VNU Jo u rn al of Scicnce, E arth Scicnces 24 (2008) 26-31 Formations of endogenous ore deposits and mineralization in Vietnam Nguyen Van Nhan Colỉege of Science, VNU R eceived 14 January 2008; received in revised form 05 M arch 2008 A b strạct F o rm atio n s of c n d o g e n o u s ore deposits an d m in era liza tio n arc vvidely d istrib u te d in V ietnam D etailed stu d ie s allow for d istin g u ish in g 30 o rc fo rm a tio n s re p rc se n tin g g ro u p s of m incral w - m atcrials: Cr, Ti, Fe, Sn - w , Mo, Pb - Zn, A u, Sb - H g T h re e of p re sen ted íorm atio n s are of m a g m a tic affiliation, one is pegm atitic, thrcc o th c rs bclong to sk a rn m in eralizatio n and tho rc m ain in g o n es arc of h y d ro th c rm a l - volcanic and controvcrsial origin T hree m etallogcnic epochs can bc d istin g u ish c d : P roterozoic/ Palaeo/.oic and M esozoic - C ainozoic T aking into considcratio n th e reccnt stru c tu l d a ta and cconom ic im portance along vvith th c gcochem ical u n its can be d istin g u ish e d in V ictnam : Sialic - m afic Viet Bac; M aíic T ay Bac; Sialic T ru o n g Son; M aíic m e ta m o rp h ic K ontum ; Sialic - alkalinc Dalat - N am Bo Keyioords: E n d o g cn o u s ore deposit; M incralization V ietnam an d other countries of SE Asia cover an o u tstan d in g area of the Crossing of tw o structural a n d m etallogenic belts: Paciíic and M editerranean Sim ultaneously, this area is an activc Continental m argin A b undant and variable ore m ineralization is knovvn with the íam ous vv - Sn b elt and deposits of Cr, Cu, Zn - Pb, Au, Sb - Hg, Bi, M o and REE Geological h istory of the investigated area is influenced by the developm ent of the two large adjacent structures: Southern China platíorm and In d o - C hina íolckbelt Typical ícature of V ietnam area is the M esozoic and Cainozoic activization structures N um crous intrusions ran g in g in age írom Proterozoic to Cainozoic w ere íorm ed in tectono - m agm atic cycles operating w ithin the íold bclts and activated areas D etailed stu d ies allow for distinguishing 30 ore ío n atio n s representing groups oí m ineral raw - m aterials: Cr, Ti, Fe (Fig 1), Sn w (Fig 2), Mo, Zn - Pb, Au, Sb - Hg (Fig 3) T hree of presented íorm ations are of m agm atic aííiliation, one is pegm atitic, three others belong to skarn m ineralization and the rem aining ones are of hydrotherm al volcanic and controversial origin Three m etallogenic epochs can be distinguished: Proterozoic/ Palaeozoic and M esozoic - Cainozoic A rchean endogenous m ineralization is poorely know n but others contain num erous, genetically diversiíied m agm atic and post - m agm atic deposits ♦TeL: 84-984973786 26 Nguyên Van Nhan / VNU Ịoum al of Science, Enrth Sciences 24 (2008) 26-3Ĩ CHINA 27 connected vvith basic m etavolcanics (grcenschists) also belong to this stage Palaeozoic m etallogenic epoch em braces several ore - íorm ations Few ultrabasic basic intrusions contain Cu - Ni and Ti m agnetite m ineralization Pegm atites related to Late - Palaeozoic granite intrusions host cassiterite íorm ation w ith accom panying Nb and Ta G alena - sphalerite íorm ation w ith Pb - Sb sulphosalts is connected vvith granite grano - syenite intrusions and associated liparite - trachites Fig S hem e of Cr, Ti, Fe orc ío rm atio n s in V ictnam Metalỉogenic units: I V iet Bac; II T ay Bac; III T m o n g Son; IV Kon Tum ; V Da Lat - N am Bo; VI T he C r ore d ep o sits (1 N ui N ua, H o n V ang); VII T he Ti o re d cp o sits (3 N u i C hua, T am ki, Xa Hicu); VIII T h e Fe o re d c p o s its (6 C ao B ang, H a Tinh, CAWBOOlA Trai C au, L ang K huan, 10 Linh N ham ) D uring Proterozoic the area of Vietnam vvas a p ro to - geosynclinal - proto Continental area m arked by basaltoid - granitoid m agm atism In th e initial geosynclinal stage sedim entary - volcanic pile of considerable thickness vvas deposited Basic volcanic and meta - gabbros (ophiolite type) contain chalcopyrite - m agnetite - ortite íorm ation (s.c., Cu - pyrites) vvithin m etasom atic rocks of Proterozoic basem ent Pyrite and polym etalic Cu - p y rite íorm ations genetically Fig S hem e of Sn - 100 200 300 km w ore ío rm atio n s in V ietnam Metaỉlogenic units: I V iet Bac; II T ay Bac; III T ru ô n g Son; IV Kon T um ; V Da Lat - N am Bo; VI T he Sn - w ore d ep o sits (39 T inh Tuc, 40 T am Dao, 41 Q u y H op, 42 Kim C uong, 43 Ban C h ien g , 44 P h u Loi) 28 N guy en Van Nhan / VNU Ịourrnl o f Science, Enrth Sciences 24 (2008) 26-32 Post - P crm ian rejuvenation of tectonic and m agm atic activity in the w holc area of Vietnam resulted in n um erous valuable ore and other raw - m aterial deposits Two m etallogenic epochs can be distinguished: C im m erian a n d Alpine C im m erian epoch includes deposits and m ineralizatíon of Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb - Zn, Mo, Sn, w , Sb - H g, Au - Ag In the Black River depression P erm o - Triassic basic volcanics are com m on w ith the related íorm ations of pyrites, Cu - pyrites, chalcopyrite - quartz and native coppcr M agnetite - hem atite hydrotherm al - m etasom atic íorm ation can also be connected vvith this basic volcanism C hrom ite ío rm atio n occurs in Permo Triassic apo - harzb u rg itc intrusions locatcd along the d cep fault structure of Ma Rivcr Ilm enite - Ti - m agnetite m ineralization is knovvn from the w id esp read U pper Triassic basic intrusions, w hcreas Cu - Ni íorm ation is hostcd in P erm o - Triassic serpcntinizcd dunitcs G ranite - granodiorite complexes (Perm o - Triassic) providc num erous othcr íorm ations: sp h aleritc - galena in carbonate rocks, sp h aleritc - galena - pyrite arsenopyrite, an d galena - q u artz in granites, m agnctite in skarns and syderite G ranodiorite - m ozonite intrusions (100 - 190 my) contain m olybdenite - chalcopyrite íorm ation Sub volcanic intrusions accom panied by acid - alkaline volcanics Qurassic - C retaceous) are connccted vvith galena - sp h alerite íorm ation w ith Pb - Sb sulphosalts Fig S c of C u, Pb - Zn, Au, Sb - Hg, Mo orc íorm ations in V ictnam Metalỉogenic units: I Viet Bac; II Tay Bac; III T ru o n g Son; IV Kon Tum ; V Da Lat - N am Bo; VI The Cu ore d ep o sits (11 Sin Q uyen, 12 Son La, 13 C ao Bang, 14 T Lam, 15 Van Sai, 16 L uong Son, 17 N ui N ua, 18 Bac G iang); VII T he Pb - Z n o re d cp o sits (19 N g an Son, 20 C ho Dien, 21 L ang Hit, 22 Q u an Son, 23 Mi Duc, 24 Tu Le, 25 N a Son, 26 D uc Bo, 27 Phu Loi); VIII T he Au o rc d cp o sits (28 Bong M ieu, 29 P ac Lan); IX T he Sb - Hg o re d cp o sits (30 C hiem H oa, 31 Ba Thuoc, 32 D ien Bicn, 33 Bac Thai, 34 Yen Vo); X T he Mo ore d e p o sits (35 Sapa, 36 N ui Sam, 37 K rongía, 38 N ui Dat) Nguỵen Van Nhan / V N U Ịonrĩiaỉ of Science, Eartk Sciences 24 (2008) 26-31 Alpine m etallogenic epoch is characterized by ore deposits of Sn, Mo, Zn Pb, Ag - Au, Sb - Bi, u an d REE vvith the lcading deposits of Sn, w , M o and REE sphalerite - galena - cassiterite íorm ation rich in Ag along vvith Au - q u artz - sulphide íorm ation are connected w ith U pper Cretaceous granites and leucogranites Au Sb íorm ation is spatially related to the Sn and Zn - Pb - Ag ores Tin deposits belonging to cassiterite - vvolíramite - q u artz and cassiterite 29 - silicate - sulphide íorm ations are hosted in U pper Cretaceous tw o - mica granites In Southern Vietnam quartz - m olybdenite veins cut C retareous leucoeratic - biotitic granite massifs Palaeogene granite - granosyenite intrusions provide Sn and Zn - Pb ores belonging to cassiterite - silicate - sulphide, cassiterite and gaỉena - sphalerite íormations in skarns, m olybdcnite - q u artz íorm ation and m olybdenite - uraninite One T ablc M ctallogcnic epochs in V ictnam Epochs O rc com plcx Rcỉate to m ctaso m atic rocks PR - PZ1 Relate to g re en sch ist Rolate to u ltra m a íic - m aíic in tru sio n s PZ - C h alcopyrite - m ag n etite - o rth itc Sin Q uyen (Cu - py rite) Bo Xinh, D uc Phu, - Pyrito - P olym etalic C u - pyrite D uc Bo - Pyrrhotite - pcntlandite - chalcopyritc T Lam, Dac Sa - Um cnite Ti - m agnetite T am Ky, Xa H ieu Rclate to g ran ito id - C assiterite in p egm atite Kim C uong R eỉate to alk alin c acid cx tru sio n - G alena - sp h alcritc ío rm atio n vvith N a Son Pb - Sb su lp h o salts R elate to basic cx tru sio n C im m erian O rc d cp o sits O rc íorm ation - Pyrite Song Da - Pyrite - Z n - Pb - C u V an Sai, H uong - C halcopyrit - q u artz - N ative co p p e r Ban M ua - M agnctite - hem atite Trai C au Rclatc to ap o - h a rz b u g ite - C h ro m ite C o D inh Relate to d u n ite, g ab b ro , p erid o tite P y rrh o tite chalcopyrite Rclate to gabbro - Iỉm enite Ti - m agnetite - p e n tlan d ite Ban Xang, Q uy C ao B ang C ay C!ham - Sphalerite - galena in carbonate rock D ien Bicn - S p h alerite - gaicn a Relate to g n o d io rit g ran ite, - D icn Bien - P hiabioc - V an C an h - P h u Trai U n k n o w n relate to m ag m a Relate to g n o d io rite - m o zo n ite - p y rite - arsen o p y rite C ho D ien - M agnctite - hem atitc T hai N g u y en - M agnetite in sk a m s H a T inh, N a Rua - Sidcrite Ban P hang - G alena - q u a rtz in g ran ite T ien T h u an , An K he - B ornite - chalcocite Bac G iang, Son - A n tim o n ite - q u a rtz Q u a n g N in h - M olybđenitc - chalcopyrite K rongía - G alena - q u a rtz in g ran ite Gia Bac M au N guy en Van Nhan / VNU Ịourtial of Science, Earth Sciences 24 (2008) 26-31 30 O re d ep o sits O rc ío rm atio n G aỉena sp h aleritc ío rm atio n vvith R elate to su b p lu to n an d alkaline acid Tu Le Pb - Sb su lp h o salts e x tru sio n O re com plex E pochs R elate to g n itc - g ran o sy en itc R clate to b asa n ite an d csite - C assiterite - w olfram itc - q u artz M epu - M olybdenitc - w olfram ite Nui Dat Pyrite w ith Au, Ag Thu D uc - S phalerite - gaỉena - cassiteritc ío rm atio n rich in Ag R elate to g n itc - - Piaoak MZ KZ - A lp in e leu co g ran ite - D co Ca R elato to granitc, - Au - q u a rtz - su lp h id o Pac Lan - C assiterite - vvolíram ite - q u artz Tinh Tuc - C assiterite - silicatc - s u lp h ỉd e Tam D ao - Au - an tim o n ite C hiem H oa - M olybdenite - quart7 N ui Sam - C assiterite - w olfram ite * q u a rtz Song C hu, Ban - C assitcrite - silicatc - su lp h id e C hicng - C assiterite in sk am g n o sy e n ite Y eycnsun Bu Me Q uy H op Phu Loi - G alcna - sp h aleritc in skarn Ke T ang - M olybdcnite - q u a r t/ Sapa - M olybdcnite - u n in ite Vi Kem - C h alcopyritc w ith Taking into consideration recent structural data and econom ic im portancc along w ith the geochem ical character of m ineralizations, five large m incralogical units can be distinguished in Vietnam as íollovvs: Sialic - m aíic Viet Bac; Mafic Tay Bac; Sialic T ru o n g Son; M aíic - m etam o rp h ic Kon Tum; Siaỉic - alkaline Da Lat - N am Bo The tvvo íirst units belong to Vietnam C hon fold belt vvhcreas the rem aining represents Indo - C hina fold belt A part from that, tw o sep arate zones w ere distinguished: M uong Te and H a Tien vvhich are the parts of Thailand - M alay geosynclinal - fold belt Each unit reveal typical m etalogenic íeatures controlled by tectonic - structural development: Viet Bac: Sn - vv, Zn - Pb, Au, Sb - Hg; Tay Bac: Cu, Cu - Ni, pyrites, Cr, Mo, REE, Zn - Pb; Truong Son: Sn - vv, Zn - Pb, Fe, Au, Sb - Hg; Kontum : Au; D alat - N am Bo: Mo, Bi N gan Son u, REE Sin Q uyen Endogenous ore - íorm ing processes are clearly coníincd to the m agm atic and tectonic activity in the speciíic geological epochs The íirst g ro u p em braces deposits of Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Cu - Ni, Fe (contact - metasom atic), Ti and pyrites, all of them connected vvith basic/ultrabasic intrusions and located along the íaults The second group em braces polym etallic Zn - Pb, Ag, Sb, Hg, Au, Sn - w and rare - m ctal deposits genetically related to granites and/or granodiorites and occuring within the tectonic blocks or, commonly, at the contacts betvveen tw o areas of diffcrcnt structural and íacial characters The crucial íactor controlling thc m etallogeny of this territory vvas m agm atic/tectonic activization cycle in Mesozoic and Cainozoic Endogenous m ineralization in Vietnam bears the m etallogenic íeatures of the Paciíic belt vvith typical Sn - vv, Mo, Zn - Pb and Au deposits M editcrranean belt íeaturcs can be observed in Tay Eac unit vvith the typical Cu, Cu - Ni, pyrites, Cu - polym etallic pyrite deposits N guy en Van Nhan / V N U Ịoumal of Science, Enrth Sciences 24 (2008) 26-3Ĩ Reíerences 31 [3| N gu y cn Van N han, F orm ations of en d o g cn o u s ore d ep o sits an d m in e li/a tio n in V ietnam , [1] D inh Van Dien ct aỉ., M ineraỉs and resources of Scientiíic b u ỉletin s o í Stanislavv stas/.ic A cadem y Vietnam - generaỉ o f development o f Ceology and of M in in g an d M etallurgy, K rakow / P oỉand, Mineraìs of Vietnam, D e p a rtm e n t of G eology a n d Geology bulletin No 38 (1988) 134 M inerals of V ietnam , H anoi, 1995, 254 [2] N gu v en Van N h a n , Polymetaỉlic Ore/ormations in North o/V ietnam , IV, GEOSEA, M alina, Philipin, 1981 [4] N g u y c n V an N han, F orm ations of e n d o g c n o u s ore d cp o sits in V ietnam , Ịournal ofGeology, series A, N o 234 (1996) (in V ictnam ese) ... development o f Ceology and of M in in g an d M etallurgy, K rakow / P o? ?and, Mineraìs of Vietnam, D e p a rtm e n t of G eology a n d Geology bulletin No 38 (1988) 134 M inerals of V ietnam , H anoi,... of en d o g cn o u s ore d ep o sits an d m in e li/a tio n in V ietnam , [1] D inh Van Dien ct aỉ., M ineraỉs and resources of Scientiíic b u ỉletin s o í Stanislavv stas/.ic A cadem y Vietnam... rejuvenation of tectonic and m agm atic activity in the w holc area of Vietnam resulted in n um erous valuable ore and other raw - m aterial deposits Two m etallogenic epochs can be distinguished: