The impacts of visual input on the quality of consecutive interpreting

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON METAPHORS IN “THE CATCHER IN THE RYE” BY J.D.SALINGER VIA ITS VIETNAMESE VERSION TRANSLATED BY PHÙNG KHÁNH Supervisor: Vương Thị Thanh Nhàn, M.A Student: Lê Diệu Linh Course : QH2013.F1.E16 HÀ NỘI-2017 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ ẨN DỤ TRONG TÁC PHẨM “BẮT TRẺ ĐỒNG XANH” CỦA J.D.SALINGER QUA BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT CỦA DỊCH GIẢ PHÙNG KHÁNH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Vương Thị Thanh Nhàn, M.A Sinh viên: Lê Diệu Linh Khóa: QH2013.F1.E16 HÀ NỘI-2017 ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I : Le Dieu Linh, group QH2013.F1.E16, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (English Linguistics) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, 2017 Signature Lê Diệu Linh i ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I am grateful to my family for being the lighthouse and the supporter of my life I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Mrs Vuong Thi Thanh Nhan, M.A the supervisor of my bachelor thesis, for her incredible patience, wisdom, kindness and valuable advice she provided me with Without her help, this study cannot be completed I would like to thank my best friend, Tran Hong Tham, for her support in the dark times of my studies and help me with special resources I wish to express my deepest gratitude to all the people who have come across my thesis and have been willing to read it ii ABSTRACT Metaphor has been considered to be one of most important rhetorical devices which contributes to the success of literary works It embellishes the beauty of language and convey meaningful underlying messages to the readers However, linguistic and cultural differences, translation of metaphor is a real challenge, which brings difficulties and even loss in meaning The study focused on English-Vietnamese translation through the English novel of “The Catcher in the Rye” written by J.D Salinger and its Vietnamese version “Bắt trẻ đồng xanh” translated by Phùng Khánh This research aimed to help students of translation and interpretation division of ULIS-VNU, new translators or readers have certain understanding about metaphor and metaphor translation The study achieved this purpose when a comparative analysis of 73 English metaphors and translation strategies applied by Phung Khanh indicated that metaphors were categorized into types and translated by strategies applied by Phùng Khánh according to Newmark’s framework Loss of meaning in translated metaphor compared to original ones were also thoroughly analyzed The results showed that original metaphor was the most preferred by the author Among strategies applied, reproducing the same image in the TL and converting a metaphor to its sense are more frequently used by the translator, which helped the translation smooth and natural than the others Most metaphors are translated accurately; however, there was still loss of meaning in some equivalences, mostly on connotative meaning iii TABLE OF CONTENT ACCEPTANCE i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENT iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1Rationale for the study and statement of problem 1.2Research objectives: 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Metaphor 2.1.1 Definition of metaphor 2.1.2 Classification of metaphor 2.2 Metaphor in translation 2.2.1 Definition of translation 2.2.2 Strategies of translating metaphor 2.2.3 Problems of understanding and translating metaphor 2.3Meaning at word level in translation 2.3.1 Definition of meaning 2.3.2 Types of meaning 10 2.3.3 Loss of meaning in translation 11 2.4Chapter summary 12 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13 3.1 Object- the book “The Catcher in the Rye” and the translation “Bắt trẻ đồng xanh” 13 3.1.1 “The Catcher in the Rye” 13 3.1.2 The translation of “The Catcher in the Rye” 15 iv 3.2 Research methods 15 3.2.1 Procedures of collecting data 16 3.2.2 Procedures of data analysis 16 CHAPTER IV- RESULTS AND DICUSSION 17 4.1 Strategies applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye” and dominant strategies used by Phùng Khánh in the translation 17 4.1.1 Classification of metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye” 17 4.1.2 Translation strategies applied by Phùng Khánh 19 4.2 Loss of meaning in the translation of metaphor 25 CHAPTER V- CONCLUSION 30 5.1 Major findings and implications 30 5.2 Limitations 31 REFERENCE 32 APPENDIX A 33 APPENDIX B 41 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ST: source text SL source language TT: target text TL: target language vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study and statement of problem Since the rise of globalization in the 21th century, translation is becoming more and more important in daily life Munday (2001) asserts “Throughout history written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in interhuman communication.” The more people get integrated to promote socio-economic and cultural development, the more they are in need for translations Obviously, thanks to translation, languages are no longer barriers preventing people from communicating and connecting Citizens from all over the world can narrow down the gap between nations with diverse cultures Translation of foreign works plays a crucial roles in people’s lives, especially when the reading demand has increased significantly In Vietnam, among various fields, foreign works in literature have received an extremely high demand from readers, posing the necessity of qualified translations But for translations for famous woks such as “Great Gatsby”, “The Catcher in the Rye”, readers would have never had chances to raise their awareness and acquire knowledge of different cultures, communities and peoples As foreign books gained serious concern from readers, the quality of these books need to be assured People now pay more attention to translations of the literary works, but the translating process, especially from English to Vietnamese, is truly a challenging task Literary works are full of rhetorical devices and one of them is figurative language with metaphor commonly used As figurative language has two main functions: bringing aesthetic values and conveying meaning to the readers, it is arduous to fully understand the meaning of figurative language and translate it without any loss Metaphor plays an important role and can be witnessed everywhere to add more values to the book to define author’s writing style which contributed to success of literary works However, understanding and translating metaphors are not easy task Many translators early use their own experience and knowledge to reproduce equivalence for metaphor in the source text, without concerning much about applying strategies Therefore, the researcher decide to conduct a study on the topic “A Study on metaphors in “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D Salinger via its Vietnamese version translated by Phùng Khánh” 1.2 Research objectives: The study firstly aims at researching and discussing metaphors translation in “The Catcher in the Rye”, translator’s strategies application in Vietnamese version proposed by Newmark (1988) Secondly, the study also conducts to investigate the loss of meaning basing on theory mentioned by Leech (1974), then discuss the effectiveness of applying these strategies in translating metaphors 1.3 Research questions To achieve these objectives, the research answers the following questions: What strategies are applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye”? What dominant strategies does Phùng Khánh use in the translation? What linguistic phenomena of loss of metaphor's meaning at word level are found in the Vietnamese version? 1.4 Scope of the study The case study is about “the Catcher in the Rye”- a famous novel written by Salinger and translated by Phùng Khánh in 1965, then edited and published by Nha Nam Publishing House in 2008 Due to the limitation of time and knowledge, the researcher only focuses on metaphor and metaphor translation in the novel as it is a crucial part of a novel although there are many other rhetorical devices applied such as simile, word play, oxymoron etc The research is conducted in all 26 chapters of this literary words and all metaphors are identified and carefully analyzed In building literature review for the study, related theories of many scholars are mentioned However, in the limitation of a graduation paper, the researcher analyzes metaphor classification and translation strategies basing on Newmark’s theory and just mentions other scholars’ theory briefly 1.5 Significance of the study This study is helpful for both students of translation and interpretation division of ULIS-VNU, new translators who need more theory to apply for their translation 14 48 I'm very yellow about those things dead meataphor 14 The ones they've had at every school I've gone to, they all have these Holy Joe 49 voices when they start giving their sermons original 15 50 But we chewed the fat for a while clichés metaphor 15 51 I'd spent a king's ransom in about two lousy weeks clichés 15 52 Goddam money It always ends up making you blue as hell dead metaphor 16 The only way she could go around with a basket collecting dough would be if 53 everybody kissed her ass for her when they made a contribution clichés 16 The father had on one of those pearl-gray hats that poor guys wear a lot when they 54 want to look sharp dead metaphor 16 I didn't much want to see it, but I knew old Sally, the queen of the phonies, would start drooling all over the place when I told her I had tickets for that, 55 because the Lunts were in it and all original 16 Or you'd just passed by one of those puddles in the street with gasoline 56 rainbows in them Original metaphor 37 16 You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave 57 them alone Original metaphor 17 He said the play itself was no masterpiece, but that the Lunts, of course, were 58 absolute angels original metaphor 17 Then all of a sudden, out of a clear blue sky, old Sally said, "Look I have to 59 know Are clichés Take most people, they're crazy about cars They worry if they get a little scratch on them, and they're always talking about how many miles they get to a gallon, and if they get a brand-new car already they start thinking about trading it in for one that's even newer I don't even like old cars I mean they don't even interest me I'd rather have a goddam horse A horse is at least human, for God's sake 17 60 original 17 61 You give me a royal pain in the ass, if you want to know the truth clichés 38 17 62 Boy, did she hit the ceiling when I said that stock metaphor 19 It's one of those places that are supposed to be very sophisticated and all, and the 63 phonies are coming in the window clichés 20 All of them swimming around in a goddam pot of tea and saying sophisticated 64 stuff to each other and being charming and phony stock metaphor 20 It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach It 65 rained all over the place original metaphor 22 23 Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around nobody big, I mean-except me And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them That's all I'd all day I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be I know 66 it's crazy original metaphor 67 It was pitch-black, it was so dark in the room dead metaphor 39 24 We've been entertaining some Buffalo friends of Mrs Antolini's Some 68 buffaloes, as a matter of fact stock metaphor 24 Don't you think if someone starts out to tell you about his father's farm, he should 69 stick to his guns, then get around to telling you about his uncle's brace? clichés 24 70 I have a feeling that you're riding for some kind of a terrible, terrible fall adapted metaphor 25 I figured it was some perverty bum that'd sneaked in the school late at night to 71 take a leak or something and then wrote it on the wall clichés 25 25 Then the old lady that was around a hundred years old and I shot the breeze for a 72 while,… 73 so I had quite a lot of time to kill clichés dead metaphor 40 APPENDIX B TRANSLATING STRATEGIES APPLIED BY PHÙNG KHÁNH AND TYPES OF MEANING LOSS Chapter No Source text I'll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty rundown and had to come out here and take it easy Target text translated by Phung Khanh Tôi kể cho bạn chuyện điên khùng xảy đến với vào khoảng cuối lễ Giáng Sinh năm ngối trước tơi thành lụi bại tinh thần phải xả đôi chút (7) Now he's out in Hollywood, D.B., being a prostitute Since 1888 we have been molding boys into splendid, clear-thinking young men." Bây ảnh Hollywood, anh chàng D.B ấy, đánh đĩ ngịi bút (8) Từ năm 1888 chúng tơi đào tạo cậu trai thành niên tráng kiện minh mẫn Strictly for the birds Láo toét (9) .She didn't give you a lot of horse manure about what a great guy her father was Nàng không tuôn hàng tràng cứt đái ơng bố khả kính vĩ đại (10) 41 Types of metaphors Strategies Loss of meaning dead metaphor Conceptual meaning Original metaphor dead metaphor stock metaphor stock metaphor convert to sense using same metaphor combined with sense same image in the TL no convert to sense no Connotative meaning metaphor in ST to standard image in TL connotative meaning 2 2 So I got the ax They give guys the ax quite frequently at Pencey ….didn't know his ass from his elbow Life is a game, boy Life is a game that one plays according to the rules I had to sit there and listen to that crap 10 The old bull 11 12 13 14 15 They were coming in the goddam window the way we were on opposite sides of the pole He made a pot of dough in the undertaking business after he got out of Pencey He damn near blew the roof off Then I started horsing around a little bit Cho nên bị tống cổ Họ tống cổ tụi trai Pencey thường (11) Đúng thế, đời bài, cậu Caufield Đời mà người ta phải chơi theo luật chơi (19) phải ngồi lắng nghe thứ cứt đái (23) câu sáo đặc (26) Vì điệu cách trời vực (29) Khi trường, lão kiếm bộn xu nghề thầu đám (31) Ối giời tức chết Đoạn khởi táy máy nghịch ngơm hồi (39) 42 Stock metaphor convert to sense no clichés deletion - Original metaphor dead metaphor metaphor in ST to standard image in TL same image in the TL cliches metaphor in ST to standard image in TL original metaphor Original metaphor deletion Standard image in TL no convert to sense no convert to sense No convert to sense No dead metaphor stock metaphor cliches conceptual meaning no collocative - original metaphor original metaphor convert to sense same image in the TL original metaphor clichés same image in the TL convert to sense No No Original metaphor standard image in TL affective meaning cliches convert to sense No clichés Standard image in TL No Nghĩa tơi muốn nói đại I mean he was mostly a Year loại đẹp kiểu thằng 18 Book kind of handsome guy niên giám (48) 19 I'll be up the creek Tao nguy (49) "Mày với vậy?" "Who's your date?" I ask him hỏi "Fitzgerald?"?- "Quỷ "Fitzegerald?"- "Hell, no! I thần ơi! Không! Tao bảo told ya I'm through with mày, tao ớn chó đẻ 20 that pig." rồi." (52) And they weren't just Và họ thổi phồng 21 shooting the crap đâu (64) thằng Stradlater Old Stradlater was one of his thằng cưng 22 pets lão Tơi bảo bất chấp đứa gái để quân I told him he didn't even care đam hàng cuối, vầ lý if a girl kept all her kings in bất chấp thằng 23 the back row or not, chó đẻ, đần (73) You're a gentleman and a Mày học giả, văn nhân 24 scholar, kid bé à,…(79) clichés Original metaphor same metaphor same image in the TL I didn't want to go home or Tôi không muôn nhà anything till they got it and chừng người chưa dead 25 thoroughly digested it and all nhận tin hoàn toàn metaphor same image in the TL 3 4 6 He told me he thinks you're a 16 goddam prince I'm old enough to be your 17 lousy father." Nó bảo mày thật tuyệt (43) Tao lớn tuổi đủ để làm thằng cha mày (45) 43 No No connotative No No tiêu hóa (85) She doesn't have all the 26 marbles any more 27 28 29 30 10 10 It's not a paradise or anything, but it is as good as most schools I had her glued to her seat They stay a rat their whole life He'd have been the king of the hotel Last year I made a rule that I was going to quit horsing around with girls that, deep down, gave me a pain in the ass damn near gave my kid sister Phoebe a buzz, though Bà khơng cịn minh mẫn lắm…(86) adapted metaphor Nghĩa khơng phải thiên đường hay hết, phần đông dead trường khác (90) metaphor Tôi làm cho bà ngẩn người stock (92) metaphor Chúng tiếp tục chó chết stock suốt đời (93) metaphor Nó vua khách Original sạn (100) metaphor Năm ngối tơi lập quy luật tơi đùa bỡn với cô gái mà thâm 31 tâm tơi thấy ớn (102) st tơi gọi điện thoại 32 cho em Phoebe (107) My brother D.B.'s a writer and Anh D.B văn sĩ thứ, em Allie chết mà all, and my brother Allie, the kể với bạn one that died, that I told you thần đồng (108) 33 about, was a wizard 44 convert to sense No same image in TL No connotative convert to sense meaning standard metaphor connotive in TL meaning same image in the TL No clichés dead metaphor convert to sense connotative convert to sense No Original metaphor Standard metaphor in TL No 10 She's quite skinny, like me, but nice skinny Roller-skate 34 skinny 10 The other two grools nearly 35 had hysterics when we did 10 What a lady, boy A queen, 36 for Chrissake Em gầy tôi, gầy kiểu đẹp Gầy lối pa (108) Hai cô nữ quái cười muốn ngất ngư làm (113) ối giời, rõ tiểu thư Một nữ hoàng, quỷ thần (115) Original metaphor same image in the TL connotative meaning recent metaphor Standard image in TL connotative meaning same image in the TL No deletion - same image in the TL No same image in the TL affective meaning convert to sense connotive meaning simile with sense connotative - 10 37 You had to twist their arms And the whole three of them kept looking all around the goddam room, like as if they expected a flock of goddam movie stars to come in any 38 minute Original metaphor stock metaphor Cả ba dáo dác nhìn khắp phịng, lúc có bầy minh tinh bạc vào (117) dead metaphor 11 I don't want you to get the idea she was a goddam icicle 39 or something… 11 I knew she wouldn't let him 40 get to first base with her… Tôi không muốn bạn hiểu lầm nàng cục nước original đá hay metaphor Tơi biết nàng không cho thằng động đến nàng…(126) cliches 12 He was putting all these dumb, show-offy ripples in the high notes, and a lot of other very tricky stuff that 41 gives a pain in the ass (12) lên nốt cao nhồi loạt điệu luyến láy xuẩn ngốc phô phang, trì diễn khác khiến tơi rầu chó chết (132) clichés 10 45 12 13 13 Anyway, when he was finished, and everybody was 42 clapping their heads off "Innarested in a little tail 43 t'night?" 13 44 I don't want any old bag You take a girl when she really gets passionate, she just 45 hasn't any brains 13 He said, in this one part, that a woman's body is like a violin and all, and that it takes a terrific musician to 46 play it right (13) 14 47 14 48 14 49 15 50 Every time I got started, I kept picturing old Sunny calling me a crumb-bum I'm very yellow about those things The ones they've had at every school I've gone to, they all have these Holy Joe voices when they start giving their sermons But we chewed the fat for a while Thế người vỗ tay điên (133) Có thích chơi gái đêm khơng? (142) Tơi khơng muốn Mèo già bị (143) thật tình đam mê, chúng khơng cịn óc não hết (145) Hắn bảo, chương, thân thể đàn bà vĩ cầm thứ, phải có nhạc sĩ tài ba gớm chơi (145146) adapted metaphor recent metaphor recent metaphor simile with sense No affective convert to sense meaning standard metaphor connotative in TL meaning dead metaphor same image in the TL No original metaphor same image in the TL No Mỗi lần bắt đầu đọc kinh, lại nhớ tới mẹ Sunny nít đít xanh (157) Tơi nhát gan chuyện (157) dead metaphor convert to sense dead meataphor convert to sense Những mục sư trường tơi học ln ln có giọng làm bắt đầu giảng kinh (157) Nhưng cà riềng cà tỏi lúc lâu (166) original clichés metaphor 46 No No conceptual convert to sense meaning standard metaphor in TL No 15 15 I'd spent a king's ransom in 51 about two lousy weeks Goddam money It always ends up making you blue as 52 hell The only way she could go around with a basket collecting dough would be if everybody kissed her ass for her when they made a 53 contribution Tôi tiêu xài gần gia sản ông vua hai tuần lễ (167) Khốn nạn, tiền! Rốt luôn làm cho bạn đau khổ (176) clichés simile No dead metaphor convert to sense No Standard image in TL connotative meaning convert to sense connotative meaning same image in the TL No same image in the TL No 16 Cái kiểu độc bà quanh quyên tiền giỏ, người hôn tay bà ta họ cho tiền (178) clichés Người cha đội mũ The father had on one of those trùm xám, thứ mũ mà pearl-gray hats that poor guys người nghèo thường dùng wear a lot when they want to họ muốn bảnh bao dead 54 look sharp (179) metaphor I didn't much want to see it, but I knew old Sally, the Tôi không muốn xem lắm, queen of the phonies, would biết mẹ Sally, start drooling all over the nữ hoàng tịch, nhảy place when I told her I had cỡn lên bảo xem tickets for that, because the Vì có anh ả nhả Lunt 55 Lunts were in it and all đóng (181) original 16 Or you'd just passed by one of those puddles in the street with gasoline rainbows in 56 them 16 16 Hoặc bạn vừa qua vũng nước Original đường có cầu vồng váng dầu xe (188) metaphor 47 16 You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them 57 alone 17 He said the play itself was no masterpiece, but that the Lunts, of course, were 58 absolute angels 17 17 Đáng lẽ bạn bỏ chúng vào lồng gương lớn để chúng yên (189) Hắn bảo kịch tự khơng phải tuyệt tác gì, cặp Lunt dĩ nhiên thiên thần (197) Đoạn chốc, sấm nổ trời quang, Sally nói: "Này em muốn biết, anh có trang Then all of a sudden, out of a hoàng lại Gings Sinh cho clear blue sky, old Sally said, em khơng bảo? Em cần 59 "Look I have to know Are biết (200) Take most people, they're Phần đông người ta chẳng crazy about cars They worry hạn, mê xe đến điên if they get a little scratch on lên Họ ăn ngủ them, and they're always xe họ bị trầy chút talking about how many miles ln ln nói chuyện xe they get to a gallon, and if chạy ga lông dặm, they get a brand-new car có xe already they start thinking tinh, họ lại nghĩ chuyện bán about trading it in for one đểmua xe that's even newer I don't even Tơi đến xe cũ like old cars I mean they không ưa Tơi có ý don't even interest me I'd chúng chẳng làm tơi thích rather have a goddam horse A thú Tơi chẳng có horse is at least human, for ngựa Một ngựa 60 God's sake người hơn, giời 48 Original metaphor same image in the TL collocative meaning original metaphor same image in the TL No clichés simile with sense No original simile No 17 61 17 62 19 63 You give me a royal pain in the ass, if you want to know the truth Boy, did she hit the ceiling when I said that It's one of those places that are supposed to be very sophisticated and all, and the phonies are coming in the window All of them swimming around in a goddam pot of tea and saying sophisticated stuff to each other and being charming and phony 20 64 20 It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach It 65 rained all over the place Cô làm chán ngấy tới cổ, nói thật với (206) Ối giời, ta phát khùng lên nghe nói (206) clichés stock metaphor Standard image in TL connotive meaning convert to sense No connotative Nó coi nơi lắm, mà bọn tịch ùn ùn qua cửa (218) clichés same image in the TL Cả bọn ngồi cà riềng cà tỏi quanh bình trà, nói q phái làm dun tịch stock metaphor Standard image in TL No Trời mưa ngày mộ phải gió em Allie, mưa cỏ bụng em Mưa khắp (239) original metaphor same image in the TL No 49 22 23 24 Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around-nobody big, I mean except me And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them That's all I'd all day I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really 66 like to be I know it's crazy It was pitch-black, it was so 67 dark in the room We've been entertaining some Buffalo friends of Mrs Antolini's Some 68 buffaloes, as a matter of fact original metaphor dead metaphor Phòng tối đen mực (174) Chúng vừa đãi vài người bạn bà Antolini từ Bufflalo đến Toàn trâu, dĩ stock nhiên (278) metaphor 50 same metaphor inTL No simile No same metaphor inTL affective meaning 24 24 25 Don't you think if someone starts out to tell you about his father's farm, he should stick to his guns, then get around to telling you about his uncle's 69 brace? 70 71 25 72 25 73 I have a feeling that you're riding for some kind of a terrible, terrible fall I figured it was some perverty bum that'd sneaked in the school late at night to take a leak or something and then wrote it on the wall Then the old lady that was around a hundred years old and I shot the breeze for a while,… so I had quite a lot of time to kill Chú không nghĩ người khởi nói trại cha phải nói sát đề đã, sau xuay quanh mà nói nạng ông chú? clichés convert to sense connotative Tôi nghĩ dốc mà adapted lăn xuống thứ dốc khủng khiếp (286) metaphor same image in the TL thematic meaning Tơi tưởng tượng thằng trời đánh thánh vật vào ban đêm viết lên tường (306) clichés deletion - Khi bà già gần trăm tuổi tơi tán dóc hồi Tơi cịn nhiều rỗi clichés dead metaphor convert to sense No convert to sense connotative 51 ... this context, the application of this strategies is properly Both words have the same effect on the readers However, because the use of this metaphor bases mostly on the understanding of the translator... application in Vietnamese version proposed by Newmark (1988) Secondly, the study also conducts to investigate the loss of meaning basing on theory mentioned by Leech (1974), then discuss the effectiveness... passive forms to shows how the speaker or writer focuses and emphasizes on the information of the text E.g It is the cake he hates the most He hates the cake the most The order of word in first sentence