Definition∗ Classification∗ Personal Pronouns ∗ Possessive Pronouns ∗ Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pro.∗ Indefinite Pronouns∗ Reciprocal Pronouns∗ Demonstrative Pronouns∗ Interrogative Pronouns∗ Relative Pronouns
Pronouns PRONOUNS PRONOUNS ∗ Definition ∗ Classification ∗ Personal Pronouns ∗ Possessive Pronouns ∗ Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pro. ∗ Indefinite Pronouns ∗ Reciprocal Pronouns ∗ Demonstrative Pronouns ∗ Interrogative Pronouns ∗ Relative Pronouns I. Definition: A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun or a Noun-equivalent. Example: John saw a snake; John thought this snake would hurt John, unless John killed the snake with a stick; this stick John had in John’s hand. John saw a snake which he thought would hurt him, unless he killed it with a stick which he had in his hand. II. Classification 1. Personal Pronouns pronouns that denote the three persons - I love you. 2. Possessive Pronouns pronouns used to show possession/to replace the Possessive adjective + N - Tom is a friend of hers. - That book is his. 3. Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pro. pronouns showing that the subject does s.th for himself or to emphasize the role of S or O - The children can look after themselves for 2 hours. 4. Indefinite Pronouns pronouns referring to numbers but not any number in particular - I’ll see each of them separately./ I’ll see them each separately. - Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 5. Reciprocal Pronouns pronouns used to show reciprocity between subjects - Those three engineers have known one another since they were students - Paul and Linda love each other. 6. Demonstrative Pronouns pronouns pointing out a person, a thing, - I don’t like this. - Cricket was boring. Such was her opinion before meeting Lan - the former, the latter, such 7. Interrogative Pronouns pronouns used to make questions - who, what, which 8. Relative Pronouns pronouns introducing an adjective clause - who, whom, which, whose, that /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 1 Pronouns Personal Pronoun 1 st person 2 nd person 3 rd Plural Subjective case (S, Subjective Complement) I, WE YOU HE, SHE, IT, THEY Objective case (O of V, O of Prep.) ME, US YOU, HIM, HER, IT, THEM Example Subject - He stood there. Subjective Complement - It was he. BUT: - Who’s knocking at the door? – It’s me. (colloquial English) Object of Verb - We saw him. Object of Preposition - I ran after him. Note 1 Situation Example 1. After AS, THAN: either S or O case with different meanings - I like you more than she. (does) I like you more than her. (I like her) - I don’t know her so well as he. (does) I don’t know her so well as him. (I know him) 2. After SUCH AS: S case - We never like a boy such as he. 3. After BUT, EXCEPT: O case - There is nobody but me. - I know all the students except him. 4. To show politeness, the 1 st person should follow the others - Tom and I have come. (right) - I and Tom have come.(wrong) - This table is for you and me. (right) - This table is for me and you. (wrong) 5. Personal pronouns should not be used if they make the sentence more ambiguous. - The boy cannot leave his father for if he left him, he would die. - The boy cannot leave his father for if he left his father, his father would die. Note 2: Special use of IT Situation Example 1. Formal Subject - It is hard to content everybody. FS Real S - It is probably every writer’s wish that his novel will be best seller. FS Real S - It remains a mystery how the prisoner escaped. FS Real S 2. Formal Object - I find it a pleasure to lead a simple life. FO Real O - Everyone considered it hard to adopt your opinion. FO Real O - I consider it unimportant how long a man lives. FO Real O - Everybody believes it true that peace will come soon. FO Real O 3. Subject of Impersonal V - Natural phenomenon - Time - It rains. It snows. - It takes 10 days to make the trip. /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 2 Pronouns Situation Example - Distance - It takes 50 miles to get there. 4. In speaking of weather of time - It is rainy today. - It was ten o’clock when we arrived home. 5. Emphatic sentence It + be … + that … - Tom broke the window. It was Tom that broke the window. 6. In familiar expressions - It is said that …/ It is thought that …/ It is believed that …/ It is reported that …/ It is rumored that … 7. In some conversational expressions - It is all over with him. (Thế là nó đi đời rồi.) - It can’t be helped! (Đành chịu vậy./ Biết sao được.) - Keep at it. (whatever you’re doing) (Cứ tiếp tục đi!) - Now you’ll catch it. (You’ll be punished.) (Rồi mi sẽ biết tay ta.) - I’ve finally made it. (Cuối cùng cũng xong.) 8. For things without life - Here is your book! Take it away. 9. For animals, unless we clearly wish to speak of them as male or female - The horse fell and broke its leg. 10. For a small child, unless we clearly wish to refer to the sex - When I saw the child, it was crying. - The baby has torn its clothes. 11. To refer to some statement going before - He is telling what is not true , and he knows it. 12. To replace a collective N - The crew mutinied and murdered its officers. 1. Possessive Pronouns 1 st person 2 nd 3 rd Singular Mine Yours His, Hers, Its, One’s Plural Ours Yours Theirs Possessive Pronouns are used to replace Possessive Adjective + Noun Double Possession: N + of + Possessive Pronoun - Please show me one of your pictures. Please show me a picture of yours. - She introduced me to one of her friends. She introduced me to a friend of hers. 2. Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pronouns 1 st person 2 nd 3 rd Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself, oneself Plural ourselves yourselves themselves /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 3 Pronouns Position Functions Example Reflexive pronoun - can’t be omitted - be put after V t & Prep Direct O - Mary loved herself too much. - Jack cut himself by accident. Indirect O - We can’t teach ourselves English. BY Oneself = Alone - I do this work by myself. I do this work alone. Emphasizing pronoun - can be omitted - be put right after the S, O & at the end of the clause to emphasize the S - The cat itself caught the mouse. to emphasize the O - I’ve met the victim herself. 3. Indefinite Pronouns Pronoun Meaning/Use Example NONE = no one, nothing - None of us is perfect. - None of the tourists want to climb the mountain. BOTH one & the other - They both came./ Both of them came. EITHER any one of 2 - Give me either of these two book. NEITHER no one of 2 - Both were ill, so neither came. EACH a number of people or things considered individually used of small numbers - I’ll see each of you separately. (Indef Pro) - He gave us 500 francs each. (Indef Adv) SEVERAL - - Several of them need to work harder. ALL (+of) - a number of people or things considered as a group: +V Plu. - Every thing: + V sing. - All of them come back late. - If all is well, we’ll get great success. SOME affirm. sent. interro. sent (you are sure of it) - Some went to the dancing party. - I like those roses, please give me some. ANY affirm.sent (‘practically every’) neg. sent (after NOT, NEVER, RARELY, HARDLY, SCARCELY) interro. sent (you aren’t sure of it) - Choose any of these books. - I didn’t see any of them. - He can hardly answer any of those thorny questions. - Did any of your photos come out well? A FEW positive meaning, referring to N count. - A few of the seats were empty. A LITTLE positive meaning, referring to N uncount - Sugar? – A little, please. FEW = not many/ hardly any negative meaning - Tourists come here but few stay overnight. - Tourists come here but hardly any stay overnight. LITTLE = not much/ hardly any negative meaning - Little is known about the side-effect of this drug. MANY = A LOT/ LOTS = A GREAT MANY = A GOOD MANY referring N count. - You’ve got lots of letters while I haven’t got many. - She collects records and she has a great many. MUCH = referring to N uncount - Much of what you say is true. /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 4 Pronouns Pronoun Meaning/Use Example A GREAT DEAL = A GOOD DEAL - Your car uses a great deal of petrol, but mine doesn’t consume much. A LOT / PLENTY OF referring to both N count. & N uncount - I saw a lot of seabirds. I expect you saw a lot, too. - Do you need more milk? - No, thanks, there's plenty in the fridge - Have we got enough plates? - Yes, there are plenty in the cupboard EVERYONE/ EVERYBODY + V sing. = all (the) people + V plu - Everyone is ready. = All the people are ready. EVERYTHING + V sing. = all (the) things + V plu - Everything has been wasted. SOMEONE/ SOMEBODY affirm. sent. interro. sent (you are sure of it) - Someone wants to speak to you on the phone. - Is this somebody’s seat? SOMETHING - There is something under the table. ANYONE/ ANYBODY neg. sent interro. sent (you aren’t sure of it) - I don’t want to waste anyone’s time. - Is this anybody’s seat? ANYTHING - Do you want anything from the chemist’s? NO ONE/ NOBODY - No one has ever given me a free ticket. NOTHING - Nothing is more valuable than independence and freedom. ENOUGH - I hope enough of you are prepared to help with the show. ANOTHER an additional one, a different one - One apple is not enough, bring him another. THE OTHER (sing.) the second of the two - Don’t give me this, I like the other. (THE) OTHERS (plu.) (the) remaining ones - Don’t give me these, I like the others. Notes: YOU, ONE & THEY as Indefinite Pronouns Pronoun Meaning/Use Example YOU & ONE as S either can be used - Can you/one camp in the forest? YOU & ONE as O You is more common, more friendly One is more impersonal, less used though the possessive One’s is common. - They fine you for parking offences. - One must do one’s best. THEY used as S only can mean ‘people’ can mean ‘authority concerned’ (government, the local council, employers, the police) - They say it is going to be a cold winter. (They say = People say, It is said) - They want to make this a one-way street. 4. Reciprocal Pronouns: indicate mutual actions (A B) ONE ANOTHER for more than 2 persons In our society, we must depend on one another. EACH OTHER for 2 persons Romeo and Juliet loved each other. /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 5 Pronouns Position Functions Example Reciprocal pronoun - can’t be omitted - be put after V transitive & Prep Direct O - .They cheered one another on during the race. - We always pray for each other. Indirect O - Tom and Jerry bought a gift for each other. One another’s + Noun Each other’s Possessive Adjective - Students looked at one another’s pictures. - The girls brushed each other’s hair. 5. Demonstrative Pronouns Pronoun Meaning/Use Example THIS (sing.) THESE (plu.) to point out near by people or things - This is a pencil. - These are pencils. THAT (sing.) THOSE (plu.) to point out distant people or things - That is a picture. - Those are pictures. * THOSE can be followed by a defining relative clause - Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (Điều gì không thích thì đừng làm với người khác) * THIS/ THAT can represent a previously mentioned N, phrase, clause - They’re digging up my road. They do this every summer. - He said I wasn’t a good wife. Wasn’t that a horrible thing to say? THE FORMER the first - Dogs and cats are valuable domestic animals; the former are watchful guardians and the latter kill mice. THE LATTER the second ONE, ONES, SUCH to avoid repetition - There are 2 shirts. I like the red one. - Those students are clever ones. - Such are people I’ve never met. 6. Interrogative Pronouns Pronoun Meaning/Use Example For person WHAT SC, to ask for occupation - What are you? WHICH S, O, for a choice - Which of them is the tallest?- Mary - Which do you like best? - Tom WHO S, SC, O, for identification - Who took my gun? - Who are those men? - Who do you like best? WHOM O - Whom did you see? - Whom did they speak to? WHOSE possession - Whose are these books? – Ann’s For thing WHAT S, O - What delayed you? - What did they eat? WHICH S, SC, O - Which belongs to you? - Which are your shoes? – The red ones - Which do you like best? 7. Relative Pronouns Subject Object Possessive Example Persons WHO THAT WHOM THAT WHOSE - This is the boy who/that brings me the news. - The girl whom/who/that you told me is standing /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 6 Pronouns Subject Object Possessive Example there. - The film is about a spy whose wife betray him. Things WHICH THAT WHICH THAT WHOSE OF WHICH - She lends me a book which/that is very interesting. - The book which/that you are reading belongs to the teacher. - The house the roof of which/whose roof is red is my uncle’s. ASSIGNMENT 5 FOR “TENSES Lesson” 1.What are basic differences between Simple present and Present continuous? Give one example for each case. 2. Indicate typical differences between Present perfect and Present Perfect continuous? Give one example for each case. 3. Compare differences between Past Simple and Past Continuous. Give one example for each case. 4. Compare differences between Past Simple and Past Perfect. Give one example for each case. 5. Compare differences between Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous. Give one example for each case 6. Compare differences between Simple Future and Be going to. Give one example for each case. 7. What are differences between Simple Future and Present continuous? Give one example for each case. 8. Indicate differences between Simple future and Future Continuous? Give one example for each case. 9. Indicate differences between Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous? Give one example for each case. /var/www/html/tailieu/data_temp/document/att1383909064-469467-13839090641453/att1383909064.doc 7