Văn phong khoa học Y khoa HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HÀNH Tác giả: Steve Hart Biên dịch: Quản Anh Dũng Lưu hành nội Văn phong khoa học Y khoa HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HÀNH Văn phong khoa học Y khoa HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HÀNH Steve Hart Academic Proofreader Cambridge, England Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20151019 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4237-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health- care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently veri-fied The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book This book does not indicate whether a particular treat-ment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan-vers, MA 01923, 978 -750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Mục lục Lời nói đầu Về tác giả Hướng dẫn sử dụng sách Phần I ix xi xiii Ngữ pháp 1 Phần A: Danh từ mạo từ Phần B: Động từ 21 Phần C: Tính từ trạng từ 43 Phần D: Giới từ 57 Phần E: Mệnh đề 71 Phần F: Tiền tố 79 Phần II Các thành tố thông tin 87 Phần G: Thời gian 89 Phần H: Con người 97 Phần I: Số liệu số thống kê 103 Phần III Văn phong khoa học 113 10 Phần J: Sử dụng câu 115 11 Phần K: Động từ dạng động từ 121 12 Phần L: Lối hành văn khoa học 129 13 Phần M: Lỗi tả dấu câu 137 14 Phần N: Tiêu đề 147 15 Phần O: Tài liệu tham khảo 151 viii Mục lục Phần IV 16 A–Z danh sách lỗi thường gặp Phần V 17 Các lỗi thường gặp Thực hành Thực hành 157 159 211 213 Giới thiệu Đối với học giả sinh viên toàn giới đặc biệt ngành Y ngày nay, tiếng Anh dần trở thành công cụ thiết yếu cho việc học tập nghiên cứu Để đóng góp cho khoa học tri thức, công tác nghiên cứu khoa học xuất quốc tế định hướng đặt lên hàng đầu Tuy nhiên, báo có giá trị hồn tồn bị từ chối xuất lối hành văn không khoa học điều gây ảnh hưởng xấu tới uy tín tác giả Vậy giải pháp cho nhà khoa học gì? Một sách sử dụng để tham khảo từ vựng, ngữ pháp văn phong biên soạn luận, báo tiếng Anh cách giải cho vấn đề nan giải Cuốn sách biên soạn dành cho: Giảng viên Y khoa Nhà nghiên cứu Bác sĩ lâm sàng Sinh viên Nhân viên y tế Cuốn sách đời nhằm hướng tới tác giả sử dụng tiếng Anh ngôn ngữ thứ hai thứ ba Thông thường tác giả/học giả này, lối hành văn không khoa học thiếu kiến thức thói quen hình thành từ trước May mắn thay, vấn đề nêu giải Bằng cách đặt vấn đề, lỗi sai mà sinh viên nghiên cứu viên mắc phải soạn thảo tiểu luận báo tiếng Anh đồng thời đưa cách sửa lỗi, hi vọng tài liệu có ích cho nhà khoa học ix x Giới thiệu Cuốn sách soạn dựa nguồn tham khảo đến từ 300 luận nghiên cứu thuộc lĩnh vực: Nội khoa ngoại khoa Y sinh học phân tử tế bào Miễn dịch Truyền nhiễm Nha khoa Điều dưỡng Quản lý y tế Nội dung sách: • 15 chương bao gồm nội dung xoay quanh chủ đề ngữ pháp lối hành văn khoa học • Các lỗi thường gặp q trình viết luận • Các tập tự lượng giá • Danh mục thuật ngữ tham khảo trình soạn thảo luận báo khoa học Cuốn sách đặc biệt dành cho tác giả thuộc lĩnh vực y tế Khác với sách hướng dẫn, sách có phân tích, đưa lý cho việc sử dụng ngôn ngữ sai cách, hướng giải thơng qua ví dụ thực tế Các lĩnh vực đề cập vấn đề quan trọng có tính ứng dụng cao thực hành lâm sàng Với mục tiêu giảm thiểu tối đa lỗi sử dụng từ so với ngữ, chúng tơi nhận thấy khơng đưa ví dụ thực tế* giải trực tiếp chúng báo, luận dù có giá trị bị từ chối Và để đối mặt với thực trạng đó, chúng tơi biên soạn lên sách này, hi vọng tài liệu hữu ích cho học sinh sinh viên nhà khoa học công tác nghiên cứu khoa học Steve Hart * Các ví dụ sửa đổi để đảm bảo quyền riêng tư người viết Tuy nhiên chất lỗi giữ nguyên Về tác giả Steve Hart tác giả chỉnh sửa hiệu đính cho nhiều ấn phẩm khoa học thuộc lĩnh vực y học sinh học từ năm 2005 Trước ông giáo viên trung học với kiến thức ngôn ngữ học xã hội học, ông viết sách giáo khoa ngữ pháp cho số học viện Anh Ấn Độ Hiện ông điều phối viên Kĩ Anh ngữ trường đại học cở Cambridge, Anh xi Hướng dẫn sử dụng Đây sách dành cho bạn học sinh, sinh viên theo học chuyên ngành khoa học sức khỏe bác sĩ bước đầu tiếp cận với nghiên cứu khoa học xuất quốc tế Xin nhắc lại sách văn phong nên mục đích giới thiệu giúp độc giả làm quen với thuật dụng từ văn khoa học Nhưng góc nhìn khác, sách giúp bạn tiếp cận đồng thời với tiếng Anh, tiếng Anh chuyên ngành nghiên cứu khoa học, đặc biệt vốn từ vựng ngữ pháp tiếng Anh bạn hạn chế Mặt khác, tự tin vốn tiếng Anh mình, tác giả khuyến khích bạn nên bắt đầu nghiên cứu từ phần III (Văn phong khoa học) Nên nhớ người học thông minh người học biết lựa chọn đường học phù hợp với thân Về nội dung sách, người dịch giữ nguyên văn ví dụ tiếng Anh để bạn đọc hiểu cách phân tích lỗi sai cấu trúc ngữ pháp văn phong tác giả Đây cách thực hành trực tiếp giảng, giúp người đọc chủ động việc học tập Các kí tự (F)/(T) cuối ví dụ có nghĩa sai/đúng Lưu ý dấu gạch ngang số ví dụ khơng đặt vị trí, độc giả nên dựa vào ngữ cảnh câu để xác định từ tác giả muốn nhấn mạnh Mọi thơng tin ý kiến đóng góp xin gửi email: qadung@vmmu.edu.vn Rất mong nhận đóng góp từ quý độc giả Xin chân thành cảm ơn! Biên dịch: Quản Anh Dũng Lưu ý: Cuốn sách chưa cấp phép chuyển ngữ tác quyền từ tác giả nên LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ Mọi hoạt động in ấn xuất sách vi phạm quyền sở hữu trí tuệ A–Z list of errors 209 void void Đ.từ – to discharge waste from the body noun – an empty space adjective – unoccupied Make sure not to confuse any of these with ‘avoid’ Obstruction causes severe discomfort and a desire to avoid (void) urine Water is held on the hydrophilic sites of the fibre itself or within void spaces in the molecular structure Phần V V Thực hành 17 Bài tập thực hành 211 Chương 17 Bài tập thực hành Exercises The following exercises target the mistakes that you and your col-leagues are making when writing in English Identify and correct these and you will be well on your way to achieving error-free English Remedies for nouns and articles A1 How many sentences are incorrect? Statistical analysis was carried out in three stages Morgan also analyses the reasons why the levels remained so low It would also be useful if analyse of the data was expanded to peripheral sites A2 How many of these singular to plural transformations are wrong? cortex cortices hypothesis hypothesise prosthesis prosthetics varix varices 213 214 A3 Văn phong khoa học y khoa: Hướng dẫn thực hành How many of these usually uncountable nouns can also be used in a countable way? equipment support staff training A4 A or an? _ European case study will also be adopted We decided to take _ average score instead The patient was advised to go for _ ECG A5 Do any of these need a definite article? This can be done on _ regular basis It appears _ aim of their project was to The treatment tends to work at _ first and then Then _ group was transfected with COX-2 Of course, _ communication is important at this point A6 How many noun and article errors has the writer made? In this studies, the audiological measures were used to investigate auditory dysfunction in tinnitus patients with the normal hearing The general aim was to investigate the peripheral source of tinnitus in patients with normal hearing so as to provide an objective evidences for guiding their rehabilitative management and treatment Remedies for Đ.từs B1 ‘was’ ‘been’, ‘has been’ or ‘being’? Cells were cultured for 48 h before _ co-transfected Within 120 minutes of _ consumed it enters the colon This definition _ widely adopted by clinicians At the time the infection _ virtually unknown Aftercare 215 B2 Singular or plural Đ.từ? Information on the various reasons is/are required before Sufficient evidence has/have been found to show that The expression in different histopathological subgroups was/were highly correlated Active or sham stimulation was/were employed for B3 Which form of these troublesome Đ.từs should be used? This remains the most important risk factor for patients undergo/undergoing/underwent surgery However, four patients withdraw/withdrawn/withdrew from the study due to For those seek/sought/seeking medical help there are a few procedures that B4 Can you identify four modal errors? Recent studies suggest that this may even contributes to the increase In the next section we would evaluate the various methods and hypothesise that the lack of a consensus might because of the way results are reported, while a final discussion should to resolve the issues stated earlier Remedies for adjectives and adĐ.từs C1 Noun or adjective ending? There was a considerable differen _ between the two These spores are also resistan _ to boiling and One patient had been suffering from a persisten _ cough They varied in importan _ as well as structure C2 fewer or less? _ than six is considered a satisfactory result They had significantly _ illness episodes Văn phong khoa học y khoa: Hướng dẫn thực hành 216 Those experiencing _ pain were placed in group B One criticism was that they provided _ data C3 Which ones in each row can take a singular Đ.từ? any enough little _ many some those _ another either other _ Remedies for prepositions D1 on, in or at? Most of the respondents worked _ the hospital This took place _ 16th May It was then placed _ a L beaker and incubated _ 37°C It tends to form _ the hands and feet D2 What preposition should follow? This is primarily caused _ a lack of vitamin D The patient’s pain was confined _ the lower back What impact does this have _ nurses and carers? These services need to be more responsive _ the needs of the patients Remedies for all complaints E1 Cross out the unnecessary words Can you reduce this passage to under 50 words? The systematic approach usually starts by distinguishing objective tin-nitus (OT) and C.ngữive tinnitus (ST) Moreover, it is very crucial to differentiate objective tinnitus from C.ngữive tinnitus because failure to make a distinction may lead to management errors, while diagnostic issues will continue to remain as well (12) In addition to the above, ultimately this step is important for identifying any potential treatable disorders These are listed in Table 2.1 Aftercare 217 E2 Can you make the right selections? In a/an/the multicentre study setting seven health clinics provided ten C.ngữs each, of varying age and mixed gender Therefore 70/seventy C.ngữs were recruited totally/in total/averagely (25 men, 45 women, mean age 39.2 years, range 22–69) In order to evaluate the intraindividual variation a repeated exam/examine/examination was carried out on ten C.ngữs at two different centres in paper III ten healthy man/men/male’s were recruited and studied in a randomised cross-over fashion at/in/on two occasions, two weeks apart we can/will/would review this next along with the author’s previous paper on bile acid malabsorption and its/it’s correlation with bowel transit E3 How many mistakes are in this abstract? Pulmonary gas exchange was studied in 12 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax by measuring the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon doxide in arterially blood and expired gas when breathing air and 100% of oxygen There were a positive correlated between the size of the anatomical shunt and the extend of the pneumothorax as measured bye the chest radiograph Calculations indicated that the fall on arterial oxygen tension when breathing air could be full accounted for by the increased anatomical shunt Observations suggested that active vasoconstriction in poor ventilated regions may have occured to a slight or moderate degree in four out of eight patience E4 Can you amend the questions? How the service can be improved? How would you describe their quality of life in nursing home? How they view the role of the pharmacist? What is important to the patient daily life in the nursing home? What should make their quality of life better? They have access to any other services? E5 Can you capture all the spelling and punctuation errors? The TEN test has been used, to investigate the presense of dead regions in patient’s with tinnitus In a study by Weisz at al (2006), the TEN (SPL) test and tinitus spectrum-test were carried out on (11 tinnitus patients) 218 Văn phong khoa học y khoa: Hướng dẫn thực hành who self-reported having normal hearing and C.ngữive cronic tinnitus The study found that, the reference freqeuncy threshold showed a strong increase (mean; 8.4; SE = 1.5) Whereas thresholds at other frequencys were at a low level Answers A1 One It would also be useful if analyse (analysis) of the data was expanded to peripheral sites A2 hypothesis hypothesise (hypotheses) prosthesis prosthetics (prostheses) A3 None of them A4 A European case study will also be adopted We decided to take an average score instead The patient was advised to go for an ECG A5 It appears the aim of their project was to Then the group was transfected with COX-2 A6 In this studies (study), the audiological measures were used to investigate auditory dysfunction in tinnitus patients with the normal hearing The general aim was to investigate the peripheral source of tinnitus in patients with normal hearing so as to provide an objective evidences (evidence) for guiding their rehabilitative management and treatment B1 Cells were cultured for 48 h before being co-transfected Within 120 minutes of being consumed it enters the colon Aftercare 219 This definition has been widely adopted by clinicians At the time the infection was virtually unknown B2 Information on the various reasons is required before Sufficient evidence has been found to show that The expression in different histopathological subgroups was highly correlated Active or sham stimulation was employed for B3 This remains the most important risk factor for patients undergoing surgery However, four patients withdrew from the study due to For those seeking medical help there are a few procedures that B4 Recent studies suggest that this may even contributes to the increase In the next section we would (will) evaluate the various methods and hypothesise that the lack of a consensus might (be) because of the way results are reported, while a final discussion should to resolve the issues stated earlier C1 There was a considerable difference between the two These spores are also resistant to boiling and One patient had been suffering from a persistent cough They varied in importance as well as structure C2 Fewer than six is considered a satisfactory result They had significantly fewer illness episodes Those experiencing less pain were placed in group B One criticism was that they provided less data 220 Văn phong khoa học y khoa: Hướng dẫn thực hành C3 any many another enough some either little those other D1 Most of the respondents worked at the hospital This took place on 16th May It was then placed in a L beaker and incubated at 37°C It tends to form on the hands and feet D2 This is primarily caused by a lack of vitamin D The patient’s pain was confined to the lower back What impact does this have on nurses and carers? These services need to be more responsive to the needs of the patients E1 The systematic approach usually starts by distinguishing objective tin-nitus (OT) and C.ngữive tinnitus (ST) It is crucial to differentiate OT from ST because failure to make a distinction may lead to management errors and diagnostic issues (12) This step is important for identifying any treatable disorders (Table 2.1) E2 In a multicentre study setting seven health clinics provided ten sub-jects each, of varying age and mixed gender Therefore 70 C.ngữs were recruited in total (25 men, 45 women, mean age 39.2 years, range 22– 69) In order to evaluate the intra-individual variation a repeated examination was carried out on ten C.ngữs at two different centres in paper III ten healthy men were recruited and studied in a randomised cross-over fashion on two occasions, two weeks apart we will review this next along with the author’s previous paper on bile acid malabsorption and its correlation with bowel transit Aftercare 221 E3 (Twelve errors - corrections in bold) Pulmonary gas exchange was studied in 12 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax by measuring the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood and expired gas when breathing air and 100% oxygen There was a positive correlation between the size of the anatomical shunt and the extent of the pneumothorax as measured by the chest radiograph Calculations indicated that the fall in arterial oxygen tension when breathing air could be fully accounted for by the increased anatomical shunt Observations suggested that active vaso constriction in poorly ventilated regions may have occurred to a slight or moderate degree in four out of eight patients E4 How can the service be improved? How would you describe their quality of life in the nursing home? How they view the role of the pharmacist? What is important to the patient’s daily life in the nursing home? What would/could make their quality of life better? Do they have access to any other services? E5 The TEN test has been used to investigate the presence of dead regions in patients with tinnitus In a study by Weisz et al (2006), the TEN (SPL) test and tinnitus spectrum test were carried out on 11 tinni-tus patients who self-reported having normal hearing and C.ngữive chronic tinnitus The study found that the reference frequency thresh-old showed a strong increase (mean; 8.4; SE = 1.5), whereas thresholds at other frequencies were at a low level This practical and portable guide has been designed specifically to help academics and students in medicine and surgery departments at universities all over the world who are required to write in English to maximize exposure to their research By using this book, readers will be able to produce professional and accurate academic English and eradicate the errors that occur at all levels from bad habits or gaps in knowledge Key features: • Ideal reference during any medical writing, including dissertations, PhD theses, scientific papers, essays and reports • Portable and practical, focusing on common mistakes and how to correct them • Includes errors made by international students and academics for whom English is not a first language By identifying likely mistakes and providing careful instructions on how to correct them, with exercises to encourage self-testing, this accessible and at-a-glance resource can be kept readily to hand as an invaluable companion during the course of writing an essay, thesis or paper About the author: Steve Hart is an English language editor and resource writer currently working as English Skills Coordinator at a UK university With extensive experience in medical writing in all its forms, he is constantly thinking of new ways to help the students and academics he works with improve their writing K26794 ISBN: 978-1-4987-4236-8 90000 781498 742368 .. .Văn phong khoa học Y khoa HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HÀNH Văn phong khoa học Y khoa HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HÀNH Steve Hart Academic Proofreader Cambridge, England Boca Raton London New York CRC Press... Dưới số động từ khuyết thiếu hay gặp: can/could will/would may/might/must should/shall 36 Văn phong khoa học y khoa: Hướng dẫn thực hành – Nguyên tắc Động từ sau động từ khuyết thiếu ln có dạng... thay động từ khứ They could fully rotate their shoulder before the second operation 38 Văn phong khoa học y khoa: Hướng dẫn thực hành – should ‘Should’ sử dụng chủ thể hi vọng điều x? ?y They should