British Airways Plc v Commission, Case C95/04 P [2007] ECR I-2331 British Leyland Plc v Commission ,Case 226/84 [1986] ECR 3263 Comité des industries cinématographiques des Communautés européennes (CICCE) v Commission , Case 298/83 [1985] ECR 1105 Commission v AssiDoman Kraft Products AB and Others, 310/97 P, [1999] ECR I-5363, [1999] CMLR Case C- Commission Re the Cartel in Aniline Dyes [1969] OJ L195/11, [1969] CMLR D23 Compagnie maritime belge transports and Others v Commission, Joined Cases T-24/93 to T-26/93 and T-28/93 [1996] ECR II-1201 Commission v Solvay, Cases C-286-8/96 P, [2000] ECR I-2391, [2005] CMLR 454 Cooperative Vereniging ’Suiker Unie’ UA v Commission, Joined cases 40-48/73, 50/73, 54-56/73, 111/73, 113-114/73 [1976] ECR 445 Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission, Case T-271/03, [2008] ECR II477, upheld in Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission, Case C-280/08 P, [2010] ECR I-0000 ECS/AKZO [1985] OJ L374/1, [1986] CMLR 273; on appeal Case C62/86, AKZO Chemie BV v Commission [1991] ECR I-3359, [1993] CMLR 215 Europemballage Corp and Continental Can Co Inc v Commission, case 6/72 [1973] CMLR 199 Europemballage Corp and Continental Can Co Inc v Commission, case T 6/36 [1973] ECR 215, [1973] CMLR 199 France Télécom v Commission, Case T-340/03 [2007] ECR II-107, upheld on appeal in France Telecom SA v Commission, Case C-202/07 P 229 [2009] ECR I-2369 General Motors Continental NV v Commission , Case 26/75 [1975] ECR 1367 Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v Commission, Case 85/76 [1979] ECR 461, [1979] CMLR 211 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Commission, [1972] ECR 619 Case 48/69 Industrie des Poudres Spheriques SA v Commission, Case T-5/97, [2000] ECR II-3755 (note 281) Irish Sugar v Commission Case T-228/97 [1999] ECR II-2969 Italy v Commission, Case 13/63 [1963] ECR 165 Konkurrensverket v TeliaSonera, Case C-52/09 [2011] Lucazeau v SACEM , Joint cases 110/88, 241/88, 242/88, [1989] ECR 2811 Manufacture francaise des pneumatiques Michelin v Commission, Case 203/01 [2003] ECR II-4071 (Michelin II) Microsoft C(2004) 900 final, [2005] CMLR 19 Ministere Public v Tournier , Case 395/87, [1989] ECR 2521 National Carbonising Company Ltd v Commission Case 109/75R, [1975] ECR 1193 and National Coal Board, National Smokeless Fuels Ltd and the National Carbonising Company Ltd, OJ 1976 L 35/6 Napier Brown - British Sugar, Case IV/30.178, OJ 1988 L 284/41 Nederlandsche Banden-Industrie Michelin N.V v Commission, Case 322/81 [1983] ECR 3461 CMLR 282 (Michelin I) Scandlines Sverige AB v Port of Helsingborg, Case COMP/A.36.568/D3, Commission Decision of July 23, 2004 Soda-Ash-Solvay, OJ 1991 L 152/21 Solvay v Commission, Case T-30/91 [1995] ECR II-1775, [1996] CMLR 57 and 91 Sundbusserne v Port of Helsingborg, Case COMP/A.36.568/D3, Commission Decision of July 23, 2004 Tetra Pak International v Commission Case T-83/91 [1994] ECR II-755, upheld on appeal in Tetra Pak International v Commission Case C-333/94 P [1996] ECR I-5951 United Brands Company and United Brands Continental v Commission, 230 Case 27/76 [1978] ECR 207, [1978] CMLR 429 Van den Bergh Foods Ltd 98/531 (1998) OJ L246/1 Welded Steel Mesh, [1989] OJ L260/1, [1991] CMLR 13 US cases A.A Poultry Farms, Inc v Rose Acre Farms, Inc., 683 F.Supp 680, (S.D.Ind.1988), affirmed, 881 F.2d 1396 (7th Cir 1989), cert denied, 494 U.S 1019, 110 S.Ct 1326 (1990) American Academic Suppliers v Beckley-Cardy, 922 F.2d 1317, (7th Cir 1991) American Tobacco Co v United State, 328 U.S 781 (1946) Bacchus Indus., Inc v Arvin Indus., Inc., 939 F.2d 887 (10th Cir 1991) Bailey v Allgas, Inc., 284 F.3d 1237 (11th Cir 2002) Barry Wright Corp v ITT Grinnell Corp., 724 F.2d 227 (1st Cir 1983) Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wis v Marshfield Clinic, 65 F.3d (7th Cir 1995) Bonjorno v Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp 752 F.2d 802 (3d Cir.1984), cert Denied, 477 U.S 908, 106 S.Ct 3284 (1986) Borough of Lansdale v 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Nemours & Co (Cellophane), 351 U.S 377 (1956) United States v E I du Pont de Nemours & Co., 366 U.S 316 (1961) United States v Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S 563 (1966) United States v Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34 (D.C Cir 2001) (en banc) (per curiam) United States v United Shoe Machinery Corp., 110 U.S 295 (1953) affirmed per curiam, 347 U.S 521, 74 S Ct 699 (1954) United State v United States Gypsum Co., 438 U.S 422, 98 S.Ct 2864 (1978), appeal after remand, 600 F.2d 414 (3d Cir 1979), cert denied, 444 U.S 884, 100 S.Ct 175 (1979) Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v British Airways PLC, 69 F Supp 2d 571 (S.D.N.Y 1999), aff'd, 257 F2d 256 (2d Cir 2001) Verizon Communications, Inc v Law Offices of Curtis V Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S 398 (2004) Weyerhaeuser Co v Ross-Simmons Hardware Lumber Co., 127 S Ct 1069 (2007) Williamsburg Wax Museum, Inc v Historic Figures, Inc., 810 F.2d 243 (D.C Cir 1987) W.S Kirkpatrick & Co v Environmental Tectonics Corp., 493 U.S 400, 110 S Ct 701 (1990) 233 Official Documents EU Treaty on European Union and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, consolidated version, OJ C 83 of March 30, 2010 EU Commission, Guidance on the Commission's enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings, OJ 2009 C 45/02 EU Commission, Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal merger under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31/5 EU Commission, Guidelines on cooperation between the Commission and the National Courts OJ 2004 C101/54 EU Commission, Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under arts 81 and 82 EC OJ 2004 C101/65 EU Commission, Notice on the application of the competition rules to access agreements in the telecommunications sector framework, relevant markets and principles, OJ 1998 C 265/2 EU Commission, Notice on the Definition of the Relevant Market for the Purposes of Community Competition Law, OJ 1997 C 372/03 US Sherman Act, 26 Sta 209 (1890), codified as amended, 15 U.S.C §§1-7 Clayton Antitrust Act, (1914), 15 U.S.C §§12-27 Robinson-Patman Act, (1936), 15 U.S.C §13 DOJ and FTC, Horizontal Merger Guidelines, issued April 1992, revised April 1997 DOJ and FTC, Horizontal Merger Guidelines 2010 VIETNAM Constitution of 1992, amended in 2001 Civil Code of 2005 (Law No 33/2005/QH11 of 14 June 2005) Commercial Law (Law No 36/2005/QH11 of 14 June 2005) 234 Law on Competition (Law No 27/2004/QH11 of December 2004) Ordinance on Price dated 26 April 2002 Decree No 75/2008/NĐ-CP of 09 June 2008 amending and supplementing a number of articles of Decree No 170/2003/NĐ-CP Decree No 120/2005/NĐ-CP of 30 September 2005 on dealing with breaches in the competition sector Decree No 116/2005/NĐ-CP of 15 September 2005 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the competition law Decree No 170/2003/NĐ-CP of 25 December 2003 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Ordinance on 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