Openness transparency and accountability in public governance advantages and challenges from the industrial revolution 4 0

OPENNESS, TRANSPAREN Y AND A N P BL O NTAB L TY GOVERNAN E: ADVANTAGES AND ALLENGES FROM T E ND STR AL REVOL T ON 4.0 A/Prof Dr Da Tua - Vu ĩ L Today, the use of technology and applications gained f om the Indust ial Revolution is a equi ement ofgood/mode n gove nance to p omote disclosu e and t anspa ency, the eby cont ibuting effectively in the fight against co uption Ho eve , ecent technological advances have also int oduced many challenges to gove nance, especially in the a ea of accountability in the application of a tificial intelligence (AI) in the public secto The fi st pa t (Pa t ) of this a ticle int oduces the oỉe of Indust y in the t ansition f om t aditional gove nance to mode n/good gove nance The second pa t (Pa t 2) of this pape analyzes the benefits, and the thi d pa t (Pa t 3) analyzes the challenges of Indust y in disclosu e, t anspa ency, accountability, and anti-co uption T e Role o f t e I dustr al Revolut o Gover a ce to Moder /Good Gover a ce t e Tra s t o from Trad t o al Since the t entieth centu y, administ ative po e and the o ganization of public administ ation have expanded a ound the o ld Public administ ation has g adually become a p ivileged position fo politicians and civil se vants; hile citizens a e conside ed consume s of public goods and se vices and a e passive eceive s of public policies and consequences of state gove nance This fo m of statecente ed gove nance f equently esults in lo gove nance efficiency, incompetence, chool o f Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi hD Candidate>Hanoi Law University 444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce cente ed gove nance f equently esults in lo gove nance efficiency, incompetence, insufficient legitimacy, and gene ally lacks the necessa y esou ces and capacity to be effective Fu the mo e, t aditional state-cente ed gove nance has many issues and difficulties such as co uption and abuse of po e , lack of t anspa ency and accountability, incompetent public se vice appa atus, lo quality of public se vices, lo esponsiveness, limited pa ticipation and lo people’s confidence, and lack of motivation to innovate Mode n gove nance, o good gove nance, has ecently been int oduced as a supe io alte native that has the potential to add ess all the issues that plague t aditional state-cente ed gove nance models Since the 0s, developed count ies (such as The United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Ne Zealand, and Canada) have been efo ming thei gove nance mechanism by concent ating on ne management methods that place mo e emphasis on human ights, civil ights, the imp ovement of the democ atic natu e of public se vices, and p omoting mo e public pa ticipation in the gove nance p ocess Unlike t aditional gove nance cente ed a ound the state, he e the gove nment exe cises the ight to ule and to pass out se vices, and the public a e passive eceive s of such se vices, mode n gove nance is cente ed a ound the people In mode n and democ atic gove nance, the public plays an active and essential ole in all gove nance p ocesses such as planning, p omulgation, decision making, to the implementation of policies and la s “Good gove nance” is a novel ay of gove nance that has ecently become inc easinglypopula and is activelyp omoted byboth egional and inte national development o ganizations Many economists believe that the effectiveness of economic efo ms depends st ongly on healthy and good political institutions The co e ob ective of good gove nance is to imp ove political institutions and foste economic development and hence, is based on institutional p inciples and equi ements that p omote t anspa ency and educe co uption Mo e specifically Good Gove nance is based on the follo ing basic p inciples: the ule of la , t anspa ency, accountability, fai ness, se vice, efficiency and effectiveness, consensus; data and fo ecast based decision, t ust, and pa tne -stakeholde equality in the gove nance p ocess The co e foundation of Mode n/Good Gove nance is a democ acy that seeks to meet the People's needs and aspi ations (Democ atic Gove nance)* Hence, Democ atic Democ atic Gove nance - The key to development, A Repo t o f Belgian Development Coope ation and Belgian Technical Coope ation (BTC) accessed 25 Septembe 20 445 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _ Gove nance is the gove nance p ocess that p omotes the esponsiveness of institutions to p ovide eauitable se vices to all As a esult, the public achieves a st ong consensus on policies and the implementation of such systems, la s* socio-political st uctu es, the eby, esulting in a society ith a high level of ustice, fai ness, human ights, and civil ights Policies a e implemented, and la s a e enfo ced by a va iety of institutions: f om t aditional institutions such as state agencies, political pa ties, to mo e dive se nont aditional entities in the p ivate secto and civil o ganizations In this sense, Democ atic Gove nance add esses the question of ho to o ganize a society to ensu e equality and fai ness fo all citizens Good gove nance ith many cha acte istics of democ atic gove nance is said to be a necessa y condition fo economic development and hence, is actively p omoted by inte national o ganizations in development p og ams2 The goal of state gove nance is to build a t anspa ent, st eamlined, dynamic, and effective gove nance system that aims to se ve, athe than to gove n the people The mode n gove nance model emphasizes co e p inciples such as expanding citizen pa ticipation in state management activities; policymaking on the p inciple of public consensus; building a esponsible and t anspa ent administ ation ith st ong accountability efficiency and effectiveness that is fai unde the ule of la Thus, state gove nance is the exe cise ofpo e to se ve the people, ensu ing the ole and voice of the people, building a st eamlined, dynamic, and effective administ ation The people a e f ee and encou aged to exe cise di ectly o indi ectly thei o ne ship in the p ocess th ough active ep esentative entities In o de to achieve this, the gove nment appa atus must al ays ensu e t anspa ency f om the p ocess of p oviding info mation to the p otection of the fundamental ights of the citizens The mode n gove nmental system needs to c eate a b oad consensus in society and must al ays st ive to inc ease the quality of life of the people Fu the mo e, good gove nance must also cont ibute to the fight against co uption and gove nment astefulness Expe ience sho s that capable gove nance states a e also effective p evention and cont ol of co uption and pove ty Fighting against co uption and astefulness also cont ibutes to ensu ing the nation’s ise Hie Indust ial Revolution (o the Fou th Indust ial Revolution) stems f om the concept of “Indust y 0” in a Ge man gove nment epo t in 20 Subsequently, Noha El-Mika y Ingvild Oia, ‘Unde standing and P og amming fo Linkages: Democ atic Gove nance and Development’ Discussion Pape UNDP Oslo Gove nance Cent e 2Ahmad z and Saleem A, ‘Impact of Gove nance on Human Development’ (20 4) Vol (3) Pakistan Jou nal of Comme ce & Social Siences 2-628 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce Klaus Sch ab, founde and executive chai man ofthe Wo ld Economic Fo um has come up ith a mo e efined concept: “The fi st indust ial evolution used ate and steam ene gy to mechanize p oduction The second indust ial evolution took place thanks to the application of elect icity fo mass p oduction The thi d indust ial evolution used elect onics and info mation technology to automate p oduction No , the fou th indust ial evolution is eme ging f om the thi d evolution, b inging technologies togethe , blu ing the lines bet een physics, digital technology, and biology ” Mo e specifically, the fou th indust ial evolution as c eated by the conve gence of novel technologies such as IoT, o the Inte net of things, obotics, 3D p inting technology, cloud computing technology, i eless technology, (AI), nanotechnology, advanced mate ials science, ene gy sto age, and quantum computing Indust y Revolution ill take place in th ee main a eas, including biological tech, digital technology, and physics The co e elements of digital technology in Indust y ill be AI, Inte net of Things (IoT), and Big Data The b eakth ough advancement of Indust y is no “unp ecedented in histo y” Compa ed to p evious indust ial evolutions, is evolving in a function exponential athe than a linea ate The t ansition f om t aditional/bad gove nance to mode n/good gove nance is a necessa y and meaningful endeavo Moving gove nments f om state-cente ed to citizen-cente ed, an essential ole of public administ ation is to p ovide public se vices, and cu ent public administ ation can benefit immensely f om ecent scientific and technical advancement that helps eplace p ocesses that t aditionally ely on manual labo The fou th indust ial evolution has a p ofound impact on all aspects of social life, including ho public gove nance is st uctu ed Recent ne technological advancements, especially intelligent technologies such as AI, has become an essential and active ole in public gove nance Gove nance based on technology c eates an equal playing field bet een the state and its citizens, especially in the a ea of access to info mation and supe vision by the public Mo eove , the digitalization of many gove nance p ocesses has helped the gove nment p omote t anspa ency, inc ease access to info mation and hence inc ease accountability; public pa ticipation; and imp oves the quality of public se vices and activities The efo e, most of the ne app oaches of mode n gove nance/good gove nance emphasize the need to unde stand, implement, p omote, and fu the the advancement of technology It is easonable to assume that Vu Cong Giao, Mode n State Gove nance: Some Theo etical and P actical issues’, in Nguyen Thi Que Anh, Vu Cong Giao, Nguyen Hoang Anh, heories, models and perspective o f tate overnance and Anti-corruption> Hong Due Publishing House, 20 8, p 36-52 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _ the application of technological achievements, especially digital technologies, has the potential to t ansfo m and p omote eood gove nance in any o ganization o any count y Mode n society demands mode n equi ements of gove nance, such as effectiveness, efficiency, and dive sity of se vices; disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability, pe sonal secu ity, the ight to pa ticipate in the gove nance p ocess, f ee election; the connectedness bet een the state and the people, the ight to info mation and access to info mation, the ight to monito and evaluate the quality of public se vices, etc The application of info mation technology and communication technology is a g eat ay to ealize these equi ements Achievements in info mation technology, communication technology and othe applications b ought about by Indust y have many positive impacts on gove nance, such as stimulating changes in public se vices, p omoting quality of public se vices and the quality of decision making, and bolste ing supe vision and people’s ight to pa ticipation; and p omoting democ acy Digital-based gove nment (o Sma t Gove nance), ith the adaptation of advance technology has cont ibuted eno mously to building and p omoting t anspa ency, disclosu e, pa ticipation, and effective gove nance Ih e advancement and application of Indust y have c eated many positive impacts on gove nance and many ne gove nance st uctu es, such as e-gove nment, AI gove nment, open gove nment, open data, and sma t cities 'The application of info mation technology and communication technology in the Indust y e a in public gove nance is also ve y dive se Gene ally, e can divide the use of technology to gove nance into t o app oaches: he first, app oach is the top-do n app oach, in hich the gove nment makes effo ts to make info mation mo e accessible, to use technology to each the public and p omote the efficiency of gove nment activities th ough the use of technology he second, app oach is the bottom-up app oach, in hich the e a e g ass oots effo ts to connect the public to unify thei voices and empo e them to hold the gove nment mo e accountable In the t ansition f om t aditional gove nance to mode n/good gove nance, the Bhupende s Shhika a, ‘Good Gove nance: Role of Science, technology and innovations’ (20 5), 2( ), Integ ated Resea ch Advances, 22-30; Hasan AI-Shalabi, ‘Role of Info mation Technology fo Good Gove nance and Society’ (2005) (2) Jou nal o f Social Science -83 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP _ Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _ Indust ial Revolution se ves as a catalyst to p omote ne equi ements of mode n/ good gove nance, especiallyin p omoting disclosu e, t anspa ency, accountabilityin state gove nance, and the p evention of co uption Ho eve , the application of technology to gove nance also has its d a backs Indust y also c eated many challenges fo state administ ation such as ho to take advantage of the development and application of AI to p omote efficiency in state gove nance, but also to ensu e the accountability of o ganizations and individuals using AĨ in gove nance Simila ly, the development of the Inte net and inte net f eedom also c eate many challenges fo gove nance, such as ensu ing f eedom of speech, p otect the ight to access info mation, p otect net o k secu ity, and the handling of miss-info mation and fake and malicious ne s In sum, the e a e many advantages and challenges in the use of the 4th Indust ial Revolution to t ansfo m and imp ove public gove nance to fight co uption, imp ove democ acy, p omote disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability, and to build t ust f om the public Appl cat o s from t e I dustr al Revolut o to d sclosure, tra spare cy, a d accou tab l ty state gover a ce a d a t -corrupt o 2 E- ovemment The e a e many ays to define e-gove nment The O ganization fo Economic Co-ope ation and Development (OECD) states that the te m e-gove nment efe s to the use of ne communication technology to pe fo m va ious gove nment functions, in hich the Inte net b ings about changes in gove nment st uctu e and mode of ope ation The United Nations O ganization (UN) and the Ame ican Administ ative Association (ASPA) defines e-gove nment as the gove nment’s utilization ofthe Inte net and Wo ld Wide Web ( ) to p ovide info mation and se vices to the public In addition to Inte net and eb applications, some schola s also b oaden e-gove nment to the use of othe info mation technology, such as elect onic databases, net o ks, automated se vices, multimedia, and the use of technology in pe sonal identification Anothe c itical vie is that e-gove nment is the elationship bet een gove nment as a se vice p ovide , and othe custome s as se vice eceive s (such as businesses, citizens, and othe gove nments), and othe non-gove nment supplie s (such as businesses, citizens, and othe gove nments) Gene ally, it can be unde stood that e-gove nment is a gove nment that actively applies the achievements of info mation and communication technology to “digitize” 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _ ! p ocedu es and “automate” o king p ocesses to imp ove efficiency, capacity, the effectiveness of its administ ation and management, and p ovide public se vice di ectly th ough the Inte net to its citizens and businesses In o de to pe fo m the function of gove nance, administ ation, and p ovision of public se vices, the e a e fou main types of t ansactions in e-gove nment: Gove nment ith citizens (G2C); Gove nment ith business (G2B); Gove nment ith gove nment agencies (G2G); Gove nment ith civil se vants and officials (G2E) T aditional gove nment, he e administ ative management ithin state agencies a e done manually, takes up mo e effo t, time, and esou ces, and the public does not have easy access to state gove nmental agencies With the help of mode n info mation technology, e-gove nment ill help the state administ ation achieve its goals, b ing satisfaction to the people, inc ease the t anspa ency of the national administ ation, st eamline the appa atus to educe gove nment spending, and imp ove the mo ality of civil se vants E-gove nment plays a vital ole in p omoting disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability Mo e specifically, by inc easing t anspa ency and disclosu e, e-gove nment can limit public officials’ ongdoing, limit the oppo tunity fo them to ass and c eate unnecessa y difficulties fo the citizens T anspa ency and disclosu e in e-gove nment management and se vice help fight co uption, bu eauc acy, monopoly, and educe the laziness of civil se vants Bybeing able to access and examine elect onic data, heads of public agencies can identify, p ecisely and timely, those civil se vants that a e effective and efficient and hich civil se vants a e slo , putting up ed-tapes and ass the citizens and businesses Simple things, such as the timekeeping and monito ing of the o king hou s of civil se vants, hich had to be done manually befo e, no can be mo e easily collected using mode n elect onic devices that can agg egate and t ansfe data to the heads of public agencies fo management Mo e impo tantly, e-gove nment can quickly and effectively publicize and p ovide the necessa y info mation to the people In a democ atic society, people must have complete cont ol and be able to monito the activities of thei elected gove nment To monito and cont ol effectively, ho eve , the people must have complete, accu ate, and timely info mation about thei gove nment With technology, info mation f om and about the gove nment can be made public and dist ibuted much mo e efficiently, hich in tu n helps the people ca y out thei ole of supe vising and monito ing the gove nment much mo e effectively Fu the mo e, ith easily accessed info mation, the 450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP _ Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce public can pa ticipate in the discussion and fo mulation of public policies, denounce and epo t the misconduct of civil se vants to make gove nment’s ope ation mo e and mo e effective The Indust ial Revolution as developed on the basis ofconstant imp ovement of science and technology Hence, an essential equi ement of mode n gove nance is to continually innovate in o de to imp ove the administ ative p ocess of state agencies In the e a of the indust ial Revolution 0, the demand is not only to build e-gove nment, but also to adopt the most advanced technology to fo m the simplest, most convenient, and easiest to use an administ ative p ocess fo people Hie concept of “a ne gene ation of e-gove nment” as c eated f om that need In ecent yea s, AI, a co e issue of the Indust ial Revolution 0, has been applied to state administ ative activities in count ies a ound the o ld, such as the US, Denma k, Dubai, and Hong Kong (China) The most p ominent application of AI in gove nance is the consultation p ocess, p ovision of se vices and public goods, and the public t anspo t management The U S Citizenship and Immig ation Se vices Depa tment is no using an online AI-based vi tual assistant to ans e questions f om citizens and immig ants In Hong Kong (China), AI has been used in the p ovision of gove nment public se vices Mo e specifically: “The AĨ system as deployed to st eamline the enti e p ocess of document p ocessing ith automatic decision suppo t heneve possible The main ob ectives of the AI module a e to: ( ) automatically evaluate simple cases, (2) p ovide decision suppo t fo complex cases hich need mo e info mation to handle, and (3) lea ning “cu ent t ends and p actices” f om people”2 In Dubai, AI is utilized to assess citizen satisfaction ith the se vices p ovided by state agencies When people come to ca y out administ ative p ocedu es at public agencies, senso s installed at ent ances ead peoples faces to measu e the level of satisfaction th ough face featu es Inte estingly, ecent esea ch p oposes the ability of AI to p event c ime, such as co uption3and money launde ing4 In addition, AI is also Linh Anh, ‘Othe Count ies’ La s on : The Good Assistant of the Public Autho ity’, People’s Rep esentative Elect onic Ne spape accessed 25 Septembe 20 2Dang Thi Thu Huong, ‘Application of in the p ovision of public se vices in Hong Kong’ t uy cập ngày 25 tháng năm 20 Such as B azil, Egypt, India See mo e: Le Hoang Anh Tuan, ‘A pplication of AI in Global Anti-co uption’ but it is often unde stood in many diffe ent ays With the ext emely apid development of technology, the concept of AI changes, develops, and expands continuously In gene al, the meaning of AI includes a se ies of computational techniques and associated p ocesses used to imp ove the ability of machines to pe fo m intellectual tasks, such as patte n ecognition, compute vision, and language p ocessing2 It also can p edict the futu e and solve complex tasks AI is affecting many a eas of social life, such as economics, politics, cultu e, science, and technology AĨ has also ecently been adopted to imp ove the o ganization of gove nments The inhe ent cha acte istics of the administ ative appa atus a e that it is massive and has many inte media y hubs, and the o king elationships bet een such cente s a e ve y complex The efo e, the p ocess of o ganizing and ope ating a state administ ative appa atus is al ays a challenging task, even in developed count ies, and can benefit g eatly by utilizing AL The inc easing use of AI in gove nance has led to the eme gence of the Gove nment (Gove nment of AI)> a Gove nment that applies AI to gove nance and administ ation Ho eve , the application of AI in gove nance also has many potential adve se impacts elated to human ights, t anspa ency, and accountability AI has impacts on human ights in many a eas of society Acco ding to Ha va d Unive sity’s esea ch, AI c eates both oppo tunities and isks fo human ights In pa ticula , it negatively affects the maintenance and amplification of existing social p e udices, c eating the inequalities in society, p ofoundly affecting the ights of Read mo e: Nguyen Thanh Thuy, Ha Quang Thuy, Phan Xuan Hieu, Nguyen T i Th an h, in the Digital Age: Wo ld Context and Link ith Vietnam’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 ‘P epa ing fo the Futu e of ’ (20 6), Executive Office of the P esident National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce p ivacy, and posing challenges fo many existing mechanisms The fundamental ights di ectly affected by AI include the ight to equality and non-disc imination, ight to pa ticipation, ight to p ivacy and pe sonal info mation secu ity, f eedom of exp ession, and ight to o k AI has a significant impact on the ight to access, sea ch, and sha e info mation AĨ can have a negative impact on info mation sha ing and info mation quality hen gove nments use AĨ technologies to censo info mation and limit media plu alism These systems negatively affect plu alistic communication and dive sity in vie s It p events discussion, sha ing, and exchange of info mation in society, and in the long un, can lead to pola ization among social classes due to lack of connection and info mation exchange The matte gets se ious hen AIs cont ol of info mation is used fo un ust pu poses, as cont ol systems a e used to p opagandize, cont ol, and dispe se info mation Because of this, the use of AI might affect democ acy and people’s ight to self-dete mination AI systems a e being used mo e to p opagandize, cont ol, and o ient behavio in petitions th ough social net o k use s As a esult, these campaigns a e cont oỉled by ongful info mation that is to p opagandize, o ient public opinion Mean hile, if people see that thei info mation is managed, t acked, and o iented, they ill no longe t ust the info mation they eceive and ill not be eady to exp ess f eely They ill change thei exp ession behavio instead In the event that the gove nment of AI appiication violates o adve sely affects human ights, it is necessa y to dete mine the esponsibility fo such violations Ho eve , identifying esponsibility is d if the decision to censo is made by AL Acco ding to the ule-of-la , any entity that violates the la must bea esponsibility fo such violation Ho eve , in the case hen AI eplaces many individual decisions and actions, including many gove nance decisions and actions, ho takes esponsibility hen AI violates the la o inf inges on human ights? Can AI be held esponsible hen it has no human qualities and values? Although the debate is ongoing and difficult to esolve, the fact is that AI is inc easingly involved in many aspects of ou society, but the e is no mechanism to identify esponsibility fo this ne type of entity Filippo Raso, Hannah Hilligoss, Vivek K ishnamu thy, Ch istopthe Bavitz, and Levin Kim, ‘A tificial Inteligence & Human ights: Oppo tunities & Risks’, Be kman Klein Cente Fo Inte net & Society at Hava d Unive sity, Sepembe 25,20 8, 7- 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce The accountability of AĨ must be tied to the individuals o o ganizations that utilize AL A gove nment that uses AĨ in its gove nance p ocess must be esponsible fo the development and application of AI Ho eve , AI is a ve y complex system that equi es initial inputs f om develope s, such as the basic ule of ope ations Coming up ith a comp ehensive set of values, ope ational ules, and even legal ules as initial input fo AI in gove nment is a challenging task If these issues a e not clea ly defined, it ill be difficult to clea ly identify and explain the esponsibilities elated to AI in public se vice Suppose in the cou se ofp oviding public se vices to people, if AI makes mistakes, o makes inco ect and even disast ous decisions based on an incomplete set of ules, causing seve e consequences to the public, o ganizations, o administ ative agencies, then ho is esponsible fo such mistake? Is it the agency utilizing AI, the public se vant o is it the esponsibility of the manufactu e and develope that must ensu e the quality of the p oduct, o is it the sole esponsibility of the machine? The efo e, the p oblem of dete mining the level of application, the sub ect matte , and liabilities elated to AI is a big issue that needs ca eful planning The e a e also many technical challenges to t anspa ency and accountability hen AĨ is utilized fo gove nance The use of AI in decision-making based sophisticated algo ithms makes it difficult fo people to unde stand, and it is almost impossible to t ace and fully unde stand the p ocess of such decisions Humans c eate AI to help us make decisions and ecommendations on complex issues Ho eve , even AI c eato s a e unable to unde stand ho some decisions and ecommendations a e made This c eates significant p oblems elated to t anspa ency and accountability In addition, AĨ ope ates and is t ained using data, hich is sometimes incomplete and i elevant to the sub ect This c eates anothe laye of complexity hen identifying t anspa ency and accountability Gove nance using AĨ must gua antee the p otection of human ights T anspa ency and accountability, the efo e, must be ensu ed by the development and implementation of a system of specific ules that clea ly set the f ame o k fo implementing AI In ecent yea s, the inte national community and many count ies have been inc easingly adopting gove nance using AI, hile t ying to limit the negative impact of AI on human ights The set of p inciples, standa ds, and gene al guidelines on AI management e e developed and issued by a numbe of inte national and See mo e: Matthe L Smith, Su aya Neupane, ‘A tificial Inte lligence and Human Development: To a d a esea ch agenda’ (20 8), White Pape Inte national Development Resea ch Cent e, 67 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce egional o ganizations (such as the EU)> and technology companies Among them, Eu ope is one of the pionee egions in AĨ management The bi th of the common ules of AI gove nance plays an impo tant ole in the p ocess of building a system of gove nance using AĨ that p otects human ights Ho eve , such common ules a e still ve y limited Common p inciples in the fo m of ethical ules a e still ve y gene al, vague, and lack specificity 2Hie inte national la of human ights p otection in the e a of AI mainly elies on atified conventions and documents on human ights The isks and adve se effects of AI on human ights equi e the need to cont ol and egulate AI fo human ights, but the apid development of complex AI systems and thei applications in social life c eate difficulties and challenges fo AI cont ol and egulation Indeed, the development of the AI ules system is a challenging task AI, ith its cha acte istics makes not only politicians but also the academics feel confused Unclea , o even ve y cont ove sial conceptions on AI issues make it difficult to dete mine the legal status of and esponsibility fo the consequences ofAI to human ights3 The development of AI also c eates changes in many legal phenomena acco ding to t aditional app oaches and pe ceptions4, posing many legal challenges, especially in cont olling and egulating AI5 One of the fundamental legal challenges of developing and using AI is to ensu e a balance bet een p omoting, innovating, and p otecting fundamental human ights and values Jess Whittlestone, Rune Ny up, Anna Alexand ova and Stephen Cave, ‘Hie Role and Limits of P inciples in AI Ethics: To a ds a Focus on Tensions’ (20 ) Association fo the Advancement of accessed 25 Septembe 20 2Jess Whittlestone, Rune Ny up, Anna Alexand ova and Stephen Cave, ‘The Role and Limits of P inciples in AI Ethics: To a ds a Focus on Tensions’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 Doan Van Nhat, ‘Legal Status and Rights of’; Hoang Thi Bich Ngoe, Vu Cong Giao, ‘Ethical and Legal Responsibilities of Robot: A Num be of Theo etical and P actical Issues’, in Confe ence P oceedings of and Issues of La and Human Rights, o ganized by VNU School of La , May 28,20 in Hanoi Nguyen Hoang Anh, ‘Changes of Legal Phenomena To the Challenges o f Indust ial Revolution 0’ in Conference roceedings o f the Fourth Industrial Revolution and issues raised fo r Vietnam's legal reform (T uth National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 20 8), p 66- 5T an Kien, ‘The Fou th Indust ial Revolution and the Issue of Legal Cont ol and Regulato y Mechanism’, in Conference roceedings o f the Fourth Industrial Revolution and raised fo r Vietnam’s legal reform (T uth National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 20 8), p 42- 56 R Leenes, E Palme ini, B Koops, p Salvini, F Lucive o, ‘Regulato y challenges o f obotics: Some guidelines fo add essing legal and ethical issues’ (20 7), La , Inovation and Technology, Published online: 23 Ma ch 20 accessed 25 Septembe 20 , p -44 ssues 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce 3.2 T e Bala ce Betwee D sclosure a d Tra spare cy, a d Ot er Perso al a d Soc al Be ef ts Info mation and communication technology and othe applications of the Indust ial Revolution clea ly b ing a lot of value to gove nance, especially in p omoting disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability Ho eve , in a ule of the la society, the values of society, including its mino ities, need to be gua anteed The efo e, the assu ance of disclosu e and t anspa ency should also be placed in elation to othe values, o in othe o ds, must not negatively affect those values When p omoting disclosu e and t anspa ency th ough digital applications, one must be ca eful not to inf inge on the social and pe sonal co e values, such as the ight to p ivacy and data p otection, pe sonal data, equality, f eedom f om disc imination, national secu ity inte ests, and public health The Inte net plays a c itical ole in p omoting disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability, but on the othe hand, it also has potentially negative consequences and isks fo society, such as isks fo child en, pe sonal p ivacy, intellectual p ope ty ights, and national secu ity The efo e, it is necessa y to est ict and cont ol the use of digital technologies in some instances that can have a negative impact on the political p ocess, social secu ity, cultu al and social values, and public health Ho eve , like AI, it is not easy to balance digital-based management bet een allo ing fo the disclosu e and t anspa ency of the system, ith the need to censo ce tain info mation, such as misinfo mation o fake ne s, that can adve sely affect society and the public This balancing act is one of the ma o challenges of adopting the Fou th Indust ial Revolution in public management Conclusion The Indust ial Revolution has b ought many values and oppo tunities, but also c eates many potential negative consequences, isks, and challenges in state gove nance On the positive side, the digital evolution p omotes the t ansition f om t aditional gove nance to mode n/good gove nance, hich p omotes disclosu e, t anspa ency, and accountability in state gove nance and p omotes anti-co uption One of the ecent equi ements of mode n and good gove nance is to unde stand the latest advancement in digital technologies and to use those advancements to orga ze t e pol t cal p ocess a d social aspects of a cou try Ma y appl cat o s of suc tec olog es ave rece tly emerged a d be g adopted, suc as e-gover me t, ope data, ew gover me t data, I ter et freedom, a d smart c ty O t e egat ve 464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP _ Openness, ransparency and Accountability in tate overnance side, the application of digital technology in state gove nance has many potential isks and negative impacts; fo example, the use of AI in state gove nance Expanding and p omoting openness and t anspa ency th ough digital applications also poses challenges hen pe sonal data, intellectual p ope ty ights, and co e social values needed to be p otected Hie development oftechnology and the Indust ial Revolution is an i eve sible t end The efo e, count ies need to fully emb ace that t end, take ÍĨ1 Ỉ1 advantage of thei benefits, and adopt its st engths to the specific conditions of each count y One of the fi st and most essential steps is to c eate a legal f ame o k fo technology-based gove nance The inte national community and gove nments have o ked d to develop many basic building blocks fo such a legal f ame o k Ho eve , the apid development of digital technology and the continuous eme gence of ne innovations have c eated many challenges The inte national community, gove nments, and policymake s have d time coming up ith a ne legal f ame o k to add ess and keep up ith the fast pace of the technological evolution This is the biggest challenge in state gove nance in the e a of the Indust ial Revolution REFERENCES Ahmad z and Saieem A, Impact of Gove nance on Human Development (20 4), Vol (3), Pakistan Jou nal of Comme ce & Social Siences Al-Shalabi H, ‘Role of Info mation Technology fo Good Gove nance and Society’ (2005), Vol (2), Jou nal of Social Sciences, -83 Bhupende s Shhika a, ‘Good Gove nance: Role of Science, technology and innovations’ (20 5), 2( ), Integ ated Resea ch Advances, 22-30 Bao T ung, ‘The AI gove nment ill c eate a tu ning point fo Vietnam chttps:// dant i com vn/khoa-hoc-cong-nghe/chinh-phu-t i-tue~nhan-tao-se-tao- a-buoc-ngoat~loncho-viet-nam~20 80827 5540 287 htm> accessed 25 Septembe 20 ‘The Fou th Indust ial Revolution and the issue of egulato y mechanisms fo obot cont ol and egulation’, in Nguyen Thi Que Anh, Ngo HuyCuong, Fourth IndustrialRevolution and issues raised for Vietnams legal reform (T uth National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 20 8) ‘Decla ation of P inciples Building the Info mation Society: a global challenge in the 465 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ne ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty State Gover a ce _ M illennium (2003) D ocument WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E html> accessed 25 Septembe 20 Democ atic Gove nance - The key to development, A Repo t ofBelgian Development Coope ation and Belgian Technical Coope ation (BTC) accessed 25 Septembe 20 Dang Thi Thu Huong, ‘Application of in the p ovision of public se vices in Hong Kong’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 Doan Van Nhat, ‘Legal Status and Rights o f’in Confe ence P oceedings of and Issues of La and H uman Rights, o ganized by VNƯ School of La , May 28,20 in Hanoi Hasan AI-Shalabi, “Role of info mation technology fo good gove nance and society” (2005) (2), Jou nal of Social science Hoang Thi Bich Ngoe, Vu Cong Giao, ‘Ethical and Legal Responsibilities of Robot: A Num be of Theo etical and P actical Issues , in Confe ence P oceedings of and Issues o f La and Human Rights, o ganized by VNƯ School of La , May 28,20 in Hanoi Confe ence P oceedings of and Issues of La and Human Rights, o ganized by VNƯ School o f La , May 28, 20 in Hanoi Filippo Raso Hannah Hilỉigoss, Vivek K ishnamu thy, Ch istopthe Bavitz, and Levin Kim, ‘A tificial Xnteligence & Human ights: Oppo tunities & Risks’, Be kman Klein Cente Fo Inte net & Society at Hava d Unive sity, Sepembe 25,20 F ank La Rue, the United Nations special Rappo teu on the P omotion and P otection of the Right to F eedom of O pinion and Exp ession, p esented to the ƯN Human Rights Council on June 20 Jess Whittlestone, Rune Ny up, Anna Alexand ova and Stephen Cave, ‘The Role and Limits of P inciples in AI Ethics: To a ds a Focus on Tensions’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 Le Hoang Anh Tuan, ‘Application of AI in Global Anti-co uption’ chttps:// baomoi com/ap-dung-t i-tue-nhan-tao-t ong-cong-tac-phong-chong-tham-nhung-toancau/c/27480552 epi> accessed 25 Septembe 20 Le T ung Nghia - Cente fo National Resea ch and Development on open 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP Ope ess, Tra spare cy a d Accou tab l ty 30 'Open Data l o State Gover a ce accessed 25 Septembe 20 ‘Open Data and Imp ovingGove nance: Issues ofMeasu ement* open Data Resea ch Net o k accessed 25 Septembe 20 32 ‘Open Data Impact Map’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 33 cOpen Data Int o’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 34 ‘Open Gove nment Pa tne ship I Committed to Making Gove nments Mo e Open, Accountable, and Responsive to Citizens’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 35 ‘P epa ing fo the Futu e of (20 6), Executive Office of the P esident National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology’ accessed 25 Septembe 20 36 R Leenes, E Palme ini, B Koops, p Salvini, F Lucive o, ‘Regulato y challenges of obotics: Some guidelines fo add essing legal and ethical issues’ (20 7), La , Inóvation and Technology, Published online: 23 Ma ch 20