Spatio temporal dynamics and evolution of landscape pattern in coastal areas of central region vietnam

VNU Journal of Science, E arth Sciences 28 (2012) 251-263 Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution o f landscape pattern in coastal areas o f central region, Vietnam M Kappas'’*, Nguyen Hoang Khanh Linh'’^ ^Dept o f Cartography, GĨS & Remote Sensing, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr 5, 37077 Goettingen, Germany ^Faculty o f Land Resources ẵ Agricultural Environment, Hue University o f Agriculture & Forestry, Ỉ02 Phung Hung, Hue City, Vietnam Received 05 October 2012; Revised 26 Octobcr 2012; accepted 02 December 2012 A bstract Studying temporal changes o f land use and land cover from satellite images has been conducted in Vietnam several years However, few studies have been done to consider seriously the changes and landscape fragmentation, especially in coastal region, one o f the ecologically vulnerable regions due to the intensive human activities and urbanization processes Hence, analyzing the changes o f landscape pattern helps revealing the interactions between anthropogenic factors and ứie environment, through which planning actions could be effectively supported The present study aimed to examine these changes in the suưoundings o f Da Nang City, Vietnam from 1979 to 2009 based multi-temporal imagery viz LANDSAT MSS, TM, ETM+, and ASTER satellite images The IR-MAD (iteratively re-weighted Multivariate Alteration Detection) transformation approach was employed for processing Land cover change maps with six classes including agricultural land, urban, baưen land, forest, shrub and water body were created by the supervised classification method based on maximum likelihood algorithm Post-classification comparison was chosen as change detection method for four periods as 1979-1996, 1996-2003, 2003-2009, and 1979-2009 From which key landscape indices were applied by using FRAGSTATS software The results showed that during the whole study period, there was a notable decrease o f forest, shrub, agricultural land and baưen land while urban areas expanded dramatically Further spatial analysis by using landscape metrics underlined the evidence of changes in landscape characteristics with an increase in values o f number o f patches and patch density while the value o f mean patch size decreased during the span o f 30 years which indicated landscapes o f Da Nang city have been becoming more fragmented and more heterogeneous Keywords: landscape pattern, change detection, coastal region, Vietnam urbanization is a global phenom enon and is Ỉ Introduction As stated in C om petitive expected to continue for the next decades A ccording to the U nited N ations, roughly h a lf Cities in the Global Econom y [1] and State o f the W o rld ’s o f the w orld’s population lives in urban areas, Cities and in 2030 2008/2009: H arm onious Cities [2], Coưesponding author: E-mail: mkappas@uni-goettingen.de it will be reached at 60% D eveloping countries are believed w here the urbanization grow th sừongly happens up to 251 252 M Kappas, N.H.K Link / V N U Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2012) 25Ĩ-263 2030 [3] U rban areas concentrate not only com prehensive people change in landscape at broad scales is required but also econom ic density and assessing and analyzing the productivity [4] This is often the reasons o f Im portantly, changing in lifestyles, high consum ption o f spatial contribution o f landscape pattern helps energy, and revealing the critical im plication o f complex production o f waste, etc [5-12] U rbanization is relationship betw een anthropogenic factors and believed prevalent environm ent [19] To describe fragm entation anthropogenic causes o f the losing arable land, and spatial disừ ibution, a range o f landscape devastating habitats, and the decline in natural m eừics was calculated for each land use/cover vegetation cover [13] As a consequence, rural class from satellite classification results by areas have been converted into urban areas with FRA G STA TS [20] fransportation, one of infrasừiicture, the m ost understanding the changes in an unprecedented rate and m aking a noted The Earth's coastal zone is know n as home effect on the natural functioning o f ecosystem s o f diverse ecosystem s, such as estuaries, sea- [14] Consequently, a profound understanding grass, coral reefs, lagoons, bays, tidal flats, o f land use change is very im portant to have a e tc proper econom ic developm ent and national security land use planning and sustainable developm ent policies [15] This zone is quite sensitive and vulnerable A ccording to M yint and W ang [16], such a sustainable urban It plays a crucial part for socio­ developm ent m ust be because of hum an developm ent activities, especially, the tropical coast As consequcnces, sum m arized from num erous decisions, which these exừacteđ based on huge data sources, viz environm ent o f sea species, physical, biological and social param eters o f drinking w ater, changes o f hydrological cycles, urban areas in the continued specừ um o f spatial depletion o f coastal resources and m any other and tem poral dom ains Therefore, to understand im pacts to the global clim ate change Therefore, urban land-use and land cover change (LU LC) the m anagem ent o f m arine and coastal zone has and to predict the change o f LU LC in future, it particularly is im portant dynam ic to tool technologies have an N ow adays, have proven geographic received loses of living degradation o f great attention from spatial m anagers as w ell as scientists all around the rem ote sensing world The urgent dem ands should be set as lop its disừ ibution especially for region areas causes effective capacity in providing accurate and tim ely inform ation on the activities of land use, [17] W ith the national sừ ategic m issions and should be caư ied out w ith scientific fundam entals A fter the adoption of the Doimoi (R enovation) policy in econom y o f the national support o f G eographical Inform ation Systems assem bly (G IS), satellite im ages can be used effectively developed in m any aspects In addition, it was for separated from Q uang Nam Province m 1997 estim ating and analyzing changes and LU LC trends [18] since 1986, Da N ang city has and has officially becom e an adm inistration D ue to the fact that the rapid LU LC change unit that directly belongs to the governm ent o f one certain area is considered as the driving Since then, D a N ang city has asserted as the force im portant position of environm ental and/or ecological at nation level and the changes, w hich is continuously transform ing crucial factor o f the key area econom y o f landscape Central region This has caused the incessant pattern, thereby a need for M Kappas, N.H.K Link / V N U Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2012) 251-263 253 land use/cover change in Da N ang for over past sea level; next to is the upland with low 20 years Through exploring the land use map periods, the aims o f the present study w ere to mountains and the delta takes 'Á areas in the southeast; it covers an area o f 1,283.42 square kilom eters, including H oang Sa archipelago detect, quantify and characterize the changes o f district o f 305 square kilom eters land use/cover and landscape fragm entation in Da N ang city has typical tropical m onsoon climate The average annual tem perature is extracted from satellite data of different Da N ang city about 26°c, average rainfall is about 2,505 mm per year and average hum idity is 83.4% T here are two main seasons annually: the wet (A ugust-D ecem ber) and the dry (January-July) Study area D a N ang city is located in Central region o f V iet N atn, between the 15°55’ 19” to In 2009, the total population is about 887,070 16°13’20”N and 107°49’ 11” to 108°20’20”E (Figure 1) It is a long-stretching narrow region and w ell known as a dynam ic city o f the Key Econom ic Zone in central V iet Nam The area consists o f hiils and m ountains in the northw est and the population density is 906.7 persons per square kilom eters Da N ang city is known as one o f the m ost densely populated and urbanized area in V ietnam W ith the econom y developm ent and population increasing, the local LULC in Da N ang city has changed and the Eastern Sea in the east The altitude seriously varies from 400 m eters to 1,524 m eters above Figure Location o f Da Nang city in Vietnam M Kappas, N.H.K Link / V N U journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2012) 251-263 254 D ata and m ethods images were resolution 3.1 D ata sources and Im age preprocessing LA N D SA T and A ST E R im ages satelliteim ages w ere chosen for this study The following criteria w ere considered for choosing proper data: ( 1) the im ages should be long tim e enough for detecting the land use change; ( ) study area should not have cloud cover U nfortunately, the study area is located near coastal D ue to the influence o f clim ate, there are not many data satisfied both conditions The im ages always have som e thick cloud cover or haze In addition, the study area is not entirely contained w ithin one scene o f LA N D SA T either ASTER T herefore, having acquisition im ages near acquired and w ere at different projections first spatial T herefore, rectified to all U niversal Transverse M ercator (U T M ) coordinate system , Datum W GS 84, Zone 48 N orth for m atching the geographic projection o f the reference data Images were also co-registered together within 25 well points) distributed and GCPs polynom ial (ground Isd by control m eans of O rthoEngine provided by P C I G eom atica 10.3 software RM S < 0.5 w as received In addition, N earest N eighbour resam p lin g w as set for not changing heavily the radiom etric characteristic o f image In this study, the iterativ ely re-w eighted multivariate alteration detection (IR- anniversary dates for changing detection as M AD) fransfonnation w as used for autom atic Jensen m entioned [21] was unavailable In this radiom etric n o m a liz a tio n for all im ages by study, three periods o f satellite im ages were means o f EN V I 4.7 softw are; see [22-24J selected to classify study area: LA N DSA T-3 A STER 02/04/2009 w as chosen as reference M SS ETM + image H ow ever, this im age does not cover all M arch 04 and A pril 14, 2003 (dow nload free at the region o f study area, th erefo re a subset o f h ttp://earthexplorer and 1800 X 1100 pixels w ith 30m spatial resolution http://gloviS.usgs.gov/); and A ST E R A pril 02, 2009 The details o f data w ere described in including 968.17 square kilom eters w as created for all im ages for fu rth er studying This Table For this study, the reference data were territory w as chosen to ensure the specific study also used, included: ( 1) topographic m ap at area w as in the analysis im age B esides the scale o f 1/50.000 conducted in 2001; and (2) requirem ent o f the sam e dim ension, images land use m aps at scale o f 1/25.000 conducted in m ust have the sam e spectral resolution H ence, 1997, 2003 and 2010 the com posite o f standard false colours was July 24, 1979; LA N D SA T-7 usgs.gov/ B ecause LA N D SA T and A ST ER im agery w ere collected at level IT and IB respectively, used for this study: L A N D S A T M SS (754); LA N D SA T TM /E T M + (432); A S T E R (321) geom etric correction not require H owever, Table Characteristics o f satellite data used in study area P ath Row A verage cloud coverage (% ) D ate Spatial resolution (m) Band Type o f sensor 20 134 49 July 24, 1979 68 4-8 LANDSAT-3 MSS 34.65 * 49 1-5,7 March 04, 2003 125 30 LANDSAT-7 ETM + 0.34 1-5,7 April 14, 2003 124 49 30 April 02, 2009 1-3 ASTER 15 Although the average cloud coverage of LANDSAT-7 ETM+ is very high, there is almost no cloud in study area at that time M Kappas, N.H.K Linh / V N Ư Journnl of Science, Earth Scienccs 28 (2012) 251-263 3.2 L U L C c la ssific a tio n a n d C hange detection 255 classification results o f two dates, a change detection m atrix w as created based on pixel-by- Six land use/co v er classes were defined for image classification based on the m odified pixel [21] Thereby, each type o f from -to LU LC change is identified A nderson land use/cover schem e level I [25], included; (1) w ater, (2) forest, (3) shrub, (4) 3.3 L a n d sca p e fra g m e n ta tio n agriculture, (5) barren and ( ) urban land A nderson classification For schem e w as chosen quantifying because o f the m ajo r land use/cover classes landscape using im ages w ith resolution, w hich LAN DSA T TM , ASTER and FR A G STA TS w as spatial applied because this spatial statistic program LA N D SA T M SS, offers a com prehensive choice o f landscape and metrics This program w as created by decision using maker, forest m anager and ecologists therefore L A N D SA T S upervised fragm entation, pattern in differences are landscape ETM + classification m axim um likelihoo d approach in ENVI 4.7 was it individually applied for each im age o f study fragm entation or describing characteristics o f area to landscape, com ponents classify land use/cover M axim um is appropriate for analyzing o f those landscape landscapes rule is considered to have accurate results [29] H owever, landscape patterns w ere com plicated; hencc, to clarify the relationship because it has m ore accurate results than other o f spatial pattern and process it cannot use algorithm s [26-28] single m etric alone [19, 30] likelihood algorithm w as prefeư ed because this B ecause o f various im age acquisition dates, B ased on the scale o f study area (i.e the training areas for the im ages o f the years 1979, district level) and its characteristic as w ell, six 1996, 2003 and 2009 were different during the related landscape m etrics were selected: ( ) classification In addition, the iTaining areas Percentage o f landscape (PLA N D ), (2) N um ber were verified by references data A s the next o f patches (NP), (3) Largest patch index (LPI), step, (4) M ean patch area (A R EA _M N ), (5) Patch post-classification detection algorithm was com parison change selected detect to density (PD), and (6 ) Proxim ity index changes in L U L C from 1979 to 2009 in study (PROX _M N) A b rie f description o f those area in order to m inim ize the problem in landscape m etrics used in study w as given in radiom etric different calibration dates For o f im agery o f two Table Those descriptions could be also found com parison of at u ser’s guide o f FR A G STA TS™ [31] the Table Landscape pattern meừics description [29, 31] Index PLAND NP LPI D escription Percentage o f landscape-equals the sum o f the areas (m^) o f all patches o f the corresponding patch type, divided by total landscape area (m^), multiplied by 100 to convert to a percentage N um ber o f patches-equals the number o f patches of the coưesponding patch type (class) Largest patch index-equals the area (m^) o f the largest patch of the corresponding patch type divided by total landscape area (m ), multiplied by 100 to convert to a percentage U nit R ange percent 00, no limit meters classification area statistics were sum m arized in R esults and discussion Table The classified areas w ere m easured by 4.1 L a n d U se/ C over Changes m ultiplying the num ber o f pixel w ith spatial resolution o f rem ote data (i.e 30 m eters), in B efore doing any other interpretations, them atic LULC m aps (1979, 1996, 2003 and 2009) w ere assessed their accuracy through four m easurable m eans o f error matrix: overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy, u ser’s accuracy and K appa coefficient A total o f 300 sfratified random pixels w as taken for each LU LC map and then checked w ith reference data A ccording to the accuracy assessm ent results o f classified maps, L A N D SA T M SS the overall accuracy 1979, LA N D SA T for ETM + 2003 and A STER 2009 w as 92.15% , 80.33%, 84.44% and 89.00% respectively; the K appa C oefficient o f those m aps reached at 0.9021, 0.6921, 0.7534 and 0.8005, respectively The results showed that LU LC m ap derived from A ST E R has higher accuracy than the others This could be explained by the better spatial, specừal and radiometoic resolution o f ASTER data T he LULC m aps o f study area were generated for all four years (Figure 2) and which the pixel num ber was determ ined after applying post-classification analysis And then changes w ere defined based on the difference o f pixel num ber betw een tw o dates Based on Table 3, forest and urban areas were the dom inant LU LC classes m spatial distribution pattern A ccordingly, forest area w as counted for about 64.0% , 60.0% , 61.4% and 59.8% o f the total area in 1979, 1996, 2003 and 2009 respectively; m eanw hile urban area was occupied 6.5% , 8.0% , 12% and 17.9% o f the total area in 1979, 1996, 2003 and 2009 respectively T he surface w ater body covers about 2.5Vo, 2.6% , 2.9% and 3.1% o f the total region study in 1979, 1996, 2003 and 2009, respectively The results also show ed that from 1979 to 2009 LU LC units under shrub, agricultiưe and barren decreased from 10 1% to 9.9%, 12.4% to 7.5% and 4.5% to respectively 1.8%, 257 M Kappas, N.H.K Linh / V N U Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2072) 257-263 Legend im m H water m ^ urban forest shrub , _! barren agncuiture Figure Land use/cover maps o f Da Nang city area Table Results o f and use/cover classification for 1979, 1996, 2003 and 2009 images A rea (ha) 12048.0 4312.2 6315.3 61972.0 9785.2 2384.6 96817.2 Agriculture Barren Urban Forest Shrub Water Total To provide a further (% ) /2.4 4.5 6.5 64.0 10.1 2.5 100 A rea (ha) 10416,7 3680.9 7791.5 58126.7 14253.2 2548.3 96817.2 com prehensive 2009 2003 1996 1979 LU LC class (% ) 10.8 3.8 8.0 60.0 14.7 2.6 100.0 2009 A rea (ha) 8118.1 24ỉ,1.2 11630.0 59467.1 12335.9 2779.0 96817.2 and (% ) 8.4 2.6 12.0 61.4 12.7 2.9 100 1979-2009 (% ) 7.5 1.8 17.9 59.8 9.9 Ì Ì 100 A rea (ha) 7294.7 1708.9 17298.5 57936.2 9575.8 3003.6 96817.7 (Table 4) In cross calculation in losing and gaining am ong the six tabulation, unchanged pixels w ere located along LULC classes, the from -to change mafrix o f the land use/cover in D a N ang city w ere created in conversion values o f classes w ere aư anged in three intervals, 1979-1996, 1996-2003, 2003- descending order As can be seen from the m ajor diagonal of the mafrix w hile 258 M Kappas, N.H.K Link / V N U Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2012) 251-263 Tables 4, there w ere sm all differences o f area m ainly caused by the increasing dem and o f coverage o f a particular class because o f used tim ber products U rban area grew different 1476.2 hectares, representing spatial resolutions for calculating LU LC change from 2003 to 2009 (e.g., forest because o f using different spatial resolutions for calculating LU LC change from 1979 to 2009 In fact, the 2009 A ST E R im age w as re-sam pled to a spatial resolution o f 30 m eters show ed that forest, In 1990, the policy no tim ber exploitation o f natural forests was agriculture, and barren prom ulgated governm ent, w hich could help supplying m aterials by to continue for tim bers industry Consequently, were exploited from D uring the first period (1979-1996), results 13.4% of net increase o f urban area coverage in 2009 is 57936.2 hectares in Table and 57935.79 hectares in Table 4c) It resulted up ju st and paper forestry productions forest plantation [32], Therefore, in the second period (1996-2003) forest cover extent had been slightly increased decreased strongly w hile urban area, shrub and by w ater body increased, notably the raising o f hectares As can be seen from Table 4b, urban shrub area prom ptly grew up 3838.5 hectares after area T able 4(a) indicated that the reforestation program s w ith expansion o f shrub area w as the m ost dram atic separating from changes in the region w hereas forest area becam e a cenfrally governed city 1340.01 Q uang N am province and decreased, w hich w as the result o f deforestation Table Land use/ land cover ừansformation mafrices o f study area from 1979 to 2009 (Unit: hectares) Agriculture Agriculture Barren Urban Forest Shrub Water 1979 Total Change 1979-1996 2910.96 657.81 486.54 2797.47 5016.06 179.19 12048.03 -1631.34 2003 Agriculture Agriculture Barren Urban Forest Shrub Water 1996 Total Change 1996-2003 2244.51 325.98 1127,07 4389.66 2235.96 80.91 10416.69 -2298.6 Baưen Urban 1979 Forest Shrub Water 1996 Total 1062.45 202,32 3865.05 481.5 573.84 986.49 834.48 4280.67 1408.77 711.99 324,81 52197.03 984.69 655.65 3294.27 237.06 97.02 220.41 4312.17 6314.85 61972.02 -631.26 1476.63 -3845.25 (a) 1979-1996 1996 Barren Urban Forest 2238.21 832,23 577.62 1878.3 4084.56 174.24 9785.16 4468.05 125.1 142.56 189 118.62 201.69 1607.58 2384.55 163.71 10416.69 3680.91 7791.48 58126.77 14253.21 2548.26 Shrub W ater 2003 Total 282.87 575.01 2165.76 532.08 414.09 360.45 985.5 5867.1 1090.71 538.29 120.78 51701.94 1169.46 578.43 2572.11 166.23 221.67 137.25 3680.91 7791,48 58126.77 - 1193.76 3838.5 1340.01 (b) 1996-2003 2782.44 803.7 2187.63 2610.18 5698.53 154.44 14253.21 -1917.27 61.2 44.91 310,86 34.29 74.79 1989.45 2548.26 230.58 8118.09 2487.15 11629.98 59466.78 12335.94 2778.84 259 M Knppns, N.H.K Link / V N U joiirml of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (20Ĩ2) 251-263 2003 2009 Agriculture Baưen Urban Forest Shrub Water 2003 Total Change 2003-2009 2009 Agriculture Baưen Urban Forest Shrub Water 1979 Total Change 1979-2009 Agriculture Baưen Urban Forest 1858.68 86.76 3188.7 1036.17 1833.21 108.27 8118.09 -823.41 Agriculture 2880.63 711 860.58 148.14 739.35 1188.27 9025.29 52503.66 414.99 231.93 2364.21 656.01 808.56 460.89 46.71 105.48 2487.15 11629.98 59466.78 -1530.99 5668.56 -778.23 (c) 2003-2009 1979 B aưen Urban Forest 1779.21 353.07 2975.04 3787,38 2895.48 257.85 12048,03 -4753.35 991.26 78.3 1933.56 227.52 747.45 334 08 4312.17 -2603.25 177.66 121.86 Shrub Water 2009Total 1645.38 464.04 2673.81 3556.26 3851.46 138.33 12335.94 -2760.12 15.03 24.93 458.55 95.85 51.3 2104.29 2778.84 224.73 7294.68 1708.92 17298.54 57935,79 9575,82 3003.57 Shrub Water 1950.3 240.48 2789.37 1928.79 2589.48 286.74 9785.16 -209.34 61.83 8,73 581.04 89.37 67.68 1575.9 2384.55 619.02 2009 Total 7294.68 1708.92 17298.54 57935.79 9575.82 3003.57 2394.99 110.79 933.93 91.8 3898.26 5096.7 51584.22 221.58 2834.19 430.47 326.43 182.97 61972.02 6314.85 10983.69 -4036.23 (d) 1979-2009 W hich was 35% o f net increase o f urban w hich 37.5% (3898.26 hectares) converted to area W hereas from 1996 to 2003, w ithin ju st urban, 27.3% (2834.19 hectares) to shrub and seven years, agriculture area reduced 2298.6 23.1% (2394.99 hectares) to agriculture From hectares, thus representing o f 19.1% 1979 In the third period, from 2003 to 2009, forest area decreased once again ( % o f total area in D a N ang City) due to the rapid urbanization A griculture area reduced 823.41 hectares within six years, w hich represented o f % Conversely, urban area incessantly increased and gained 5668.5 hectares, w hich contributed 51.6% to net increase o f urban area, experienced a rem arkable change o f urban area to decreased 2009, agriculture 4753.35 area hectares representing a net decrease strongly (Table 5d), o f 39.5% , the change o f agriculture area altered considerably in different periods agriculture from o f time T he loss of 1979 to 2009 w as m ainly caused by the encroachm ent o f urban and forestation A ccording to Table 5d, agriculture area lost 2975.04 hectares to urban area and 1392.39 hectares to forest, representing 60.3% and 29.3% o f total decrease in agriculture land w ith a rapid scale use, respectively B ased on statistic, 10983.69 A ccording to Table 4d, for 30 years, although forest extent fluctuated variously in different periods, this area decreased in general R esults show ed that the forest area lost 10387.8 hectares o f Its 1979 area to other classes, in hectares o f urbanized area in this period w as calculated, coverage w hich of w as urban nearly area in tw ofold the 1979, thus representing an increase o f 140% (10983.69 hectares) A nalyzing the com ponent o f the 260 M Kappas, N,H.K Link / V N U Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2012) 25Ĩ-263 conversion o f grow th in urban area, 33.5% was increase from 679.7 thousand in 1997 to 890.5 converted from thousand in 2009, representing an increase o f agriculture and 21.5% from shrub This also 31% Based on Figure 3, the difference o f resulted because o f the grow th o f econom ic spatial distribution o f urban area could be after applying D oim oi policy As can be seen in clearly observed by the years In 1979, the Figure gross dom estic product (G D P) o f Da urban area dispersedly located along the costal N ang city increased steadily from 1990 to 2009, line By 2003, this area was expanded more w ith an annual grow th o f G DP o f 10.3% concentrated along coastal zone and moved (higher than n atio n ’s annual grow th o f GDP tow ard Sontra peninsula From 2003 to 2009, 7.2% ) In addition, the increase o f population in the urban expansion changed the direction from Da N ang city could be seen as another reason costal tow ard in land for urban from forestry, expansion, in 26.1% w hich □ population GDP %GDP ^ rỹ> rỹ rỹ rỹ fỹì rỹ> rỹì rỹ Y ears Figure Gross domestic product and its growth in Da Nang city from 1990-2009 4.2 Fragm entation Analyses class o f landscape This could be identified by the largest patch index (LPI), a specific measure From LU LC m aps in 1979 and 2009, three used for observing the dom inance o f a land m ost changing classes (agriculture, urban and cover type C om pared to agriculture and urban forest) spatial area, the largest patch index (LPI) o f forest area landscape m atrices at class level by m eans o f is highest at rate o f 29.4% and 29.5% in 1979 FR A G STA TS softw are (Table 5) In Da N ang and 2009, respectively The statistic o f forestry city, forcsừy area presented as the dom inance showed were chosen to com pute that the percentage of landscape 261 M Kappas, N.H.K Link / V N U Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 28 (2012) 251-263 (PLAND) index decreased from 36% to 33.2% m eters to 24.2 m eters These values revealed and the num ber o f patches (N P) decreased from that agriculture 2,180 to 1,554 during the w hole period from isolated than it in 1979 1979 to 2009 W hereas the m ean patch area index (A REA _M N ) increased from class in 2009 w ere m ore The spatial analysis o f urban areas showed 28.4 the significant increasing o f the percentage o f hectares to 38.0 hectares, w hich is supported by landscape index (PLA N D ) from 3.7% to 10.1%, the increasing o f the m ean proxim ity index the num ber o f patches (NP) from 682 to 1771, (PROX_M N) from 2670.1 m etersto 17985.4 the largest patch index (LPI) from 1.0% to meters In this case, those forested patches have 4.6% been low er isolation and m ore contiguous in the expansion o f urban areas also concentrated on domain o f spatial disfribution existent urban Finally, the grow th o f m ean These indexes evidenced that the In regards to agriculture area during the proxim ity (PR O X _M N ) from 67.1 m eters to period 1979-2009, the num ber o f patches (NP) 1728.6 m eters and o f the patch density from 0.4 increased from 1,240 to 3,051, the m ean patch to 1.0 patches per 100 hectares indicated that area (A REA _M N ) decreased from 10.0 hectares urban to 2.1 hectares and the m ean proxim ity (PROX_M N) decreased strongly from 491.2 configuration in 2009 m ore clear than in 1979 class distributed in landscape Table M eữics o f landscape structure for selected indices at the class level, 1979 and 2009 Class 1979 Agriculture Urban Forestry 2009 Agriculture Urban Forestry A R EA M N (ha) PD (#/100ha) PR O X M N (m) 2.7 10.0 1.0 29.4 9.2 28.4 0.7 0.4 1.3 491.2 67.1 2670.1 0.3 4.6 29.5 2.1 10.2 38.0 1.7 24.2 1728.6 17985.4 P L A N D (% ) NP (#) L P I (% ) 7.0 3.7 36.0 1240 682 2180 3.6 3051 1771 1554 10.1 33.2 C onclusions 1.0 0.9 surroundings o f D a N ang city T he dynam ic change o f class indices revealed the break-up o f By using the rem ote sensing and fractal this area into sm aller patches H ow ever, except analysisa, this paper describes the analysis o f agriculture, LƯLC and landscape change in the D a N ang tended city, V ietnam in the period 1979-2009 The configuration A ccordingly, urban area show ed analysis a notable the expansion in a concentrated w ay The study decrease o f agriculture and forest because o f explored the changes o f land u se/ land cover conversion to urban land during the span o f 30 and spatial disfribution o f landscape in D a N ang years further city This w ould help the decision m aker and understanding, key landscape indices were set local authority having an overlook in this area, for three m ain classes to perform the different from w hich strategies in land use planning changes could be considered carried has in out taken found place landscape that For sfructure in the 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