Policy process management in public bus project and its impacts case study from hanoi, vietnam focusing on consensus building process

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN MANH TUNG POLICY PROCESS MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC BUS PROJECT AND ITS IMPACTS Case Study from Hanoi, Vietnam Focusing on Consensus Building Process MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2018 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN MANH TUNG POLICY PROCESS MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC BUS PROJECT AND ITS IMPACTS Case Study from Hanoi, Vietnam Focusing on Consensus Building Process MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr Luu Xuan Hung Prof Kato Hironori Hanoi, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deep gratitude to Doctor Luu Xuan Hung and Professor Hironori Kato, my research supervisors, for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work I also would like to thank all teachers of Vietnam Japan University who facilitated me to have the opportunity to study and experience in an academic environment with so much practical knowledge I want to express my deep gratitude to Professor Nguyen Dinh Duc and Doctor Phan Le Binh who directly taught me how to study and how to think as a researcher His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated Furthermore, I would also like to extend my thanks to the all staff of Vietnam Japan University for their help and support during my time here I will try my best to apply the knowledge that I have learnt during the study time into my work as well as my life in the future Although I tried to prepare the report but it still has many shortcomings for many reasons I look forward to receiving advices, comments and suggestions from the teachers Sincerely, Nguyen Manh Tung CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i LIST OF TABLE .iv LIST OF FIGURE .v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi INTRODUCTION .1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Studies about consensus building in Vietnam 1.2 Studies on building consensus in countries .7 1.3 Research hypothesis CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10 2.1 Choosing methodology 10 2.2 In-depth interviews plan 11 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS 12 3.1 History of public transportation in Hanoi 12 3.1.1 The period before Doi Moi 12 3.1.2 The period after Doi Moi 14 3.2 Asiatrans project 16 3.2.1 Overview of Asian project 17 3.2.2 Stakeholders of Asiatrans project .18 3.2.3 Results of the project 21 3.3 Analysis of stakeholders 24 3.3.1 Local stakeholder 25 3.3.2 International stakeholder 27 3.3.3 Transport operator 28 3.3.4 Experts .30 3.4 Policy-making process of Asiatrans project 30 3.4.1 Main events 30 3.4.2 Phase 1: 1999-2002 32 3.4.3 Phase 2: 2002-2003 35 ii 3.4.4 Phase 3: 2003-2004 36 3.5 Consensus building process analysis .37 3.5.1 The process management of a local public transport authority .37 3.5.2 The process management of international organizations 40 3.6 Main findings 42 3.6.1 Hypothesis evaluation .42 3.6.2 Lessons learned from the case of Asiatrans project .44 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 50 4.1 Conclusion .50 4.2 Recommendations 51 4.3 Limitation and further study 52 REFERENCE 53 iii LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1: List of interviewees 11 Table 3.1: Service improvement in the Asiatrans Project 21 Table 3.2: Main events of Asiatrans project 30 iv LIST OF FIGURE Figure 3.1: Old Tramway Network in Hanoi 13 Figure 3.2: Public Transportation Ridership in Hanoi, 1979 – 2004 14 Figure 3.3: Asiatrans project organizational chart 19 Figure 3.4: Bus service in 2000 22 Figure 3.5: Increase bus ridership of Hanoi bus network 23 Figure 3.6: Tendency of modal split in Hanoi (1995-2008) 24 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS RBC: Bruxelles-Capitale region IMV: Des Métiers De La Ville EC: Europe Commission HPC: Hanoi People’s Committee RIF: Ile-de-France region JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency RATP: Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens TRAMOC: Transport Management and Operation Center TPWS: Transport and Public Work Services STIB: The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company TRANSERCO: Transport and Service Company of Hanoi vi INTRODUCTION Research background and problem statement Right from the 2000s, the excessive increase in the number of motorbikes had caused negative impacts such as the environmental pollution and traffic congestion in Hanoi Hanoi is considered a motorcycle-dependent city (Hung, K.V., 2006) To address this situation, the Hanoi government adopted a series of policies of prioritizing the development of public transport, which focused on public bus projects Up to the present time, public transport by bus is still the main mode of public transport in Vietnam even for special cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City because modern modes such as the new urban rail system or metro are just under construction Although there are many support policies, the current shortcoming is that most policies just focus on expanding networks and increasing the number of vehicles participating in public transport In contrast, one of the key factors to encourage people to use the bus, "the quality of public bus service" has not been paid enough attention according to proposal: Improving the quality of public transport system by bus (2016) Back in time on period in 2002, it is notable that with limited conditions than the current, Hanoi and some international organizations had worked together to implement a project addressing a problem that even today is still considered the limiting point of the Hanoi bus operation- the improvement of bus services through management The project was set up in 2002 under the name of Asiatrans and the main objective was to improve the service quality of the Hanoi bus network through three pilot bus lines (32,33 and 34) The project then had been successfully implemented and was considered as a pioneer for the transformation about quality of Hanoi's public transportation system (Walter Molt, 2016) For this reason, although it had been implemented a long time ago, this project is still a convincing illustration for current managers to study on how to make progress in improving the bus system Another important point is that at the time before the Asiatrans project was launched, around the year 2000, there were many proposals from developed countries such as Germany, Japan or the World Bank for Hanoi These recommendations cover topics including the replacement of the bus system, the construction of large terminals or the urban rail system These were experiences that had been successfully applied in developed countries However, they eventually got stuck and did not receive the necessary support from the stakeholders for implementation In fact, the Asiatrans project is one of exceptional cases whose policy process management was organized well that correctly identified the interests of the stakeholders and could harmonize them The implementation of the Asia trans project has received active support from international organizations, Hanoi departments and bus operators (Walter Molt, 2016) ―The first bus pilot line, successfully launched at the initiative of a German consultant, benefited from vast support from the Hanoi People's Committee, from the cooperation of the Tram Company's managing director, and assistance from several colleagues‖ (Eric Baye, Jean-Michel Cusset, Nguyen Thien Phu, 2017) Conflicts often occur in big transport projects because different stakeholders show diverse behaviors, often conflicting needs and concerns Consequently, failing to deal with and managing these things often results in failure of the project Understanding the perceptions of stakeholders and the difference between perceptions are very significant for an effective negotiation between stakeholders to find consensus building (Wei, M Liu and M J Skibniewski, 2016) It is clear that Asiatrans project had a different approach to the project stakeholders than the previous proposals In the context of new development, Hanoi today needs more modern bus projects to meet the transport demands of the citizens and reduce the number of people using private transport modes Consequently, the BRT project has been selected as a new development for the capital’s bus However, in practice, the implementation of this project was not as favorable as expected The project was in had contributed to the improving image and recognition of public transport in Hanoi Eighth, in the first phase of the project, as city leaders began to witness the dramatic changes in public buses, TRAMOC promptly proposed replication of the changes to the entire bus network It convinced Hanoi to ensure efforts to improve the bus system would be continued instead of stopping At the same time, it continues to make efforts to foster consensus among the stakeholder to address the problems encountered by conflicts of interest Finally, TRAMOC Finally, TRAMOC consulted closely with TPWS to find a suitable location for the depot building The final location is located in Thuy Khue street under the management of HTC TRAMOC and HPWS gave them an incentive to transfer this land for the development of public transport in Hanoi 3.5.2 The process management of international organizations In addition to the decisive role of TRAMOC, the policy process management to reach the consensus building for bus services introduction of Asiatrans project had also been actively contributed by international organizations First, RIF, organization of the THC, France actively sought out potential partners in Europe to support the TRAMOC’s idea of pilot bus line realization after receiving the request from Hanoi Then RIF introduced the Asia Urbs program under Europe Commission, which promotes decentralized cooperation partnerships between European and Asian municipalities, for Hanoi To apply for this program, it requires a third party to join besides Hanoi and France For this reason, France continued to request Belgian support Belgium had previously participated in a European project to carry out the preservation of the old quarter of Hanoi so it quickly accepted the participation Together with TRAMOC, Hanoi, Ile-de-France region (RIF) and Bruxelles-Capitale region (RBC) would be responsible for the organization and execution of the Asiatrans project Second, RIF also accelerated the process of creating consensus for the deployment of model bus lines by influencing the city of Hanoi After conducting 40 informal meetings with TRAMOC, RIF also conducted semi-formal meetings with the HPC to discuss the issue of public transport development Accordingly, France with the experience of a country with advanced transport infrastructure would like to share and transfer the knowledge of traffic management to Hanoi through a specific step France urged Hanoi to approve and implement Asiatrans project In the informal meetings between the EU and Hanoi, representatives from EU also mentioned the prospect of cooperation in the field of public transport between the two cities Third, when HPC preliminary agreed of proposal on Asiatrans project, RIF together with TRAMOC promptly wrote the Asiatrans project document for submission to the EU After that, RIF and TRAMOC’s leaders defended the feasibility of the project before the European Council Forth, when pilot bus lines were being operated, RIF coordinated with TRAMOC to organize a high-level conference on public transport development strategy This was the first time that Parisian experts came to Hanoi and it attracted great attention They showed the weakness of administrative institution as well as the need of organizing public transport It also gave opportunity for the experts to identify the difficulties Hanoi faced during the project and strengthen the relationship between the two stakeholders Finally, EU invited the leaders of the HPC as well as the authorities in the field of transport in Hanoi to visit and learn the experiences of European cities within the framework of the study tours Consequently, the need to put bus development into the center of public transport development in Hanoi was recognized International also convinced Hanoi to improve the public bus system further Simultaneously, through the trip, RATP, the public transport of Paris, also introduced to Hanoi modern transport technologies and new bus fleet At last, Hanoi decided to buy 50 second hand busses from RATP to prepare the improvement of whole bus network later 41 3.6 Main findings 3.6.1 Hypothesis evaluation Hypothesis: Vietnamese agencies actively reached an internal consensus on the approval of the Asiatrans project from the outset first After that, they requested the help of international organizations for the project operation Through the process of analyzing the events occurred, it can be said that the involvement of international organizations in helping Hanoi achieve internal consensus for approval of the Asiatrans project from the early stage is quite clear Then, during the operation process, they also actively coordinated with TRAMOC to build consensus for replicating the positive results of the project to the entire city bus network First, beginning with the founding of TRAMOC, the authority responsible for managing public transport in Hanoi, the agency originated in the idea of Hans Orn, Swedish expert with the support of Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) At that time, ―the task of TRAMOC was to regulate public transport in European style‖ (Walter Molt, 2016) There is a huge need of improvement of public transport in Vietnam, and there is a vast experience of European cities and regions in this domain In this case, the foreign organization had helped Hanoi form the leading agency in charge of public transport Second, all projects originated with the idea of the project The initial idea of the Asia trans project was made by a foreign expert in Vietnam, Dr Walter Molt In the past, Public Transportation Rehabilitation plans funded by JICA and other organizations such as Dorsch and MVA sponsored by the German Development Bank were just paper-based studies They worked out, but for various reasons, particularly lack of funds for implementing big plan, they all got stuck Hanoi has political priority on public transport However, it wondered to select the type of transport mode that should prioritize for the development of public transport At that time, the idea of Dr Walter Molt, a transport expert who was sent to TRAMOC by 42 CIM- an agency of the German ministry of cooperation to support Vietnam, received great support He pointed out that in order to develop a step by step public transport, Hanoi should prioritize public transportation by bus first This view received approval from the members of the internal TRAMOC The focus would be on what can be done by mobilizing local resources and existing resources instead of outside one The first attempt to operate 14 old Renault buses on line 32 with a service frequency of 10 minutes was very successful At that time RIF, an organization of Ile-de-France region started their activities in Hanoi Dr Walter Molt contacted them to discuss expanding the scope of the experiment From that moment on, RIF had great support in building consensus for the implementation of the Asiatrans project Third, EU, RIF as well as RBC helped accelerate the consensus building process for the Asiatrans project RIF and TRAMOC prepared the Asiatrans project document and had been approved by the EU TRAMOC is a public transport authority TRAMOC was authorized to manage the bus network and to study and initiate regulations, standards, and other institutional documents related to public transportation in Hanoi (HAIDEP, 2007) However, HPC is the highest authority that decides whether a project is implemented or not The project Asiatrans needed the strong support of HPC RIF established informal meetings with the HPC to discuss the importance of the Asiatrans project to the city's traffic as well as necessary investment policies Through the mediation of RIF, RBC also participated in discussions with the city about this issue In fact, there was an already existing and lasting cooperation between Ile-de-France region and Hanoi since 1989 The role of Ile-de-France is defined by the more than 10 year’s commitment of this region of France to help the development of its cooperation, Hanoi People’s Committee In this exiting framework, which has already been outlined in the memorandum of understanding (MOU) between Hanoi and Ile-de-France, the cooperation would be extended The partnership with Bruxelles also comes from the former commitment to help Hanoi in the process of development Under the impact 43 of the signed cooperation agreements, Hanoi was also partly obliged to accelerate the implementation of specific activities between the two countries to improve the traffic situation, in particular Asiatrans project Forth, international organizations had taken appropriate approaches, such as conference and study tours, to achieve a general consensus in the administrative structure of the city Through the conference, the Asiatrans helped to disseminate knowledge about modern public transport on all levels of city leadership In the study tour at European cities, the improvement of public transport in these cities showed its result by increasing ridership of the public transport, higher acceptance of the public services offered by the government and improving service and staff income As witnessed by this, Hanoi city leaders had more confidence in the future direction of the puclic bus system The development of public bus should be put on the center of public transport development After reaching the consensus of the HPC, the replication of bus service improvements throughout the system was very smooth Unlike other developed countries with rich experience and advanced policy management mechanism, Vietnam in the 2000s had just approached the market economy in a short time Consequently, relevant policies and effective mechanism so that stakeholders can reach each other and come to an agreement that were not incomplete Choosing the proper technology solutions and direction for the development of public transport for Hanoi at that time was considered difficult and confusing Therefore, from the perspective of policy management, the involvement of foreign organizations in the consensus building process for the implementation of the bus project is quite positive and understandable 3.6.2 Lessons learned from the case of Asiatrans project Lesson 1: Formulating a proper strategic vision and setting an appropriate agenda boost consensus among stakeholders 44 Beginning, based the proposal of the foreign donor organizations Hanoi People’s Committee wanted to develop an urban railway system However, it could not provide a concrete and reasonable progress to achieve this goal In contrast, TRAMOC asserted that with the current situation it would be best to consider the bus as the focus of development of the public transport system In the context of Hanoi's budget, there was no suitable source of funds for large investments It was clear that the direction of bus development made stakeholder found the TRAMOC’s vision more feasible Furthermore, instead of offering a plan that goes along with costly requirements, TRAMOC introduced a step-by-step approach from small to large scale Initially, TRAMOC would conduct service management changes on only three pilot bus lines under a pilot project namely Asiatrans This project was in fact expanded into include more items, but these were made after the first pilot bus lines had showed investors the positive feedback In 2002, TRAMOC really wanted to change the whole bus system in Hanoi, but they were well aware that current economic conditions could not allow them to so TRAMOC provided a detailed plan of available resources such as old buses and staff that to be obtained from the existing units of TRANSERCO By making the great use the second hand Frenchsponsored buses and TRANSERCO's existing drivers, Asiatrans plan revealed the fear of budget deficit of relevant departments Besides, with a small scale, pilot bus realization avoided big political controversies and discussion that would extend the project time The most important thing is that the self-reliance consciousness had been created, not just by looking for some financial support Public transport authorities must begin to something on the basis of experimentation and their own efforts Asiatrans project introduced an experimental approach, testing and developing new techniques, before putting them into practice on a large scale The biggest difference between TRAMOC's proposal with Germany and Japan’s one is that TRAMOC had considered the actual situation of the country implementing the project Experiences considered successful in developing 45 countries should be adapted to the characteristics of a developing country such as Vietnam before they are introduced I would like to call this a ―Vietnamization of international experience‖ Formulating a proper strategic vision and setting an appropriate in framing the agenda allowed stakeholders understand and believe in the success of the project On the other hand, a rational approach will help policy process manager allocate reasonable resources to pursue its strategy effectively Lesson 2: Clearly identifying constraints and offering unique solutions will increase the efficiency of process management Besides TRAMOC, RIF, EU or RBC also made important contributions in building consensus for the Asiatrans project The biggest concern of these foreign organizations as mentioned above was the administrative structure of Hanoi Thanks to the long-standing relationship with Hanoi, EU and RIF understood this institutional issue ―Hanoi’s administrative is quite hierarchical and the cooperation between different agencies usually requires the intervention of higher levels, even for minor arrangement‖ (Report of Asia Urbs program, 2002) The practice of distributing responsibilities to various agencies, cooperation and integration of the efforts of these agencies is a further concern The Asiatrans project needs to improve the situation by strengthening the transversal relationships among the city's agencies responsible for urban transport management This objective can be achieved through and conferences that involve all stakeholders and study tours funded by EU International organizations coordinated well with TRAMOC to organized conferences/ seminars in Hanoi with experts from partner cities Through this, they could deepen the common perception of relevant departments about the importance of the public transport system as discuss with local authorities about the weakness of administrative structure and solutions Thus, it would reduce administrative barriers due to differences in viewpoints during project implementation Conclusion 46 of these conferences could be point out detailed job descriptions for each department, which then together would form the basis for decisions of relevant services and departments of Hanoi The seminar and conferences also helped bring a more transversal vision of problems by enhancing debates and workshops between the services, which are unused to work with each other In the past, people in charge of public transport in Hanoi had less opportunity to learn about public transport in advanced countries in the world Today, not only in the seminars, they were also visited Europe's cities with a variety of public transport solutions such as buses, trams, metro and so on Study tours all indicated that it is important to preserve, improve the quality of life by reducing the use of individual transportation Participants of study tours were leaders of HPC, TRAMOC, TRANSERCO The trip has helped raise awareness of the role of public transport for all them Consequently, the decision-making process related to the project was made faster and more promptly Although some solutions may not be new to the current situation, however, mindset about identifying the cause of the problem and finding breakthrough solutions still remains its worth Lesson 3: Making the great use of the leadership and the establishment of appropriate forms of meetings will determine the effectiveness of the policy process In order to reach consensus among stakeholders in the project, TRAMOC organized various meetings including informal, semi-formal, formal, personal meeting and internal discussion Depending on the characteristics of each event and the stakeholder, TRAMOC would organize the corresponding types of meetings For example, to create the general vison inside TRAMOC, internal discussion would be held to gather different opinions For partners to persuade or ask for potential support, TRAMOC would set up informal meeting in which they had prepared the appropriate plans and alternatives Once the process reached the basic step, they would move on to semiformal meeting to conduct in-depth discussions 47 When the project or agreement had been approved, through formal meetings, the consensus will be announced Personal meetings are also very important in policy process management They often based on the personal relationships of the two partners For instance, the meeting between Dr Walter Molt and RIF representative was conducted in advance to facilitate TRAMOC's informal meetings discuss the public bus development cooperation issue later The flexible management of meetings will help ensure the success and efficiency of the consensus building process Similarly, the leadership of Mr Pham Quoc Truong, the director of TPWS also promoted the consensus building among administrative units When selecting the unit that would operate line 32 between the TRANSERCO subsidiaries, Mr Pham Quoc Truong chose the HTC company with the young director who was ready to face the challenge for running the pilot bus After that, successful testing had been profitable for the company As the result, the remaining companies of TRANSERCO all supported the decision to implement to share the success of pilot lines Through his decision, Mr Pham Quoc Truong urged bus operator companies to abandon their ineffective old working mechanisms as well as actively support the project Lesson 4: Making use of the available cooperation agreements promote building consensus between international organizations and city governments Since 1989, Hanoi and Ile-de-France region signed a cooperation agreement whose content is renewed every two years Based on this political cooperation, France will support Hanoi authorities and technical departments face the problems occurring with the rapid urban growth of the city To so, together they set up an operational tool called ―Institut des Metiers de la Ville‖ (IMV) IMV tried to provide methods, management, ways of thinking for the people working for the city on urban matter through training, expertise, and references This cooperation had brought good effect as well as the trust of Hanoi with France Meanwhile, although TRCOC had proposed to HPC the necessity and effectiveness of the Asiatrans 48 project, HPC still hesitated in deciding Understanding the impact of RIF's voice, following RIF's basic agreement to support public transport development, TRAMOC asked RIF to influence the HPC on the project in some semi-official meetings French proposals for Ha Noi accelerated the implementation of the project On the one hand, RIF and Hanoi had an agreement on development cooperation in which the Asiatrans project is one of the cooperation fields The failure to implement would affect the prestige of Hanoi On the other hand, with its rich reputation and development experience, although the content of the proposal is the same, the French voice was easier to convince Hanoi than the one of TRAMOC This could be explained by the idiom that a prophet is without honor in his country 49 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Conclusion The thesis discussed the impact of managing the policy process the analysis of stakeholder behaviors, key events, the framing process of the project, and the meetings For the analysis above, it is seen that management of policy process plays a crucial role in building consensus It can help overcome the limitations of other factors such as financial capacity, technical ability or administrative organization As seen in the case of the Asiatrans project, with only a small idea and a lightweight organizational structure at the beginning, while not having enough capital, the project has stimulated the whole process of later transformation In addition, the consensus building should be fully implemented from the very beginning of the project in order to be fully aware of the concerns of the project partners as well as to avoid potential conflicts in order to create sustainable development for the project Efficient policy process management will accelerate the process of reaching the consensus among of the project and make the most of the financial, technical or institutional factors The good process management and coordination of TRAMOC and RIF had proven this when they had to deal with a dense agendas involving various stakeholders as well as complex framing with a series of events By understanding the characteristics of the project stakeholders, TRAMOC had established an effective coping strategy and skillful negotiation to lead the stakeholders to consensus, which previous projects had not done well The main factors influencing policy management that TRAMOC and international organizations adopted include: formulating a proper strategic vision and setting an appropriate agenda, effective leadership and meeting arrangement, identifying the key point of the constraint and making use of the available cooperation agreements Through evaluating hypothesis, the thesis also showed a different perspective on the role of international organizations during the project implementation Unlike developed countries, when the consensus is established internally of that country, 50 Hanoi, characterized by a developing city and its own administrative organization, still needs to be the support of international organizations to form consensus in public bus projects At the Asiatrans public bus project, it was noted that foreign organizations were actively involved in building consensus starting from the building of awareness of the importance of public transport to the process that call for support for project formulation 4.2 Recommendations In addition to applying the four factors: formulating a proper strategic vision and setting an appropriate agenda, effective leadership and meeting arrangement, identifying the key point of the constraint and making use of the available cooperation agreements to make policy process management better, the thesis has additional recommendations for developing the Hanoi city's public transport: First, it is necessary to increase the authority of Transport Management and Operation Center (TRAMOC) TRAMOC is a unit under TPWS and authorized to manage the bus network (routing, stops, terminal or regulations related to public transportation) However, its operation also faces some obstacles as it overlaps with the functions of other TUPWS units Besides, TRAMOC also has no right to full autonomy For example, in implementing a specific decision, TRAMOC firstly obtain approval from TPWS and then by HPC On the other hand, TRAMOC must share its competence in the field of bus network regulation with TRANSERCO state bus company that has exclusive rights to operate the bus service of Hanoi In the fact that, in the past TRAMOC with its effort and responsibility took a leading role in managing the introduction process of Asiatrans project in Hanoi For today's context, according to the statement of the project of Hanoi Transportation Department ―Strengthening management of traffic means to reduce traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Hanoi city, the 2017-2020 period‖ (2016), direction and coordination among different levels and departments in Hanoi are not effective and lack of synchronism It is important to improve the capacity 51 and authority to make TRAMOC become a real public transport authority for Hanoi to actively coordinate the city's public transport operations Second, for the issue of dedicated lanes in BRT project, today, factors such as bus operating units, bus routes, traffic density in Hanoi have increased rapidly compared to before This means that the conflict of interest of BRT when participating in road traffic with other stakeholders also increased Another point is that the voice of the people as well as the experts are increasingly influential, the disagreement will be detrimental to the implementation of the project It is recommended that the authorities should better prepare for consensus building between the local community, the operators of the regular bus as well as the relevant stakeholders on the issue of dedicated lane for BRT 4.3 Limitation and further study Research studies consensus building among stakeholders in public bus project in Hanoi, which is less studied in previous studies Besides, there is a lack of information from the sources as well as the people involved Research scope is just limited to public bus projects Further studies should extend the scope of research to both transport projects in the current period 52 REFERENCE [1] Bartlett, A G., Kanowski, P J., van Kerkhoff, L., & Byron, R N (2017) Identifying factors that influence the success of forestry research projects implemented in developing countries: case study results from Vietnam Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research , 90 (3), 413 - 425 [2] Ennio Cascetta, A C (2015) A new look at planning and designing transportation systems: A decision-making model based on cognitive rationality, stakeholder engagement and quantitative methods Transport Policy , 38, 27-39 [3] Gordon, S E (2001) A 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Vietnam Built Environment Project and Asset Management , (4), 398 [16] Thanh, V T (2015) Managing Domestic Consensus for ASEAN Community Building Journal of Southeast Asian Economies , 32 (2), 275–88 [17] Wei, H.-H., Liu, M., & Skibniewski, M J ( April 2016) Conflict and consensus in stakeholder attitudes toward sustainable transport projects in China: An empirical investigation Habitat International , Volume 53 54 ... management and achieving consensus in bus projects are not yet common Conducting ? ?Policy process management in public bus project and its impacts: Case study from Hanoi, Vietnam focusing on consensus building. . .VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN MANH TUNG POLICY PROCESS MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC BUS PROJECT AND ITS IMPACTS Case Study from Hanoi, Vietnam Focusing on Consensus. .. build consensus among stakeholders in public bus project in the present period, I decide to choose the topic ? ?Policy process management in public bus project and its impacts: Case study from Hanoi,