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HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF WATER AND SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF HANOI, VIETNAM, AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF AGRICULTURAL SOIL AND CROPS Nguyen Thi Lan Huong 2008 HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF WATER AND SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF HANOI, VIETNAM, AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF AGRICULTURAL SOIL AND CROPS By Nguyen Thi Lan Huong A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Bioproduction and Environmental Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan 2008 ii Acknowledgements First of all, I am extremely grateful to my advisor Prof Masami Ohtsubo for accepting me as his PhD student and his patience, guidance and support during my study I am deeply thankful to thanks Associate Prof Loretta Li (University of British Columbia, Canada) for her counsel and many valuable suggestions towards accomplishing this dissertation I would also like to Associate Prof Shin-Ichiro Wada and Associate Prof Takahiro Higashi (Kyushu University, Japan) for their many helpful comments towards the writing of this thesis I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr Motohei Kanayama and Ms Akiko Nakano for their assistance with ordering supplies and helping me in the laboratory procedures I am very grateful to Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology, Government of Japan for providing the scholarship for this study At last but above all, I am greatly indebted to my parents, husband, son and friends for their love, encouragement, and endless support i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT X LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES VII CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.2 SCOPE OF OBJECTIVES 1.3 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 1.5 REFERENCES 10 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR THE TO LICH AND KIM NGUU RIVERS IN HANOI CITY 14 2.1 INTRODUCTION 15 2.2 METHODOLOGY 16 2.2.1 Materials 16 2.2.2 Methods 17 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17 2.3.1 Chemical properties of water 17 2.3.2 Heavy metal pollution assessment 19 2.3.3 Suitability for Irrigation Water 23 2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 24 REFERENCES 25 CHAPTER HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF RIVER SEDIMENTS IN HANOI, VIETNAM 27 3.1 INTRODUCTION 29 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 3.2.1 Materials and Field Sampling 31 3.2.2 Methodology 31 3.2.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Sediment 31 3.2.2.2 Semi-quantitative estimates of mineralogical composition 32 3.2.2.3 Total heavy metal concentration 34 3.2.2.4 Selective Sequential Extraction 35 3.2.2.5 Batch leaching test 36 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37 3.3.1 Sediment Quality 37 3.3.2 Mineral Identification 37 3.3.3 Clay Mineralogical Characterization 39 3.3.4 Impact of Industrial Activities on the Quality of Sediment 40 3.3.5 Correlation between Organic Matter and Heavy Metal Concentration in Sediment 42 ii 3.3.5 Distribution of Heavy Metal in Sediment Fractions 44 3.3.6 Leachibility and Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Sediments 48 3.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 55 3.5 REFERENCES 56 CHAPTER IMPACT OF RIVER POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURAL SOILS AND VEGETABLES IN A SUBURBAN AREA OF HANOI, VIETNAM 60 4.1 INTRODUCTION 62 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 64 4.2.1 Irrigation Water, Sampling Site and Soil Samples 64 4.2.2 Methods 66 4.2.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Agricultural Soils 66 4.2.2.2 Heavy Metal Concentration 66 4.2.2.4 Absorption Isotherm 66 4.2.2.5 Batch Leaching Test 67 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 68 4.3.1 Properties of Agricultural Soil 68 4.3.2 Heavy Metal Concentration of Soil 70 4.3.3 Mobility of Heavy Metal 71 4.3.4 Adsorption Isotherm 75 4.3.5 Leaching Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils 82 4.3.6 Fractionated Heavy Metals and Potential Leachability 85 4.3.7 Heavy Metal Concentration in Vegetable 87 4.3.8 Soil Plant Transfer Coefficients 89 4.4 CONCLUSIONS 91 4.5 REFERENCES 93 CHAPTER HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND RICE IN WASTEWATER-IRRIGATED PADDY FIELD IN A SUBURBAN AREA OF HANOI VIETNAM 97 INTRODUCTION 99 MATERIALS AND METHODS 101 5.2.1 Materials and Sampling Site 101 5.2.2 Methodology 101 5.2.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Soil 101 5.2.2.2 Determination of Total Metal Concentration 102 5.2.2.3 Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) of Heavy Metals 102 5.2.2.4 Absorption Isotherm 102 5.2.2.5 Leaching Test 102 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 103 5.3.1 Properties of the Paddy Soil 103 5.3.2 Heavy Metal Concentration in the Soil 105 5.3.3 Heavy Metal Association with Soil Fractions 108 5.3.4 Heavy Metal Adsorption Capacity of Paddy Soils 111 5.3.5 Potential Leachability of Heavy Metals 117 5.3.6 Fractionated Heavy Metals and Potential Leachability 120 5.4 CONCLUSIONS 127 iii 5.5 REFERENCES 128 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 133 6.1 CONCLUSIONS 133 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE WORK 136 APPENDIX 138 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Study area Figure 2.1 Location of sampling sites and factories 16 Figure 2.2 Relationship between total and water-soluble concentration and metal retained in suspended solid 20 Figure 3.2 The XRD patterns of the